(B) FADH

(1)

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These choices may or may not be used.

__________ __________

__________

(14)

These choices may or may not be used.

A. Glycolysis

B. Kreb’s cycle (citric acid cyle) C. Chemiosmosis

__________

_________

(15)

These choices may or may not be used. (A) Cytochrome

(B) FADH₂

(C) NAD+

(D) Oxygen (O₂)

__________

(16)

A clear plastic chamber containing a cylindrical cage was used as an animal chamber. An opening at one end of the chamber was sealed with a stopper.

Passing through the stopper was a graduated burrette. Gas production or

consumption inside the chamber could be measured by movements of a solution rising or falling inside the burrette. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) was added to the chamber to absorb any CO₂ produced.

Twenty hamsters were weighed and put into one of 20 chambers. Half of the chambers were maintained at 10°C, and half were maintained at 25°C. Oxygen consumption in ml was recorded for each chamber every 30 seconds and plotted as ml per gram of hamster weight. The data are shown in the graph that follows.

The data in the graph above are consistent with which of the following conclusions?

A. As time progresses, respiration rate increases in hamsters.

B. The rate of respiration for hamsters

increases with increases in environmental temperature.

C. Temperature increases with increases in the weights of hamsters.

D. The larger the hamster, the greater its rate of respiration.

(17)

A clear plastic chamber containing a cylindrical cage was used as an animal chamber. An opening at one end of the chamber was sealed with a stopper.

Passing through the stopper was a graduated burrette. Gas production or

consumption inside the chamber could be measured by movements of a solution rising or falling inside the burrette. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) was added to the chamber to absorb any CO₂ produced.

Twenty hamsters were weighed and put into one of 20 chambers. Half of the chambers were maintained at 10°C, and half were maintained at 25°C. Oxygen consumption in ml was recorded for each chamber every 30 seconds and plotted as ml per gram of hamster weight. The data are shown in the graph that follows.

All of the following must remain unchanged during data collection EXCEPT:

A. Atmosphere pressure

B. The volume of the animal chamber

(18)

Oligomycin is an antibiotic that blocks proton channels in the cristae of mitochondria by binding to ATP synthase. Which of the following would be the first expected

response after the application of oligomycin to cells?

A. Water production would increase.

B. H+ would increase inside the intermembrane space (the compartment between inner and outer membranes).

C. H+ would increase in the matrix (inside mitochondrial inner membrane).

(19)

Mitochondria isolated from cells can be induced to carry out respiration if an appropriate substrate is provided and a low temperature is maintained to prevent enzyme degradation. The following experiment uses isolated mitochondria in this manner to investigate respiration.

During the Krebs cycle, succinate is oxidized to fumarate as electrons are transferred to FAD for its reduction to FADH₂(see figure below left). In this experiment, DPIP is provided as a substitute electron acceptor for FAD. DPIP, which is blue in its oxidized state, accepts electrons from succinate. After accepting the electrons, DPIP turns clear, its reduced state. A

spectrophotometer is used to quantify the degree of color change by measuring the amount of light that is transmitted through a cuvette. A cuvette with a higher transmittance percentage indicates a solution with more reduced DPIP.

Three cuvettes are prepared at low temperatures with an appropriate buffer. The contents of a fourth cuvette is similarly prepared except that the mitochondrial suspension is first preheated to 100°C and then returned to a low temperature.

Distilled water was added to bring the contents of all cuvettes to the same volume. A summary of the contents of the cuvettes follows:

Cuvette 1: 0.2 ml succinate added to isolated mitochondria Cuvette 2: 0.1 ml succinate added to isolated mitochondria Cuvette 3: 0 ml succinate added to isolated mitochondria

Cuvette 4: 0.1 ml succinate added to isolated mitochondria preheated to 100°C

(20)

The results of the experiment indicate that the respiratory rate increases as

A. the concentration of substrate increases

B. the concentration of DPIP increases

C. the concentration of enzyme increases

D. the time increases

Which of the following is true with respect to the availability of electrons from other steps of the Krebs cycle?

A. No other steps of the Krebs cycle are involved in the reduction of electron

acceptors.

B. Electrons from other steps could also reduce DPIP, but the substrates for

these steps are consumed before succinate is added.

C. FAD is the only electron acceptor for the Krebs cycle.

(21)

Fill in the table. Choose from lysosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), golgi body, nucleus, mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix (ECM), ribosomes, nucleolus, and cell membrane.

(22)

The diagram shows a mucus cell, a specialized cell of the intestines that secretes mucus (a glycoprotein substance that protects the lining of the intestines).

1. Which structure is responsible for synthesizing the glycoprotein?

(23)

• Which of the following would most likely describe the fate of a vesicle formed as a result of phagocytosis?

A. The vesicle merges with a mitochondrion. B. The vesicle merges with a lysosome.

C. The vesicle is shuttled to the nucleus, and its contents become part of the nucleolus.

D. The vesicle releases its contents to the cytoplasm to be digested.

• Most animal cells, regardless of species, are relatively small and about the same size. Relative to larger cells, why is this?

(24)

• In the inherited disorder called Pompe disease, glycogen breakdown in the cytosol occurs normally and blood glucose levels are normal, yet glycogen accumulates in lysosomes. This suggests a malfunction with

A. enzymes in the lysosomes B. enzymes in the mitochondria

C. membrane transport during exocytosis D. membrane transport during endocytosis

• All of the following support the endosymbiotic theory that ancestors of

mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent, free-living prokaryotes EXCEPT:

A. Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide independently of the eukaryotic host cell by a process similar to binary fission.

B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have ribosomes that more closely resemble those of bacteria than of eukaryotic cells.

C. Mitochondria and chloroplasts function independently from the eukaryotic host cell.

(25)

(2011)

1. During an investigation of a freshwater lake, an AP Biology student

discovers a previously unknown microscopic organism. Further study shows that the unicellular organism is eukaryotic.

(a) Identify FOUR organelles that should be present in the eukaryotic organism and describe the function of each organelle.

1 pt-list 4 organelles

4 pts-1 pt for each function

(b) Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotes.

However, prokaryotes must perform many of the same functions as eukaryotes. For THREE of the organelles identified in part (a), explain how prokaryotic cells carry out the associated functions. (3 pts)

(c) According to the endosymbiotic theory, some organelles are believed to have evolved through a symbiotic relationship between eukaryotic and

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The following questions refer to water potential, Ψ, as expressed by the following formula:

Ψ = Ψ_p + Ψ_s

where Ψ_p = pressure potential and Ψ_s= solute (or osmotic) potential.

The following questions refer to a section of a freshly cut potato that is put into a beaker of distilled water. Use the following key.

A. is greater than 0 B. is equal to 0

C. is less than 0

D. is the same in the distilled water as it is in the potato cell

(30)

Questions 3 to 6 refer to water potential, Ψ, as expressed by the following formula:

Ψ = Ψ_p + Ψ_s

C. is less than 0

(31)

The following questions refer to water potential, Ψ, as expressed by the following formula:

Ψ = Ψ_p + Ψ_s

C. is less than 0

(32)

The following questions refer to water potential, Ψ, as expressed by the following formula: Ψ = Ψ_p + Ψ_s

A. is greater than 0 B. is equal to 0 C. is less than 0

Soon after the potato section is added to the water

A. the value of Ψ for a potato cell will decrease because water moves into the potato cell

B. the value of Ψ_s for a potato cell will decrease because water moves into the potato cell

C. the value of Ψ for a potato cell will increase because water moves into the potato cell

(33)

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What kind of bonds hold together the following? Choose from covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and

hydrophobic forces.

a. The O and two Hs in one water molecule

b. Molecules of water with each other in a glass of water c. Lipids with each other when placed in water

d. The atoms in a single 6 carbon sugar e. Sugars in a chain of glycogen or starch

f. The primary structure of a protein g. An alpha helix

h. Beta sheet

(35)

Draw the side chain of three of the amino acid below.

Use the following terms to describe the side chains of the amino acids you chose: charged, non-charged, polar, non-polar, hydrophobic,

(36)

Which molecule is drawn to show only its primary structure?

Which molecule forms a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail?

(37)

An iodine solution (IKI or Lugo’s solution) turns from yellow-brown to blue when it reacts with starch, but not when it reacts with glucose. A bag made from a selectively permeable material and containing iodine solution is placed into a beaker containing a solution of glucose and starch. Using only this

information, which of the following can be correctly concluded if the solution in the beaker turns blue but the contents of the bag remain unchanged in color?

A. Glucose moved from the beaker into the bag. B. The bag is permeable to IKI, but not to starch.

(38)

A piece of potato is dropped into a beaker of pure water.

Which of the following describes the initial condition when the potato enters the water?

A. The water potential of the pure water is negative. B. The water potential of the pure water is positive. C. The water potential of the potato is positive.

(39)

A piece of potato is dropped into a beaker of pure water.

Which of the following describes the activity after the potato is immersed into the water?

A. Water moves from the potato into the surrounding water. B. Water moves from the surrounding water into the potato. C. Potato cells plasmolyze.

(40)

When water evaporates from the surface of a pond, what happens to the remaining liquid water?

A. The surface water cools. B. The surface water warms.

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The following graph shows the effect of an enzyme on activation

energy. Plot A is the progress of the reaction without an enzyme, and plot B is the same reaction with an enzyme. Determine the Gibbs

(43)

Four bags made from dialysis tubing were filled with a sucrose solution. Each bag was then immersed in four beakers containing sucrose solutions of 0.2M, 0.4M, 0.6M, and 0.8M. After 30

minutes, each bag was weighted and its change in weight was calculated. All solutions were at 25°C. The results are shown in the following graph. Determine the solute potential of the dialysis bag to the nearest tenth.

(44)

(45)

Sickle-cell anemia results from a point mutation in the HBB gene. The mutation results in the replacement of an amino acid that has a hydrophilic R-group with an amino acid that has a hydrophobic R-group on the exterior of the hemoglobin protein. Such as mutation would most likely result in altered

A. Properties of the molecule as a result of abnormal interactions between adjacent hemoglobin molecules

B. DNA structure as a result of abnormal hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases

C. Fatty acid structure as a result of changes in ionic interactions between adjacent fatty acid chains

(46)

Structure related to function is one of the unifying themes

in biology. This relationship between structure and

function is evident in the macromolecules in living

systems. For THREE of the FIVE in the following list,

describe the structure of the molecule and explain how

that structure aids in its function.

(12 pts max-4 for each

part)

a. Starch and glycogen as energy storage molecules

b. Cellulose and chitin as structural molecules

c. enzymes

d. phospholipids and their role in cell membranes

(47)

STARCH and GLYCOGEN (4 points)

Energy storage molecules

Long chains of glucose- α 1-4 glycosidic linkage Easily formed/broken

Structure saves space

Glucose released can be used for ATP

CELLULOSE and CHITIN (4 points)

Structural

Glucose chains- Β 1,4 glycosidic linkage (Nitrogen group)

Rigid/can’t be broken down easily

Cellulose- plant cell walls/chitin-arthropod exoskeletons & fungi cell walls

ENZYMES (4 points)

Protein organizational levels ( primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary)

Hydrogen bonds, phobic/philic interactions, disulfide bridges give 3D shape

Folding gives 3D shape/denaturing results in loss

PHOSPHOLIPIDS and CELL MEMBRANES (4 points)

Glycerol, phosphate head/ two lipid tails Head-philic; tails- phobic

Forms bilayer w/ tails in, head out Allows cells to compartmentalize functions

Partitions water in and out of cell

Selective permeability due to phobic tails

DNA and role in determining characteristics of traits (4 points)

Phosphate, sugar sides; nucleotide rungs on ladder

Hydrogen bonding between ladder sides allows split to copy DNA and make RNA message