Name ______________________________ Adapted from K. Foglia and D. Knuffke
A Brief Survey of Life’s Diversity
AP: SUMMER VACATION ASSIGNMENT (covers Campbell 9th ed. CH 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34). Woohoo. This may
be done using internet sources, your text and/or another biology text. YOU DON’T NEED A BIO BOOK TO ANSWER MANY OF THESE QUESTIONS!
Please write all answers in your own words!
CHAPTER 25 ( in the 9th edition, Ch 26 in the 7th)
4 pts1. The current theory of the origin of life suggests a sequence of four main stages. Summarize (don’t just state!) them here.
1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
2. Joining of these small molecules into macromolecules 3. Packaging of molecules into protocells
4. Origin of self-replicating molecules
4 pts 2. Consider the early planet, probably thick with water vapor and stinky with methane, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide. What gas was missing from this early mix? Why?
Oxygen
No cyanobacteria/plants yet
2 pts 3. A. I. Oparin and J. B. S. Haldane hypothesized that the early atmosphere was a reducing environment. What did they suggest was the source of energy for the early organic synthesis? Sunlight
4 pts 4. What are protobionts? What properties of life do they demonstrate?
A protobiont is an aggregate of abiotically produced organic molecules surrounded by a membrane or a membrane-like structure. Protobionts exhibit some of the properties associated with life, including simple reproduction, metabolism and excitability, as well as the maintenance of an internal chemical environment different from that of their surroundings. (Wikipedia)
2 pts 5. What did Thomas Cech propose was the first genetic material, DNA or RNA? ____________
RNA
2 pts 6. What are ribozymes? Catalytic molecules of RNA
4 pts 7. Explain the evidence for an early “RNA world.”
RNA is known to form efficient catalysts and its similarity to DNA makes its ability to store information clear.
4 pts 8. What are three groups of tetrapods?
Amphibians
2 pts 9. What was the earliest form of life on the planet?
Prokaryotic
4 pts 10. What unique ability was originated with cyanobacteria? How did this alter life on Earth and lead to a wave of mass extinctions?
Photosynthesis Production of oxygen
4pts 11. Using the figure, label and explain the evolution of eukaryotes by endosymbiosis.
4 pts 12. Summarize three lines of evidence that support the model of endosymbiosis.
Double membrane of mitochondria/Chloroplasts
Mitochondria has own ribosomes that are similar to prokaryotic ribosomes Mitochondria has DNA
13. 4pts Why did a large-scale adaptive radiation occur after each mass extinction? What IS an adaptive radiation?
Opened up regions to be filled by new species; it is the rapid diversification of a group stemming from one common ancestor
2 pts 14. What is the term for an evolutionary change in the rate or timing of embryonic development?
heterochrony
Internal membranes
Endocytosis leads to mitochondria
Second
15. 2 pts Homeotic genes are master regulatory genes that determine the location and organization of body parts. Mutations in a homeotic gene can have a profound effect on morphology. Homeotic gene mutations can contribute to the potential for evolutionary change. The Hox genes are one class of homeotic genes. What do they control?
Hox genes are critical for the proper placement of segment structures of animals during early embryonic development (e.g. legs, antennae, and wings in fruit flies or the
different vertebrate ribs in humans). (Wikipedia)
16. 2pts When a structure that has evolved in one context becomes co-opted for another purpose, this event is called __an exaptation____.
CHAPTER 27
17. How do bacterial cell walls differ from plant cell walls?
Differ in molecular composition and construction. Most have cell walls of peptidoglycan. This molecular fabric encloses the entire bacterium and anchors other molecules that extend from its surface. Archaean cell walls contain a variety of polysaccharides and proteins, but lack peptidoglycan.
18. How does the cell wall aid in classifying the bacteria?
Using the gram staining method we can classify bacteria into 2 groups. Gram + are bacteria with simpler walls and with large amounts of peptidoglycan. Gram – are bacteria with less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex, with outer membranes that contain lipopolysaccharides.
19. How do bacteria typically reproduce?
Binary fission. The prokaryote replicates its genetic material and then simply divides into 2 equal cells. These in turn do the same thing (4, 8, 16, and so on).
20. Identify and briefly define the four nutritional categories of bacteria.
d. Photoautotrophs – photosynthetic organisms that capture light energy and use it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2.
e. Chemoautotrophs – need only CO2 as a carbon source. Instead of using light for energy, they oxidize inorganic substances, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), or ferrous ions (Fe2+).
f. Photoheterotrophs – use light for energy but must obtain their carbon in organic form.
g. Chemoheterotrophs – consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon.
21. 4 pts Describe several pieces of evidence that led to the classification of prokaryotes into two domains.
__Cell membrane of Archaea is unusual, Using small subunit ribosomal RNA as a marker for evolutionary relationships, Carol Woese and his colleagues concluded that many
22. 4 pts What is the ecological significance of prokaryotes?
Decomposers – convert inorganic compounds into forms that can be taken up by other organisms.
Nitrogen fixation, O2 production and symbiotic relationships with eukaryotes (mutualism
intestines, etc.)
23. 2pts What organelles do prokaryotes and eukaryotes share? Ribosomes, cell membrane., (DNA)
24. 4 pts Outline the key characteristics that distinguish the three domains. Include examples of organisms in each domain.
Domain Characteristics Example
Bacteria
Nuclear envelope absent
Membrane enclosed organelles absent Peptidoglycan in cell walls
Unbranched hydrocarbons in membrane lipids
1 kind of RNA polymerase
Formylmethionine for intiator of amino acids
in protein synthesis Introns rare
Antibiotics inhibit growth Circular chromosome
Archaea
Nuclear envelope absent
Membrane enclosed organelles absent Some branched hydrocarbons in membrane
lipids
Several kinds of RNA polymerase Methionine initiator amino acid for protein
synthesis
Introns present in some genes Antibiotics do not inhibit growth Have histones & circular chromosom
Eukarya
Nuclear envelope present Membrane bound organelles Unbranched hydrocarbons in membrane lipids
Several kinds of RNA polymerase Methionine intiator amino acid for protein synthesis
Antibiotics do not inhibit growth Histones present
25. (2pts) Define SERIAL endosymbiosis.
A process in which certain unicellular organisms engulfed other cells, which become endosymbionts & ultimately organelles in the host cell.
26. (2pts) What is wrong with kingdom Protista?
It contains groups that are not closely related to one another, while leaving out other groups that are
in fact closely related to some protest groups
________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 31
27. (4 pts) How do fungi acquire nutrients:
They are heterotrophs that use exoenzymes and then absorb the resultant nutrients
28. (2pts) Because of this mode of nutrition, fungi have evolved what structure to provide for both extensive surface area and rapid growth?
_hyphae
29. (2pts )How do the cell walls of fungi differ from the cell walls of plants?
Contain chitin, not cellulose
30. (4pts) How do fungi contribute to an ecosystem?
Decomposers; symbiotic relationship with algae (lichens, a pioneer organism) and with plants (root
mycorrhizae)
31. Outline the key characteristics of each branch of the Kingdom Fungi identified on the diagram.
.
CHAPTER 32
32. 4 pts Outline the major characteristics used to define an animal.
______ Nutritional mode- heterotrophs, cell structure & specialization- eukaryotes that are multicellular, reproduction (sexual) & development__________________________________ 33. (4pts) Describe the two forms of symmetry of the Eumetazoa.
_ Bilateral which characterizes a body form with a central longitudinal plane that divides the body into two equal but opposite halves.
Radial characterizes a body shape like a pie, with many equal parts radiating outward like the spokes of a wheel.
34. (4pts) Define “cephalization.”
A trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment on the anterior region. The end of a traveling animal that is usually first to encounter food, danger, and other stimuli. Also development of the central nervous system. Adaptation for movement on land.
35. . (4pts) How do the germ layers of Radiata and the other Eumetazoa differ?
Branch Characteristics
Chytrids Saprobes & Parasites; cell walls of chitin, share key enzymes and metabolic pathways with other fungal groups; form colonies w/hyphae or exists as spherical cells. Have flagellated spores (zoospores)
Zycomycota
Live as parasites or symbionts with animals. Mostly terrestrial & live in soil on decaying plant/animal material. Form mycorrhizae
Sac Fungi Sac fungi. Range in size & variety. Saprobes,
plant parasites, have symbiotic relationships with algae (lichens). Produce sexual spores (asci). Have more extensive dikaryotic stage.
Club Fungi
Club fungus. Decomposers of wood and other plant material. Mutualists & plant parasites.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus
They are diploblastic (having 2 germ layers). All other eumetazoa; the bilateria, are triploblastic having 3 germs layers.
36.(2pts each= 16 pts) Define the following terms and describe their significance in classifying animals.
a. Acoelomates lack a coelom.
b. Pseudocoelomates have a fully functional body cavity formed from the blastocoel, rather than from the mesoderm.
c. c Coelomates possess a true coelom, a body cavity completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm.
d. Protostomes development begins with spiral, determinate cleavage. The coelom forms from splits in the mesoderm. The mouth forms in the blastopore.
e. Deuterostomes development is characterized by radial, indeterminate cleavage. The coelom forms from mesodermal outpockets of the archenteron. The mouth forms from a secondary opening. The anus develops from the blastopore.
f. Spiral, determinant cleavage – the planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo. Determines developmental fate of embryonic cells early on.
g. Radial, indeterminate cleavage – cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the egg. Each cell contains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo.
h. Blastopore – the indentation that during gastrulation leads to the formation of the archenteron.
CHAPTER 33
37. (4pts) How does the structure of a sponge relate to its method of nutrition?
They capture food particles suspended in the water that pass through their bodies, which typically resembles a sac perforated with pores. Water is drawn through the pores into a central cavity, the spongocoel, and then flows out the sponge through a large opening called the osculum,
38. (4pts) What is a unique characteristic common to the Cnidarians and what are the two forms of shape within the Cnidarians?
They exhibit a relatively simple, diploblastic, radial body plan. Their body plan is sac like with a central digestive compartment, with a gastrovascular cavity and it has a single opening.
; Poly and medusa
Structurally more complex. The 3rd embryonic layer, the mesoderm, contributes to the
development of more complex organs & organs systems, including true muscle tissues.
40. .(4pts) What is unique in the structure and function of the Psedocoelomates?
They have a gastrovascular cavity with an alimentary canal, a digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus. Internal organs lie within the pseudocoelom.
41 (2pts). List common examples that could be classified as Coelomate Protostomes.
Mollusks, Annelids, & Arthropods
42. (2pts). What are the three major body regions of a Mollusk?
Muscular foot, a visceral mass, & a mantle
________________________________________________________________ 43(4pts). The annelids possess a coelem. What advantages might a coelem confer?
The muscles work against the noncompressible coelomic fluid, a hydrostatic skeleton. The muscles can alter the shape of each segment individually because the coelom is divided into separate compartments.
44. (4pts) What are some possible evolutionary advantages to segmentation?
Redundancy of function- allows for bigger size and frees up segments for mutation
45. (4pts)Why are the Arthropoda regarded as the most successful of all animal phyla? What characteristics led to that success?
On the criteria of species diversity, distribution, and sheer numbers, arthropods must be regarded as the most successful of all animal phyla.
47.(2pts) List common examples or organisms that could be classified as Coelomate Deuterostomes.
Echinodermata & Chordates
________________________________________________________________ 48. .(2pts) What traits are particularly unique to the Echinoderms?
Water vascular system & tube feet.
49. List the distinguishing characteristics and examples of the major invertebrate phyla. (10pts)
Porifera No tissue/ primitive animals
Cnidaria True tissue, radial symmetry
Platyhel-minthes
Bilaterial symmetry, triploblastic
Mollusca
Annelida Segmentation
Nematoda Pseudocolem
Arthropoda Jointed appendages
Hemichor-data Echinoder-mata
Return to radial symmetry
Chordata Notochord, hollow dorsal nerve chord, pharyngeal gill
slits and a muscular, post anal tail.
CHAPTER 34
50. (2pts) What are the four characteristics of the Chordates?
Notochord, hollow dorsal nerve chord, pharyngeal gill slits and a muscular, post anal tail.
51.(4ots) List and describe an example of an invertebrate chordate. Urochordates; hemichordates; hagfish
52. (4pts) What characterizes the subphylum Vertebrata?
They are craniates (having a more complex nervous sytem) with a backbone (more complex skeletal system).
53. (4pts) Briefly describe the evolution of tetrapods.
The first tetrapods are thought to have evolved in coastal and brackish marine
54. (4pts) How did the amniotic egg contribute to the success of animals on land? What is an amoniote?
Amniotic egg contains specialized membranes that protect the embryo. The shell around the egg slows dehydration. Amniotes also have skin that’s less permeable and the ability to use the rib cage to ventilate the lungs.
55. Outline the key characteristics that distinguish the major branches of the subphylum Vertebrata identified on the diagram. Include examples of organisms in each class. Exclude Urochordata and Cephalocordata
9pts
Division Characteristics Examples
Cephalospido-morphi
Chondrichthyes
Actinopterygii
Actinista
Dipnoi
Amphibia
Reptilia
