Organelle Structure & Function
All cells have to perform the same basic activities to stay alive:
Use energy
Store materials Absorb materials Eliminate waste
Transport substances Reproduce
Organs are specialized
structures in the body that perform specific life
processes (functions)
Organelles are specialized
structures inside the cell that perform specific cell processes for a cell to live
Organelles are surrounded
by a membrane
Cellular Components
Function Organelle & cell parts
Outer protection Cell wall, Plasma membrane
Cell control
centre Nucleus, nucleolus
Energy centre Mitochondria, Chloroplast
Cell processing Endoplasmic reticulum,
ribosomes, Golgi body Storage and
waste
Vacuole, cytoplasm, chloroplast
Activity 1: Organelle Notes
Brainstorm: What does a good note look
like?
Individually read up on the structure of your
organelle including information on where it is found in cell and the cell types that have it.
Information can be found in the textbook
and your workbook.
As a group, record your structure notes on
Activity 2: Organelle Charades
As a group you will determine how to silently
act out the function of your organelle
The class will guess the function and the
organelle you are representing
You do not need to pretend to be the
organelle. You only need to act out the function.
E.g. If your organelle is responsible for
7
Cell Membrane Properties
Also known as the plasma membrane Surrounds all cells
Flexible
Semi-permeable (selectively permeable) Made of a substance called phospholipid
Phospholipids also form the membranes around
Semi-Permeability
Controls exchange of material between
interior of the cell and the external environment
Allows some substances to cross in and out
Types of Passive Movement
Diffusion
Movement of a substance from an area of
high concentration to an area of low concentration
Substance moved is typically the solute
Substance in smaller proportion Often dissolved in water
Passive movement:
No energy is required
Osmosis
The diffusion of WATER across a membrane Water is often the solvent
The substance in larger proportions
The substance where solutes are dissolved in
Water diffusion is passive:
From regions of high water concentration to low
water concentration
But usually easier to express in terms of
solute concentration:
From regions of low solute concentration to
Types of Water Environments
Environments Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic
Prefix Same More Less Solute
concentration Equal More outside Less outside Where is there
more water? Same Inside Outside Water
Types of Water Environments
Environments Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic
Solute
concentration Less outside Equal More outside Where is
there more water?
Outside Same Inside
Water
movement Into cell Equal Out of cell Effect on
animal cell
Expands
Types of Water Environments
Environments Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic
Solute
concentration Less outside Equal More outside Where is there
more water? Outside Same Inside Water
movement Into cell Equal Out of cell Effect on
animal cell
Expands
Bursts No change Shrinks Effect on plant
20
Mostly made of water Can range from a liquid
to a jelly-like substance
Contains dissolved
substances
Cell organelles are
suspended in the cytoplasm
22
Nucleus
Control centre of
the cell
Contains genetic
information
Contains nucleolus Surrounded by a
nuclear membrane
Nuclear
Nucleolus
Darker area in
the nucleus
Where
Ribosomes
Location:
bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum or float in cytoplasm
26
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of flattened, interconnected
membrane sacs (tubes and pockets)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Contains
ribosomes on its membrane
surface
Site for protein
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
30
Golgi Body Structure
Flattened, stacked,
interconnected
membrane sacs (similar to ER)
Located near ER
Also known as the Golgi
Golgi Body Function
Modifies proteins and lipids Make and secrete mucus
33
Mitochondria Structure
Surrounded by a
double membrane
Inner membrane is
folded to increase the surface area
Reactions occur on
the inner
membrane surface Intermembrane
Mitochondria Function
Produces energy
through a process called cellular respiration
Reaction involves
converting energy from food (e.g. sugars) to
cellular energy
Process requires oxygen
Mitochondria
Cells that are very active
(e.g. muscle cells) contain many
mitochondria
Cells that are fairly
inactive (e.g. fat cells) only have a few
37
Centrioles
Comes as a pair
Only found in animal
cells
Made of cylindrical
tubes
Involved in cell division
39
Vacuole Structure
Fluid-filled sac surrounded by a single layer
of membrane
In animal cells: many small vacuoles
Vacuole Function
General:
Storage of food, water,
waste
Removing unwanted
substances from the cell
In Plants:
Maintaining internal fluid
pressure (turgor) which helps gives plants
Lysosome
Membrane bound
sac of digestive enzymes
Function:
digest food breakdown
microorganisms
recycles cell’s own
organic material
Plant cells contain some
organelles that animal
cells do not have…
44
Cell Wall
Found outside of
the cell membrane
Rigid but porous Made of cellulose Gives shape and
support
Provide protection
46
Chloroplast Structure
Surrounded by a
double
membrane
Contain
chlorophyll, a pigment that
gives plants their green colour
Intermembrane Space
X
(It’s pointing to theChloroplast Function
Site for starch (a type of sugar) storage Site for photosynthesis
Reaction involves trapping light energy to
create food in the form of sugars
Starting substances are carbon dioxide and
water
Summary of Differences
Function Animal Plant
Outer protection
Energy centre
Summary of Differences
Function Animal Plant
Outer
protection Plasma membrane
Plasma membrane Cell wall Energy centre Mitochondria Mitochondria Chloroplast
Storage Many small
vacuoles
Review
Cell Theory Style
(Parody of Gangnam style)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10p07KEBQus
Inside the body there's an interesting thingy That exists in every organism that is living
We know it exists cause of a thing called the cell theory And it's really quite unforgiving
It all started with
A man whose name was called Robert Hooke He looked at some cork and took a look He called them cells
And now he's in textbooks
And now we take another look at
Another man (hey) who was quite fat (hey) He was a Dutch, who was a master
Of microscopes (hey) and disliked the pope (hey) Looked at a bunch of animalcules
Cell theory Style Theory style
X2 Cell, cell cell cell, cell theory style
Eeeeeh... Rudolph Virchow Cell cell cell cell, cell theory style Ehhhhhhh... all cells divide Cell cell cell cell, cell theory style Eh eh eh eh eh eh
Now we look into a bunch of organelles
Things that we need to know so we know that we can live well These tiny things that make cells are really quite important So you better listen to my cell rant
So were starting with
With the nucleus is the control of the cell It contains all of the chromosomes, and the DNA It's surrounded by a membrane with a lot of pores, eh? Nuclear membrane
Now we move on, into the ER
It's got smooth (hey) and it's got rough (hey) It produces a bunch of stuff
For the cell (hey) like proteins (hey)
It's connected to the nucleus-us-us-uuuuuuuus
Cell theory style Theory style
2x Cell, cell, cell, cell, cell theory style
EEhhhhhhh Golgi body
Cell, cell, cell, cell, cell theory style EEhhhhhh.... Refine secretions Cell, cell, cell, cell
Eh eh eh eh eh eh
Peroxisomes, oxidize aminos Lysosomes, they digest the cells foes Chloroplasts, they do photosynthesis Mitochondria make the ATP
Vesicles, transport materials Leucoplast, store starch and food Cytoplasm has all the organelles Cell Wall gives support to the cell YOU KNOW WHAT I SAY?
Cell theory style Eh eh eh eh eh eh
Ehhhhhhhhhhh centrioles
Cell, cell, cell, cell, cell theory style Ehhhhhh, form those spindles Cell, cell, cell, cell
EH eh eh eh eh eh
Video Animation
Inner Life of a Cell