Earth Science
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(3) Minerals • Natural are…. • Solid • Inorganic • Definite chemical composition • Crystalline structure due to internal arrangement of atoms.
(4) FIND THIS CHART IN YOUR ESRT.
(5) Minerals In Your.
(6) General Facts about Minerals • Between 2 - 3,000 have been identified. • A few are “native elements” -- made of only one element, such as sulfur, gold. copper, and graphite (carbon). • Most are compounds, especially the silicate group (Si, O). • Other important groups are oxides, carbonates, and sulfides..
(7) Minerals • Natural are…. • Solid • Inorganic • Definite chemical composition • Crystalline structure due to internal arrangement of atoms.
(8) Crystallization of Magma/Lava– Mineral Formation.
(9) Precipitation from a Solution… watch the crystals grow!!!.
(10) Extreme Heat & Pressure – Mineral Formation. GRAPHITE TO DIAMONDS! Or Ashes to Diamonds??? http://www.npr.org/2014/01/19/263128098/swiss-company-compresses-cremation-ashes-into-diamonds.
(11) Last Page of ESRT (ESRT p16).
(12) Mineral Groups Can be classified based on their composition. 1.Silicates • Most COMMON or abundant Group on Earth • Composed of mostly Si and O.
(13) Last Page of ESRT (ESRT p16).
(14) ESRT p.1.
(15) Silicate Minerals.
(16) Silica Tetrahedron DRAW ME!. •Provides the framework of every silicate mineral •1 Silica atom & 4 Oxygen •Very Strong Bonds •80% of Earth’s Minerals • Composition (ESRT p.16).
(17) Mineral Groups (cont.) 2.Carbonates • Contain the elements carbon, oxygen, and one or more other metallic elements. 3.Oxides. • Contain oxygen and one or more other elements, which are usually metals.
(18) Carbonate & Oxides.
(19) Mineral Groups (cont.) 4.Sulfates and Sulfides. • Minerals that contain the element sulfur. 5.Halides • Minerals that contain a halogen ion plus one or more other elements. 6.Native elements • Minerals that exist in relatively pure form •.
(20) Sulfates, Halides & Natives.
(21) Common Uses of Minerals.
(22) Common Uses of Minerals: • • • • • •. Aluminum - packaging, transport, building Beryllium - gemstones, fluorescent lights Copper - electric cables, wires, switches Feldspar - glass and ceramics Iron - buildings, automobiles, magnets Calcite - toothpaste, construction.
(23) Last Page of ESRT.
(24) Unit 11: Rocks & Minerals Topic: Mineral Identification. 2013-14.
(25) Minerals are Identified by Key Characteristics 1. Hardness 7. Density (specific 2. Crystal Shape (Form) 3. Luster 4. Color 5. Streak 6. Cleavage/Fracture. gravity). 8. Special Properties -Double Refraction -Reaction to Acid -Fluorescence -Salty Taste -Magnetism.
(26) 1. Mineral Hardness. • Ability to scratch another mineral • Harder minerals scratch softer minerals • Mohs scale from 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond) – Quartz (most common) is 7.
(27) MOHs Hardness Scale SOFTEST. HARDEST. Rating. Reference Material. Reference Tool. 1. Talc. 2. Gypsum. Fingernail (2.5). 3. Calcite. Copper penny (3.5). 4. Fluorite. 5. Apatite. Glass plate (5.5). 6. Potassium feldspar. Steel file (6.5). 7. Quartz. 8. Topaz. 9. Corundum. 10. Diamond.
(28) Hardness Examples • If the mineral is softer than your fingernail, it is. considered very soft. • If the mineral is softer than glass (it can’t scratch glass but glass can scratch it), it is considered soft. • If a mineral is harder than glass, it is considered hard. • If a mineral is harder than a streak plate (leaves no streak) it is considered to be very hard..
(29) Last Page of ESRT.
(30) 2. Crystal Shape (Form). • External structure due to internal arrangement of the atoms • Six basic groups of shapes, with about three dozen variations.
(31) Crystal Form is the visible expression of a mineral’s internal arrangement of atoms. 48 different forms.
(32) 3. • Luster Describes how light reflects off the surface • Types: – Metallic (gray, black, silver, gold) – Non-metallic (colorless, pink, etc.).
(33) Last Page of ESRT.
(34) Metallic Luster • Metallic (looks like a metal). Pyrite. Hematite.
(35) Non-Metallic Luster Don’t look like Metal • Vitreous (glassy) Emerald. Quartz.
(36) Non-Metallic Luster Don’t look like Metal • Adamantine (brilliant). Diamond.
(37) Non-Metallic Luster Don’t look like Metal • Resinous (like resin or sap from a tree). Resin Sulfur.
(38) Non-Metallic Luster Don’t look like Metal • Greasy or waxy. Turquoise.
(39) Non-Metallic Luster Don’t look like Metal • Pearly. Talc.
(40) Non-Metallic Luster Don’t look like Metal • Silky – (hairy). Crocidolite – (Asbestos).
(41) Non-Metallic Luster Don’t look like Metal • Dull or earthy. Limonite. Bauxite.
(42) 4. Color. • some minerals have several colors, so not a good property to use • results from ability to absorb some wavelengths and reflect others • others vary due to chemical differences or impurities (atoms mixed inside the main elements).
(43) The Colors of Beryl beryllium aluminum silicate. Iron (Fe) •Aquamarine = blue. impurities of different elements or ions change the color of a mineral. •Heliodor = yellow •Green beryl Manganese (Mn) •Morganite = pink •Red beryl = red Chromium (Cr) Emerald = emerald green.
(44) Last Page of ESRT.
(45) 5. Streak • Color of the powder when rubbed on a “streak plate” (unglazed porcelain) • May be same as handspecimen or different • Some paint is based on powdered minerals (streaks)..
(46) Last Page of ESRT.
(47) 6. Mineral Breakage Two Types: • CLEAVAGE – Split along flat, weak surfaces when struck hard • FRACTURE – Break unevenly along rough or curved surfaces. • A few minerals have both cleavage and fracture.
(48) Types of Cleavage.
(49) Types of Cleavage • Cubic: form cubes. Halite.
(50) Types of Cleavage • Rhombohedral: form six-sided prisms. Calcite.
(51) Types of Cleavage • Basal: occur along a single plane parallel to the base (flat layers). Biotite Mica.
(52) Types of Fracture • Conchoidal: smooth, curved fracture like the inside of a clam shell. Obsidian. Quartz.
(53) Types of Fracture • Fibrous/Splintery: looks like splinters. Asbestos.
(54) Types of Fracture • Irregular: breaks with no pattern.
(55) Last Page of ESRT.
(56) 7. Density (Specific Gravity) • All minerals have density (mass / volume), but some are very dense – Ex: galena, magnetite, and gold. • Specific Gravity is the density of the mineral compared with density of water http://www.minerals.net/mineral/elements/gold/gold1.htm.
(57) •. 8. Special Properties any property that distinguishes the mineral from others. •. 1.. Double Refraction: Light is split as it passes through mineral makes single objects appear as two objects when you look through the mineral Ex: Calcite.
(58) Special Properties cont.. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lw3bWR0Ws7M. 2. “Acid Test” • Carbonates react with dilute HCl acid and other acids by fizzing or bubbling (releasing CO2 gas) • Ex: Calcite, Dolomite.
(59) Special Properties cont. 3. Fluorescence •. Will glow when placed ultraviolet rays.
(60) Special Properties cont. 4. Salty Taste. • DO NOT TASTE MOST MINERALS! • Halite is the exceptionit will taste salty.
(61) Special Properties cont. 5. Magnetism • Many iron minerals will produce an invisible magnetic force field • “Lodestone” was used by Vikings more than 1,000 years ago as compasses.
(62) Last Page of ESRT.
(63) Last Page of ESRT.
(64) Read the story below. Determine the relative hardness of each mineral and write the corresponding letters in the table below. Note: Assume none of the minerals are of equal hardness.. In a mineral war, mineral X was totally jumped and scratched by minerals Y and Z. Later, minerals L and S tried, but could not scratch mineral X… that’s wack, yo! Then mineral Y got all up in mineral Z and T’s face and was all like, “SKA-RATCH”….wow! Finally, in an incredible turn of events, mineral T appeared from the alley and scratched mineral Z while L scratched S. Word… Hardest . Y. Softest. T. Z. X. L. S.
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