(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F India
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page 1
Editor in Chief Stanley Wolpert
Stanley Wolpert is a distinguished professor emeritus of History at the University of California, Los Angeles.
His publications include Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India (1962); Morley and India, 1906–1910 (1967); Roots of Confrontation in South Asia (1982); Jinnah of Pakistan (1984); Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan (1993); Nehru: A Tryst with Destiny (1996);
Gandhi’s Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi (2002); A New History of India (7th edition, 2003); and India (3d edition, 2005) as well as his forthcoming Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India.
Board Members Robert Brown
Robert Brown is a professor in the Department of Art History at the University of California, Los Angeles and
the curator of Southeast Asian Art at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
Deena Khathkate
Deena Khathkate is the former assistant director of the Monetary and Financial Systems Department at the International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C. He is also the former managing editor of World Development, a monthly journal of development studies published by Elsevier. He has authored several articles on economics in academic journals, including Quarterly Journal of Eco- nomics, Review of Economics and Statistics, and Oxford Eco- nomic Papers.
Raju G. C. Thomas
Raju G. C. Thomas is the Allis Chalmers Distinguished Professor of International Affairs, Marquette University.
Among his dozen books, edited and co-edited, are Indian Security Policy (1986); Perspectives on Kashmir (1994); Democracy, Security and Development in India (1996); and India’s Nuclear Security (2001).
editorial board
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page 2
V O L U M E 1 A – D
S t a n l e y W o l p e r t E d i t o r i n C h i e f
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F India
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page 3
Encyclopedia of India Stanley Wolpert, Editor in Chief
© 2006 Thomson Gale, a part of The Thomson Corporation.
Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and Gale and Charles Scribner's Sons are regis- tered trademarks used herein under license.
For more information, contact Thomson Gale
27500 Drake Rd.
Farmington, Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, record- ing, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher.
For permission to use material from this prod- uct, submit your request via Web at
http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax or mail to:
Permissions Thomson Gale 27500 Drake Rd.
Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions Hotline:
248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253 ext. 8006 Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058
Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all copyright notices, the acknowledgments constitute an extension of the copyright notice.
While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Thomson Gale does not guar- antee the accuracy of the data contained herein. Thomson Gale accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorse- ment of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Encyclopedia of India / Stanley A. Wolpert, editor in chief.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-684-31349-9 (set hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 0-684-31350-2 (v. 1)—ISBN 0-684-31351-0 (v. 2)—ISBN 0-684-31352-9 (v. 3)—ISBN 0-684-31353-7 (v. 4)
1. India—Encyclopedias. I. Wolpert, Stanley A., 1927–
DS405.E556 2005 954'.003—dc22
2005019616
This title is also available as an e-book.
ISBN 0-684-31512-2
Contact your Thomson Gale representative for ordering information.
Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page iv
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
vExecutive Vice President and Publisher Frank Menchaca
Director, New Product Development Hélène Potter
Project Editors
Andrea Kovacs Henderson Sarah Turner
Contributing Editors Dana Barnes Shawn Corridor Anjanelle Klisz
Editorial Technical Support Mark Springer
Additional Editorial Support Ken Wachsberger
Copyeditor Dorothy Bauhoff
Proofreader Amy Unterburger
Indexers Jennifer Burton Marianna Wackerman
Product Design Jennifer Wahi Imaging Lezlie Light Christine O’Bryan
Graphic Art
GGS Information Services Meridian Mapping
Rights Acquisition and Management Margaret Chamberlain-Gaston Leitha Etheridge-Sims Susan Rudolph
Composition Evi Seoud
Mary Beth Trimper
Manufacturing Wendy Blurton
staff
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page v
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
viiVolume 1
List of Maps . . . . ix
Preface . . . . xi
List of Articles . . . . xv
Thematic Outline of Contents . . . . xxiii
Directory of Contributors . . . . xxxiii
Chronologies . . . . xlvii A–D Color Insert: Art, Architecture, and Sculpture Volume 2 List of Maps . . . . vii
List of Articles . . . . ix
E–J Color Insert: Contemporary Life Volume 3 List of Maps . . . . vii
List of Articles . . . . ix
K–R Color Insert: Handicrafts Volume 4 List of Maps . . . . vii
List of Articles . . . . ix
S–Z Color Insert: Physical Environment Primary Source Documents . . . . 261
Glossary . . . . 287
General Bibliography . . . . 295
Index . . . . . . 299
table of contents
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page vii
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
ixVolume 1
The Mughal Empire, 1525–1707 . . . . 30 The Empire of Alexander the Great . . . . 35 The Bengal Partition and Related Changes,
1905–1912 . . . . 132 The Revolt of 1857–1859 . . . . 170 The Advance of British Power, 1766–1857 . . . 178
Volume 2
Guptan Empire, c. 300–550 . . . . 163 Invasions from the Northwest, 330–1
B.
C. . . . 209 Indus Valley Civilization, c. 2800–1600
B.
C. . . . 260
Volume 3
Jammu and Kashmir . . . . 12 The Marathas, 1646–1819 . . . . 95 Mauryan Empire, 321–185
B.
C. . . . . . 104 Muslim Expansion, 8th–15th Centuries . . . . 199 Territorial Changes, 1947–1955 . . . . 304 Territorial Changes, 1956–2000 . . . . 305 European Commercial Contacts, 16th–18th
Centuries . . . . 321
list of maps
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page ix
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
xiIndia’s strategic power and economic prosperity have grown so swiftly since the 1990s that no one will wonder why the vast country is the subject of this four-volume encyclo- pedia. Countless Americans who have had their computer problems solved by young Indi- ans—at work for General Electric, Microsoft, or Dell, “outsourced” in air-conditioned offices in Bangalore, Pune, Mumbai, and Kolkata—will hardly be surprised to learn of the precocious mathematical brilliance and scientific genius of India’s civilization. So many of us have read books by Salman Rushdie, V. S. Naipaul, Rohinton Mistry, and Arundhati Roy, and delighted in watching the movies of Satyajit Ray, Mira Nair, and Merchant-Ivory, as well as musicals or films about “monsoon weddings” and “Bombay nights,” that none will be amazed to learn that America’s some 2 million Indians are, in fact, the best edu- cated, wealthiest minority in the United States. India has not only erased its former stereo- typical global image as a land of poverty and snake charmers, but has surpassed its old superpower patron, Russia, in gross national product as well as average life expectancy.
India’s nuclear-powered modern army is second in size and might only to those of the United States and China.
As one of the world’s greatest and oldest civilizations, India has also been the source of several major religious systems, giving birth to Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism, the multifaceted faith to which some 80 percent of India’s more than 1 billion people adhere today. The Sikh faith, which emerged from northwest India’s Punjab in the sixteenth cen- tury, has also now grown to global dimensions. Yoga and Ved¯anta, two of India’s ancient systems of philosophy, have of late acquired millions of adherents throughout the United States and in Europe as well as in other parts of Asia and Africa. Hinduism’s noblest doc- trine of nonviolence (ahimsa) has—thanks to Mahatma Gandhi, who equated it to
“God”—won respect and admiration for India from countless millions.
All of us who enjoy playing chess or gaming with dice, moreover, are indebted to India’s ancient wit as well as wisdom. There are, indeed, at least as many reasons for wanting to learn more about India as there are articles, nearly 600, and pages, some 1,400, in this new encyclopedia. More tourists fly into New Delhi and Mumbai every year, or sail into one of India’s beautiful ports, from Mumbai to Goa to Trivandrum on the west coast, and from Pondicherry to Chennai to Kolkata on the east coast. More American and multinational corporate businesses have opened offices in hundreds of Indian cities, hiring bright Eng- lish-speaking Indians, and more Indian doctors, nurses, and scientists work as heart and brain surgeons in our best hospitals, and on pure research in university as well as indus- trial laboratories, than any other Asian-born residents. India has thus arrived as our global partner, in so many more ways than the best-publicized “strategic” one, that we might well
preface
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xi
P R E F A C E
xii E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
ask why it has taken so long for our Encyclopedia of India to be published? I am perhaps most to blame for being so slow to master my computer, without which, however, a project as large as this one might have taken fifty years, rather than five.
I must first of all thank Thomson/Gale executive vice president Frank Menchaca, whose persistence persuaded me five years ago to accept his invitation to tackle this job, after having just refused a similar invitation from another publisher. It was a tempting challenge, for if done properly it could be a most useful educational tool, one I should cer- tainly be proud of helping to produce for the use of students and adults throughout the world interested in learning about India’s remarkable civilization.
Frank persuaded me to fly to New York to meet with him and developmental director Hélène Potter in their Scribners/Macmillan office in 2000, and by the end of our lunch I tentatively said yes. But first I had to put together my editorial team of experts in those fields of Indian scholarship of which I knew much less than I did about Indian history.
Happily, I was able to convince Distinguished Professor Raju (“George”) Thomas to work with me, and he agreed to recruit scholars to write on India’s government, politics, and military strategy. Soon after Raju joined, we were able to get Dr. Deena Khatkhate, who had served on the Board of the Reserve Bank of India and had worked for the World Bank, to cover the important fields of economics and finance. Professor Robert Brown, who teaches Indian art history at the University of California, Los Angeles, and is also a cura- tor of Indian art at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), kindly agreed last year to write several key articles himself and to recruit some of America’s finest Indian art history scholars, such as Professor Walter Spink of the University of Michigan and Dr. Stephen Markel, curator at LACMA, who, despite urgent and pressing prior com- mitments, agreed to help us. Let me thank them, since without their selfless assistance this project could not have been completed.
I must also thank each of the other fine author-scholars, numbering more than 200, who have written the 580 articles published in these four volumes. Organized alphabeti- cally from Abdul Kalam to Zoroastrianism, the topics embrace all of India—not just its history of over 4,000 years, or its geography and ethnography, but its Buddhist art and Deccani painting, the economic burden of its defense and external debt policy, its Hindu Tantric deities, human rights, industrial growth, judicial system, languages and scripts, medical science education, modern and contemporary art, nuclear programs and policies, planning commission, R¯am¯aya ·na, Mah¯abh¯arata, satyagraha, scheduled tribes, secularism, theater, trade liberalization, women’s education, and Yoga. We have tried our best to fill these volumes with the most accurate, comprehensive, readable series of articles on India, each of which is signed by its author and includes a bibliography and cross-references to related pieces for readers eager to delve deeper into any topic, all of which are ultimately related, each but a facet of India’s singularly scintillating, remarkable civilization. More than 300 images illustrate the articles and there are four unique color inserts, one per vol- ume, highlighting Indian art, architecture and sculpture; contemporary life; handicrafts;
and the physical environment. Readers will also find supplementary materials to aid their research: The front matter includes a thematic outline of contents and chronologies detailing India’s long history, and the back matter in volume four includes a selection of primary source documents, a general bibliography, a glossary of terms, and a compre- hensive index.
Not all the scholars with whom we started this educational journey long years ago have remained with us till the end. Several old friends were unable to write the pieces they con- tracted for, and I regret that they could not be with us at the finish line. Dr. Pran Chopra—
who together with his brilliant wife, Dr. Prabha Chopra, kindly agreed to write the important article on Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, whose papers they both so carefully edited—died last year in New Delhi, before he could see a final copy of their biography.
Dr. Prabha Chopra courageously worked on to complete the task they had begun together,
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xiiP R E F A C E
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
xiiiand I thank her for her karma-yogic cooperation, as I regretfully posthumously thank her dear husband, my good friend, Doctor Pran.
I want specially to thank all my former students, now dear colleagues and friends, who so generously gave of their energies and talents in writing many articles for this encyclo- pedia. Some were more prompt than others in completing their pieces, yet all did at last finish, and each article was well done. Our publisher’s first editor, Sarah Turner, was most helpful for two years, when she had to fly home to England. I thank Sarah for her hard work and hope she finds time to read these final versions of articles she helped launch. For the past two years, Andrea K. Henderson, our brilliant and efficient senior editor at Thomson/Gale, who replaced Sarah, has been so diligent, kind, and helpful in every aspect of this arduous, time-consuming job of contracting for and editing 1 million words, that I can hardly thank her enough. I must also thank our meticulous copyeditor, Dorothy Bauhoff, proofreader Amy Unterburger, and senior editors Dana Barnes, Shawn Corridor, and Jan Klisz, who all helped us to finish on schedule.
Hélène Potter has been deeply committed to this Encyclopedia of India from its concep- tion to completion, and her brilliant creative intellect and wealth of practical experience have been invaluable to us at every stage in this process.
Finally, let me thank my dearest wife, Dorothy, without whose confidence, unfailing support, and ever-cheerful love throughout the last five years, I should never have under- taken or been able to complete this most challenging job of my life.
Stanley Wolpert
28 July 2005
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xiiiE N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
xvA
Abdul Kalam, Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen (A.P.J.) Advani, Lal Krishna
Aesthetics
Afghani, Jamal-ud-din Afghanistan
Afghanistan, Military Relations with, 1994–2001 Agni
Agra
Agricultural Growth and Diversification since 1991 Agricultural Labor and Wages since 1950
Agricultural Prices and Production, 1757–1947
Agricultural Wages, Labor, and Employment since 1757 Ahmedabad
AIDS/HIV Ajanta Akbar
Akkamah¯ade¯vi
¯Al¯ap
Albuquerque, Afonso de Alexander the Great Allahabad
All-India Muslim League
Ambedkar, B. R., and the Buddhist Dalits Amritsar
Anand, Mulk Raj
¯And¯al
Andhra Pradesh Andrews, C. F.
Andy, S. Pulney
Anglo-Afghan Wars: War One (1838–1842) Anglo-Afghan Wars: War Two (1878–1880)
Anglo-Afghan Wars: War Three (May–August 1919) Armed Forces
Artha Sh¯astra Arunachal Pradesh
¯Aryabhata
¯Aryabhat¯ıya
¯Arya Sam¯aj Asht¯adhy¯ay¯ı Ashvamedha
Asian Development Bank (ADB), Relations with Asiatic Societies of Bengal and Bombay
Assam Astronomy Auckland, Lord Aurangzeb Aurobindo, Sri
Avat¯aras of Vishnu, Images of Ayodhya
¯Ayurveda
Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam Azariah, Vedanayakam Samuel
B Babur Bactria
Bahadur Shah I
Balance of Payments: Exchange Rate Policy Balance of Payments: Foreign Investment and the
Exchange Rate B¯alasarasvati, T.
Ballistic and Cruise Missile Development Ballistic Missile Defenses
Baluchar Sari
Baluchistan and the North-West Frontier
“Bande Mataram”
Bandhani
list of articles
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xv
L I S T O F A R T I C L E S
xvi E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
Banerjea, Surendranath N.
Bangalore Bangladesh
Bank and Non-Bank Supervision Banking Sector Reform since 1991 Barahmasa
Baroda Bene Israel Bengal
Bentinck, Lord William Bhabha, Homi
Bhagavad G¯ıt¯a Bh¯agavata Pur¯an
˙ a Bhajan
Bhakti Bharat
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Bhave, Vinoba
Bhopal Bhubaneswar Bh ¯uta
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali Bihar
Bimbisara
Biotechnology Revolution Bombay
Bonnerji, Womesh C.
Bose, Subhas Chandra Brahmacarya
Br¯ahma ·nas Brahmo Samaj Brazil–India Relations British Crown Raj
British East India Company Raj British Impact
British India Office, The Brocade
Bronzes: Early Images Bronzes: South Indian Buddha, Life of the Buddhism in Ancient India
Buddhist Art in Andhra up to the Fourth Century Burma
C
Cabinet Mission Plan Calcutta
Capital Market Caste and Democracy Caste System
Central Banking, Developmental Aspects of Chaitanya
Chalcolithic (Bronze) Age Chandigarh
Chatterji, Bankim Chandra Chaudhuri, Nirad C.
Chelmsford, Lord Chidambaram China, Relations with Chola Dynasty
Christian Impact on India, History of Cinema
Civil-Military Relations Clive, Robert
Commodity Markets
Common Property Resources, Past and Present Congress Party
Contract Farming Cornwallis, Lord
Cripps, Sir Richard Stafford Curzon, Lord George
D
Dalhousie, Marquis of Dalits
Dance Forms: An Introduction Dance Forms: Bharata Natyam Dance Forms: Kathak
Dance Forms: Kathakali Dance Forms: Koodiyattam Dance Forms: Kuchipudi Dance Forms: Manipuri Dance Forms: Mohini Attam Dance Forms: Odissi Das, Chitta Ranjan Debt Markets Deccani Painting
Demographic Trends since 1757 Demography and Census-taking Desai, Morarji
Development of Commercial Banking 1950–1990 Development Politics
Dev¯ı
Devi, Siddheshvari Dharma Sh¯astra Dhrupad
Diaspora: Economic Impact
Diaspora: History of and Global Distribution D¯ıkshitar, Muttusv¯ami
D¯ıv¯al¯ı
Dravidian Parties Dubois, Jean-Antoine Dufferin, Lord Dundas, Henry
Dupleix, Joseph François
E
Early Maritime Contacts
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xviL I S T O F A R T I C L E S
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
xviiEconomic Burden of Defense
Economic Development, Importance of Institutions in and Social Aspects of
Economic Policy and Change, 1800–1947 Economic Policy Under Planning, Aspects of Economic Reforms and Center-State Relations Economic Reforms of 1991
Economy Since the 1991 Economic Reforms
Educational Institutions and Philosophies, Traditional and Modern
Elephanta
Ellenborough, Earl of Ellora (Elura)
Elphinstone, Mountstuart Employment Structure Energy Politics and Policy
Environmental Consciousness since 1800 Ethnic Conflict
Ethnic Peace Accords
European Union, Relations with External Debt Policy, 1952–1990
F
Family Law and Cultural Pluralism Famines
Federalism and Center-State Relations Feminism and Indian Nationalists Feudalism
Filmı¯gı¯t Film Industry Finance Commission
Fiscal System and Policy from 1858 to 1947 Fiscal System and Policy since 1952 Fitch, Ralph
Folk Art Folk Dance Food Security
Foreign Resources Inflow since 1991 Forster, E. M.
French East India Company French Impact
Fundamental Rights
G
Galbraith, John Kenneth Gama, Vasco da
Gandharan Art and Architecture Gandhi, Indira
Gandhi, Mahatma M. K.
Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Sonia Gandhinagar Ga·nesha Gat-Tora
Gender and Human Rights General (National) Elections Geography
Globalization Goa
Goddess Images Gokhale, Gopal Krishna
Government of India Act of 1919 Government of India Act of 1935 Gujarat
Gujral, Inder Kumar Guptan Empire Guptan Period Art Guru Nanak
H
Haq, A. K. Fazlul Harappa
Hardinge, Lord Harsha
Hastings, Warren Health Care
Health Care for Tourists Hindu Ancestor Rituals
Hindu and Buddhist Thought in Western Philosophy Hinduism (Dharma)
Hindu Nationalism Hindu Nationalist Parties Hindu Tantric Deities Hindutva and Politics History and Historiography Human Development Indicators Human Rights
Humayun Hyderabad
I
Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) India Office and India Office Library India’s Impact on Western Civilization Indo–U.S. Relations, Cultural Changes in Indra
Industrial Change since 1956
Industrial Growth and Diversification Industrial Labor and Wages, 1800–1947
Industrial Labor Market, Wages and Employment, since 1950
Industrial Policy since 1956 Indus Valley Civilization Informal Credit Markets
Information and Other Technology Development Infrastructure and Transportation, 1857–1947 Infrastructure Development and Government Policy
since 1950
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xviiL I S T O F A R T I C L E S
xviii E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
Insurance Industry Insurgency and Terrorism Intellectual Property Rights
Internal Public Debt, Growth and Composition of International Monetary Fund (IMF), Relations with Iqbal, Muhammad
Irwin, Lord Islam
Islam’s Impact on India Israel, Relations with Ivory Carving
J Jahangir
Jain and Buddhist Manuscript Painting Jainism
Jain Sculpture Jamdani
Jammu and Kashmir Jammu and Ladakh Jamshedpur
Japan, Relations with Jewelry
Jews of India
Jinnah, Mohammad Ali Jodhpur
Judicial System, Modern
K Kabir K¯alid¯asa K¯ama S ¯utra Kanpur Karachi
Karaikk¯al Ammaiy¯ar Kargil Conflict, The Karnataka
Kashmir
Kashmir Painting Kashmir Shawls Kayasths
Kerala, Coalition Politics Kerala, Model of Development Kerkar, Kesarbai
Khajuraho
Khan, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Ali Akbar Khan, Liaquat Ali Khan, Vilayat Khayal Khusrau, Amir Kipling, Rudyard K¯ırtana
Krishna in Indian Art
Krishnamurti, Jiddu Kriti
L
Land Tenure from 1800 to 1947 Land Tenure since 1950 Languages and Scripts Lansdowne, Lord
Large-scale Industry, 1850–1950 Leaders, Christian
Liberalization, Political Economy of Linlithgow, Lord
Literature: Modern Literature: Tamil Love Stories
M
Macaulay, Thomas Babington M¯adhaviah, A.
Madras Madurai Magadha Mah¯abh¯arata Maharashtra
Maldives and Bhutan, Relations with Mandal Commission Report
Mangeshkar, Lata Manipur
Maritime Commerce, 1750–1947 Mauryan Empire
Media
Medical Science Education Medieval Temple Kingdoms Meghalaya
Menon, V.K. Krishna Metalware
Military Interventions in South Asia Miniatures: Bikaner
Miniatures: Bundi Miniatures: Central India Miniatures: Harem Scenes Miniatures: Kishangarh Miniatures: Kotah
Miniatures: Marwar and Thikanas Minto, Lord
M¯ırabai Mizoram
Modern and Contemporary Art Mohenjo-Daro
Monetary Policy from 1952 to 1991 Monetary Policy since 1991 Money and Credit, 1858–1947
Money and Foreign Exchange Markets Montagu, Edwin S.
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xviii
L I S T O F A R T I C L E S
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
xixMonuments: Eastern India Monuments: Mughal Monuments: Southern India Monuments: Western India Morley, John
Mountbatten, Lord Mughal Painting Mughal Painting, Later Music: An Introduction Music: Karn¯atak Music: South India
Muslim Law and Judicial Reform Muslims
Mutual Funds, Role of Mysore
N
Nabob Game Nagas and Nagaland Naidu, Sarojini Nainsukh
Naoroji, Dadabhai Narayan, Jaya Prakash Narayan, R. K.
Narayanan, K. R.
National Security Decision-Making N¯atya Sh¯astra
Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, Motilal Neolithic Period Nepal
Nepal, Relations with New Delhi
Nightingale, Florence Nizam of Hyderabad Nobili, Robert de
Non-banking Financial Institutions, Growth of Northeast States, The
Nuclear Programs and Policies
Nuclear Weapons Testing and Development Ny¯aya
P Paithani Pakistan
Pakistan and India Palaeolithic Period Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandita Ramabai P¯anini
Pant, Govind Ballabh Papermaking
Paramilitary Forces and Internal Security Parsis
Patanjali
Patel, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patna
Patola Paul, K. T.
Pension Funds and Social Security Peshwai and Pentarchy
Pillai, Samuel Vedanayakam Pingala
Planning Commission Political System: Cabinet Political System: Constitution Political System: Parliament Political System: President Political System: Prime Minister Population, Gender Ratio of Portuguese in India
Poverty and Inequality Prasad, Rajendra Premchand Presidents of India
Price Movements and Fluctuations since 1860 Prime Ministers of India
Princely States
Private Industrial Sector, Role of Public Debt of States, since 1950 Public Expenditures
Punjab
Q Qaww¯al¯ı
R
Rabban, Joseph
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli R¯aga
R¯agam¯al¯a
Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti Rajneesh, Osho
Rajput (Western, Central, and Hill) Painting Ramananda
R¯am¯anuja R¯am¯aya ·na
R¯am¯aya ·na and Mah¯abh¯arata Paintings Ranade, Mahadev Govind
Rang¯oli Ray, Satyajit Reading, Lord Reddi, Muthulakshmi
Reserve Bank of India, Evolution of Ripon, Lord
Rishi
Rock Art
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xixL I S T O F A R T I C L E S
xx E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
Roy, Ram Mohan
Rural Credit, Evolution of since 1952 Russia, Relations with
S
Sabhas and Samitis Sam · sk ¯ara
S¯ankhya Sarod
Sassoon, David Satyagraha
Saving and Investment Trends since 1950 Sayyid Ahmed Khan and the Aligarh Movement Scheduled Tribes
Science
Scientists of Indian Origin and Their Contributions Sculpture: Buddhist
Sculpture: Kushana
Sculpture: Mauryan and Shungan
Sculpture and Bronze Images from Kashmir Secularism
Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Selected Macroeconomic Models
Shah Bano Case Shah Jahan Shankar, Ravi Shankara
Shiva and Shaivism Shivaji Bhonsle and heirs Shiv Sena
Shore, Sir John Shrauta S ¯utras Shreni
Shulba S ¯utras (Ved¯angas) Shy¯ama Sh¯astri
Sikh Institutions and Parties Sikhism
Simla Sind
Singh, Bhagat
Singh, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Manmohan Singh, Sadhu Sundar Sirohi School Painting Sitar
Size and Capital Intensity of Indian Industry since 1950 Small-Scale and Cottage Industry, 1800–1947
Small-Scale Industry, since 1947 Soma
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
South Asian Economic Cooperation Southeast Asia, Relations with Space Program
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, Relations with State Finances since 1952 State Formation
State-Level Performance since Reforms of 1991 Step-Wells of India
Stock Exchange Markets Strategic Thought
Subbalakshmi Ammal, R.S.
Subbulakshmi, M. S.
Subsidies in the Federal Budget Sultanate Painting
Sultante-Period Architecture of South Asia
T Tabla
Tagore, Rabindranath T¯ala
Tanchoi Tansen
Tantric Buddhist Images Tapas
Tata, Jamsetji N.
Taxation Policy since 1991 Economic Reforms Technical Change in Agriculture, 1952–2000 Temple Types (Styles) of India
Textiles: Block-Printed
Textiles: Early Painted and Printed Textiles: Karuppur
Theater
Theosophical Society Thumr¯ı
Tibetan Buddhists of India Tilak, Bal Gangadhar
Trade Liberalization since 1991 Trade Policy, 1800–1947 Tribal Peoples of Eastern India Tribal Politics
Tripura Ty¯agar¯aja
U
Underground Economy, Dimensions of United States, Relations with
Upanishadic Philosophy Urbanism
V
Vaisheshika
Vajpayee, Atal Bihari Varanasi
Varu ·na
Ved¯anga Jyotisha
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xxL I S T O F A R T I C L E S
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
xxiVedic Aryan India Vina
Vishnu and Avat¯aras
Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) Vivekananda, Swami
W
Wars, Modern Wavell, Lord
Weapons Production and Procurement Wellesley, Richard Colley
Women and Political Power Women’s Education Women’s Indian Association
World Bank (WB), Relations with
World Trade Organization (WTO), Relations with
X
Xavier, Francis
Y Yajña Y¯ajnavalkya Yajur Veda Yoga
Z
Zoroastrianism
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xxiE N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
xxiiiARTS Aesthetics Jewelry Papermaking Subbalakshmi, M.S.
Tanchoi Tansen Theater
Buddhist Buddha, Life of the Buddhism in Ancient India
Buddhist Art in Andhra up to the Fourth Century Sculpture: Buddhist
Tantric Buddhist Images
Caves Ajanta Elephanta Ellora (Elura)
Monuments: Western India Rock Art
Sculpture: Mauryan and Shungan
Dance
Dance Forms: An Introduction Dance Forms: Bharata Natyam Dance Forms: Kathak
Dance Forms: Kathakali Dance Forms: Koodiyattam Dance Forms: Kuchipudi Dance Forms: Manipuri Dance Forms: Mohini Attam Dance Forms: Odissi Folk Dance
N¯atya Sh¯astra Reddi, Muthulakshmi
Fabrics Baluchar Sari Bandhani Barahmasa Brocade Jamdani Kashmir Shawls Paithani Patola
Textiles: Block-Printed
Textiles: Early Painted and Printed Textiles: Karuppur
Literature K¯ama S ¯utra Literature: Modern Literature: Tamil Narayan, R.K.
Tagore, Rabindranath Modern Cinema Cinema
Film Industry Media Ray, Satyajit
Music
¯Al¯ap
Bande Mataram Bhajan
Dhrupad Film¯¯ıg¯¯ıt Gat-Tora
thematic outline of contents
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xxiii
T H E M A T I C O U T L I N E O F C O N T E N T S
xxiv E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
Khayal K¯ırtana Kriti
Music: An Introduction Music: Karn¯atak Music: South India N¯atya Sh¯astra Pingala Qaww¯al¯ı R¯aga Sarod Sitar
Subbalakshmi Ammal, R.S.
Tabla T¯ala Thumr¯ı Vina
Paintings Deccani Painting
Jain and Buddhist Manuscript Painting Kashmir Painting
Miniatures: Bikaner Miniatures: Bundi Miniatures: Central India Miniatures: Harem Scenes Miniatures: Kishangarh Miniatures: Kotah
Miniatures: Marwar and Thikana Modern and Contemporary Art Mughal Painting
Mughal Painting, Later Nainsukh
R¯agam¯al¯a
Rajput (Western, Central, and Hill) Painting Sirohi School Painting
Sultanate Painting
Sultanate-Period Architecture of South Asia Palaces
Monuments: Mughal Monuments: Southern India
Religious
Jain and Buddhist Manuscript Painting Jain Sculpture
Krishna in Indian Art Mangeshkar, Lata
R¯am¯aya ·na and Mah¯abh¯arata Paintings Rang¯oli
Step-Wells of India Sculpture
Bronzes: Early Images Bronzes: South Indian Guptan Period Art
Gandharan Art and Architecture Goddess Images
Ivory Carving Jain Sculpture Metalware
Sculpture: Kushana
Sculpture: Mauryan and Shungan
Sculpture and Bronze Images from Kashmir Temples
Chidambaram Guptan Period Art Khajuraho
Medieval Temple Kingdoms Monuments: Eastern India Monuments: Southern India Monuments: Western India Temple Types (Styles) of India
Tribal Baluchar Sari Folk Art
BIOGRAPHIES Florence Nightingale Ray, Satyajit
Roy, Ram Mohan Shy¯ama Sh¯astri Tata, Jamsetji N.
Authors Anand, Mulk Raj
Chatterji, Bankim Chandra Chaudhuri, Nirad C.
Forster, E.M.
K¯alid¯asa
Kipling, Rudyard Naidu, Sarojini Narayan, R.K.
Nehru, Jawaharlal Premchand
Tagore, Rabindranath British Cabinet Ministers Montagu, Edwin S.
Morley, John
Governors-General
Auckland, Lord
Bentinck, Lord William
Chelmsford, Lord
Cornwallis, Lord
Curzon, Lord George
Dalhousie, Marquis of
Dufferin, Lord
Ellenborough, Earl of
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xxivT H E M A T I C O U T L I N E O F C O N T E N T S
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
xxvHardinge, Lord Hastings, Warren Irwin, Lord Lansdowne, Lord Linlithgow, Lord Minto, Lord Mountbatten, Lord Reading, Lord Ripon, Lord Shore, Sir John Wavell, Lord
Wellesley, Richard Colley Great Mughal Emperors Akbar
Aurangzeb Babur
Bahadur Shah I Kings Bimbisara Harsha Humayun Khusrau, Amir Nizam of Hyderabad Shah Jahan
Singh, Maharaja Ranjit Martial Heroes Albuquerque, Afonso de Alexander the Great Clive, Robert
Dupleix, Joseph François Elphinstone, Mountstuart Fitch, Ralph
Gama, Vasco da Jahangir
Nizam of Hyderabad Musicians
Akkamah¯ad¯evi B¯alasarasvati, T.
Devi, Siddheshvari Khan, Ali Akbar Khan, Vilayat Shankar, Ravi Philosophers
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli Vivekananda, Swami
Politicians
Abdul Kalam, Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen (A.P.J.) Advani, Lal Krishna
Ambedkar, B. R., and the Buddhist Dalits Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam
Banerjea, Surendranath N.
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali Bonnerji, Womesh C.
Bose, Subhas Chandra Das, Chitta Ranjan Desai Morarji
D¯ıkshitar, Muttusv¯ami Galbraith, John Kenneth Gandhi, Indira
Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Sonia
Gokhale, Gopal Krishna Gujral, Inder Kumar Haq, A.K. Fazlul Jinnah, Mohammad Ali Khan, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Liaquat Ali
Macaulay, Thomas Babington Menon, V.K. Krishna
Montagu, Edwin S.
Morley, John Naidu, Sarojini Naoroji, Dadabhai Narayan, Jaya Prakash Narayanan, K.R.
Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, Motilal Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi Pant, Govind Ballabh Patel, Sardar Vallabhbhai Prasad, Rajendra
Presidents of India Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti Ranade, Mahadev Govind
Sayyid Ahmed Khan and the Aligarh Movement Shivaji Bhonsle and heirs
Singh, Bhagat Singh, Manmohan Tilak, Bal Gangadhar Vajpayee, Atal Bihari
Religious Figures Afghani, Jamal-ud-din Andrews, C. F.
Andy, S. Pulney Aurobindo, Sri
Azariah, Vedanayakam Samuel Bhave, Vinoba
Dubois, Jean-Antoine Gandhi, Mahatma M.K.
Indra
Iqbal, Muhammad Kabir
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xxv
T H E M A T I C O U T L I N E O F C O N T E N T S
xxvi E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
Karaikk¯al Ammaiy¯ar Kerkar, Kesarbai Krishnamurti, Jiddu M¯adhaviah, A.
M¯ırabai
Nobili, Robert de Pandita, Ramabai Paul, K.T.
Pillai, Samuel Vedanayakam Rabban, Joseph
Rajneesh, Osho Sassoon, David Singh, Sadhu Sundar Vivekananda, Swami Xavier, Francis
Scientists
¯Aryabhata Bhabha, Homi Chaitanya Guru Nanak P¯anini Patanjali
BRITISH RAJ Company Era
British East India Company Raj Cripps, Sir Richard Stafford Dundas, Henry
Imperial Crown British Crown Raj British India Office, The Cabinet Mission Plan
India Office and India Office Library Princely States
Roy, Ram Mohan Wellesley, Richard Colley
DEMOGRAPHY
Demographic Trends since 1757 Demography and Census-taking Population, Gender Ratio of
ECONOMY
Agricultural Growth and Diversification since 1991 Agricultural Labor and Wages since 1950
Agricultural Prices and Production, 1757–1947
Agricultural Wages, Labor, and Employment since 1757 Common Property Resources, Past and Present
Contract Farming
Diaspora: Economic Impact
Economic Development, Importance of Institutions in and Social Aspects of
Economic Policy and Change, 1800–1947
Economic Policy Under Planning, Aspects of Economic Reforms of 1991
Economy Since the 1991 Economic Reforms Energy Politics and Policy
Famines Food Security Globalization
Industrial Change since 1956
Industrial Growth and Diversification Industrial Labor and Wages, 1800–1947 Industrial Policy since 1956
Information and Other Technology Development Infrastructure and Transportation, 1857–1947 Infrastructure Development and Government Policy
since 1950
Intellectual Property Rights Jamshedpur
Kerala Model of Development Land Tenure from 1800 to 1947 Land Tenure since 1950
Large-scale Industry, 1850–1950 Liberalization, Political Economy of Maritime Commerce, 1750–1947 Planning Commission
Poverty and Inequality
Price Movements and Fluctuations since 1860 Private Industrial Sector, Role of
Public Expenditures
Rural Credit, Evolution of since 1952
Size and Capital Intensity of Indian Industry since 1950 Small-Scale and Cottage Industry, 1800–1947
State Finances since 1952
State-Level Performance since Reforms of 1991 Subsidies in the Federal Budget
Technical Change in Agriculture, 1952–2000 Trade Liberalization since 1991
Underground Economy, Dimensions of
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Educational Institutions and Philosophies, Traditional and Modern
Indian Institutes of Technology (ITTs)
Information and Other Technology Development Medical Science Education
Women’s Education
FEUDALISM Feudalism
FINANCES AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Asian Development Bank (ADB), Relations with Balance of Payments: Exchange Rate Policy Balance of Payments: Foreign Investment and the
Exchange Rate
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xxviT H E M A T I C O U T L I N E O F C O N T E N T S
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
xxviiBank and Non-Bank Supervision Banking Sector Reform since 1991 Capital Market
Central Banking, Developmental Aspects of Commodity Markets
Debt Markets
Development of Commercial Banking 1950–1990 Employment Structure
External Debt Policy, 1952–1990 Finance Commission
Fiscal System and Policy from 1858 to 1947 Fiscal System and Policy since 1952 Foreign Resources Inflow since 1991 Globalization
Industrial Change since 1956
Industrial Growth and Diversification Industrial Labor and Wages, 1800–1947
Industrial Labor Market, Wages and Employment, since 1950
Industrial Policy since 1956 Informal Credit Markets
Infrastructure Development and Government Policy since 1950
Insurance Industry
Internal Public Debt, Growth and Composition of International Monetary Fund (IMF), Relations with Monetary Policy from 1952 to 1991
Monetary Policy since 1991 Money and Credit, 1858–1947
Money and Foreign Exchange Markets Mutual Funds, Role of
Non-banking Financial Institutions, Growth of Pension Funds and Social Security
Price Movements and Fluctuations since 1860 Private Industrial Sector, Role of
Public Debt of States, since 1950 Public Expenditures
Reserve Bank of India, Evolution of Rural Credit, Evolution of since 1952 Saving and Investment Trends since 1950 Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Selected Macroeconomic Models
Size and Capital Intensity of Indian Industry since 1950 Small-Scale and Cottage Industry, 1800–1947
Small-Scale Industry, since 1947 State Finances since 1952 Stock Exchange Markets Subsidies in the Federal Budget
Taxation Policy since 1991 Economic Reforms Technical Change in Agriculture, 1952–2000 Trade Liberalization since 1991
Trade Policy, 1800–1947
Underground Economy, Dimensions of World Bank (WB), Relations with
World Trade Organization (WTO), Relations with
GEOGRAPHY Geography
Countries Afghanistan Bangladesh Bharat Burma Nepal
Provinces or States Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam
Bactria
Baluchistan and the North-West Frontier Baroda
Bengal Bihar
Chola Dynasty Goa
Hyderabad
Jammu and Kashmir Jammu and Ladakh Jodhpur
Karnataka Kashmir
Kerala, Coalition Politics Kerala, Model of Development Madurai
Magadha Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Mysore
Nagas and Nagaland Northeast States, The Patna
Princely States Punjab Sind
State Formation
Tribal Peoples of Eastern India Tripura
Urban Cities Agra
Ahmedabad
Allahabad
Amritsar
Ayodhya
Bangalore
Bhopal
Bhubaneswar
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xxviiT H E M A T I C O U T L I N E O F C O N T E N T S
xxviii E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
Bombay Calcutta Chandigarh Gandhinagar Gujarat Jamshedpur Kanpur Karachi Madras New Delhi Simla Urbanism Varanasi
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
Abdul Kalam, Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen (A.P.J.) Civil-Military Relations
Federalism and Center-State Relations Government of India Act of 1919 Government of India Act of 1935 National Security Decision-Making Nuclear Programs and Policies
Nuclear Weapons Testing and Development Paramilitary Forces and Internal Security Pension Funds and Social Security Planning Commission
Political System: Cabinet Political System: Constitution Political System: Parliament Political System: President Political System: Prime Minister Presidents of India
Prime Ministers of India Secularism
Singh, Manmohan
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
South Asian Economic Cooperation Sri Lanka, Relations with
State Formation
Tribal Peoples of Eastern India United States, Relations with Wars, Modern
Weapons Production and Procurement
HISTORY Chidambaram Guptan Empire
History and Historiography Magadha
Maharashtra Mauryan Empire
Medieval Temple Kingdoms Nabob Game
Neolithic Period Paleolithic Period Peshwai and Pentarchy Portuguese in India
Sayyid Ahmed Khan and the Aligarh Movement Sculpture: Mauryan and Shungan
Shivaji Bhonsle and heirs Vedic Aryan India
HEALTH AND MEDICINE AIDS/HIV
¯Ayurveda Health Care
Health Care for Tourists Medical Science Education
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION Chalcolithic (Bronze) Age
Harappa
Indus Valley Civilization Mohenjo-Daro
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Afghanistan
Asiatic Societies of Bengal and Bombay Brazil–India Relations
British Impact China, Relations with
Diaspora: History of and Global Distribution Early Maritime Contacts
European Union, Relations with French East India Company French Impact
Hindu and Buddhist Thought in Western Philosophy India’s Impact on Western Civilization
Indo–U.S. Relations, Cultural Changes in Israel, Relations with
Japan, Relations with
Maldives and Bhutan, Relations with Maritime Commerce, 1750–1947 Money and Foreign Exchange Markets Nepal
Nepal, Relations with Pakistan
Pakistan and India Russia, Relations with
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
South Asian Economic Cooperation Southeast Asia, Relations with Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, Relations with
Trade Liberalization since 1991
Trade Policy, 1800–1947
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xxviiiT H E M A T I C O U T L I N E O F C O N T E N T S
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
xxixUnited States, Relations with Wars, Modern
World Bank (WB), Relations with
World Trade Organization (WTO), Relations with
LANGUAGES Languages and Scripts Literature: Tamil P¯anini
Patanjali Premchand
MILITARY AND WARFARE
Afghanistan, Military Relations with, 1994–2001 Anglo-Afghan Wars: War One (1838–1842) Anglo-Afghan Wars: War Two (1878–1880)
Anglo-Afghan Wars: War Three (May–August 1919) Armed Forces
Ballistic and Cruise Missile Development Ballistic Missile Defenses
Economic Burden of Defense Insurgency and Terrorism Jammu and Kashmir Kargil Conflict, The Kashmir
Military Interventions in South Asia National Security Decision-Making Nuclear Programs and Policies
Nuclear Weapons Testing and Development Paramilitary Forces and Internal Security Space Program
Strategic Thought Wars, Modern
NATIONALIST MOVEMENT Aurobindo, Sri
Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam Bande Mataram
Banerjea, Surendranath N.
Bhave, Vinoba Bonnerji, Womesh C.
Bose, Subhas Chandra Chatterji, Bankim Chandra Congress Party
Desai Morarji
Gandhi, Mahatma M.K.
Gokhale, Gopal Krishna Gujral, Inder Kumar Hindu Nationalism Hindu Nationalist Parties Jinnah, Mohammad Ali Menon, V.K. Krishna Naidu, Sarojini Naoroji, Dadabhai
Narayan, Jaya Prakash Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, Motilal
Patel, Sardar Vallabhbhai Prasad, Rajendra
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti Ranade, Mahadev Govind Satyagraha
Secularism Singh, Bhagat Tilak, Bal Gangadhar
PARTIES AND POLITICS All-India Muslim League Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Congress Party
Development Politics Dravidian Parties Hindu Nationalism Hindu Nationalist Parties Hinduvta and Politics Kerala, Coalition Politics
Liberalization, Political Economy of Political System: Cabinet
Political System: Parliament Political System: Prime Minister Shiv Sena
Sikh Institutions and Parties Tribal Politics
Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) Women and Political Power
RELIGION Bene Israel Bhakti
Buddhist Ajanta Ellora (Elura)
Tantric Buddhist Images Tibetan Buddhists of India
Christian Andrews, C. F.
Andy, S. Pulney
Christian Impact on India, History of Leaders, Christian
Nobili, Robert de Paul, K.T.
Pillai, Samuel Vedanayakam Singh, Sadhu Sundar Xavier, Francis
Hindu
¯And¯al
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xxixT H E M A T I C O U T L I N E O F C O N T E N T S
xxx E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
Ashvamedha
Avat¯aras of Vishnu, Images of Bhuta
Chidambaram
Hindu Ancestor Rituals Hinduism (Dharma) Hindu Nationalism Hindu Nationalist Parties Hindu Tantric Deities Khajuraho
Love stories Rishi Sam · sk¯ara Shankara Shiva
Step-Wells of India Ty¯agar¯aja
Upanishadic Philosophy Vaisheshika
Varanasi
Ved¯anga Jyotisha Vedic Aryan India Yajur Veda Yajña Y¯ajnavalkya Yoga
Ashramas Brahmacarya
Gods Agni
¯Arya Sam¯aj Dev¯ı Ga ·nesha Shiva Soma Varu ·na
Vishnu and Avat¯aras Holidays D¯ıv¯al¯ı
Societies
¯Arya Sam¯aj Brahmo Samaj Sabhas and Samitis Shiv Sena
Shreni
Theophysical Society
Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) Texts
Artha Sh¯astra Bhagavad G¯ıt¯a Bh¯agavata Pur¯a ·na Br¯ahma ·nas
Dharma Sh¯astra K¯ama S ¯utra Mah¯abh¯arata N¯atya Sh¯astra R¯am¯aya ·na Shrauta Sutras
Shulba S ¯utras (Ved¯angas) Islamic
Islam
Islam’s Impact on India
Muslim Law and Judicial Reform Muslims
Sayyid Ahmed Khan and the Aligarh Movement Shah Bano Case
Jain Ajanta Ellora (Elura)
Jain and Buddhist Manuscript Painting Jainism
Jewish Jews of India Sassoon, David
Parsi Parsis
Zoroastrianism Sikh
Sikh Institutions and Parties Sikhism
Singh, Maharaja Ranjit
PHILOSOPHY Ny¯aya
Ramananda R¯am¯anuja S¯ankhya Shankara Tapas
Upanishadic Philosophy Vaisheshika
Y¯ajnavalkya Yoga
SCIENCE
¯Aryabhat¯ıya Asht¯adhy¯ay¯ı Astronomy
Biotechnology Revolution
Indian Institutes of Technology (ITTs)
Information and Other Technology Development Patanjali
Science
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xxxT H E M A T I C O U T L I N E O F C O N T E N T S
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
xxxiScientists of Indian Origin and Their Contributions Ved¯anga Jyotisha
SOCIAL RELATIONS
Environmental Consciousness since 1800 Fundamental Rights
Human Development Indicators Human Rights
Intellectual Property Rights Kayasths
Poverty and Inequality Caste System Caste and Democracy Caste System
Dalits
Ambedkar, B. R., and the Buddhist Dalits Dalits
Mandal Commission Report Scheduled Tribes
Ethnic Conflict Ethnic Conflict
Ethnic Peace Accords Kashmir
Family Law
Muslim Law and Judicial Reform Family Law and Cultural Pluralism
Judicial System Judicial System, Modern
WOMEN
Feminism and Indian Nationalists Gender and Human Rights Goddess Images
M¯ırabai Naidu, Sarojini Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandita, Ramabai
Population, Gender Ratio of
Women and Political Power
Women’s Education
Women’s Indian Association
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xxxiE N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
xxxiiiAmitav Acharya
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Professor, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies
Southeast Asia, Relations with Shankar Acharya
Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations
Member, Board of Governors and honorary professor Economy Since the 1991 Economic Reforms Yashodhara Agarwal
Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi,India
Assistant curator, textile and decorative arts, Bharat Kala Bhavan
Brocade Isher Ahluwalia
Director, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi, India
Industrial Policy since 1956 Montek Ahluwalia
Government of India
Deputy chairman, Planning Commission Banking Sector Reform since 1991
State-Level Performance since Reforms of 1991 Akbar Ahmed
The American Univeristy, Washington, D.C.
Ibn Khaldun Chair of Islamic Studies, School of International Service
Baluchistan and the North-West Frontier Islam’s Impact on India
Rajeev Ahuja
Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations
Senior research fellow Insurance Industry Daud Ali
University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies Senior lecturer in Indian history, Department of History
Feudalism Guptan Empire Harsha
K¯ama S ¯utra Literature: Tamil Mauryan Empire
Medieval Temple Kingdoms Pravin Anand
Anand and Anand Law Firm, New Delhi, India Intellectual Property Rights
Walter Andersen
Johns Hopkins University, School of Advanced International Studies
Associate director, Department of South Asia Studies Hindu Nationalism
Shridhar Andhare
Honorary director, Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Museum Barahmasa
Miniatures: Bundi Miniatures: Kotah Sirohi School Painting Prema-chandra Athukorala Australian National University
Professor of Economics, Division of Economics and Australia South Asia Research Centre
Saving and Investment Trends since 1950
directory of contributors
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xxxiii
D I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
xxxiv E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
India
Amaresh Bagchi
National Institute of Finance and Public Policy, New Delhi Emeritus professor
Finance Commission
Fiscal System and Policy since 1952 Gopalan Balachandran
Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva Professor, Department of International History and Politics
Maritime Commerce, 1750–1947 Dipankar Banerjee
Retired major general of the Indian army Former specialist of the U.S. Institute of Peace
Civil-Military Relations Insurgency and Terrorism Debashish Banerji Culver City, California Independent scholar
Modern and Contemporary Art Poonam Sethi Barua
Director, Public Affairs Management, New Delhi South Asian Economic Cooperation Dilip Basu
University of California, Santa Cruz
Director, Satyajit Ray Film and Study Collection Aurobindo, Sri
Banerjea, Surendranath N.
Chaudhuri, Nirad C.
Das, Chitta Ranjan Haq, A. K. Fazlul Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur Ray, Satyajit
Tagore, Rabindranath Kaushik Basu
Cornell University
Professor, Department of Economics
Economic Development, Importance of Institutions in and Social Aspects of
Chandi Batliwalla Reserve Bank of India
Consultant to Reserve Bank of India History Project International Monetary Fund (IMF), Relations with Kurt Behrendt
Temple University Department of Art History
Gandharan Art and Architecture Douglas L. Berger
Oakton College, Des Plaines, Illinois
Assistant professor, Department of Humanities and Philosophy
Hindu and Buddhist Thought in Western Philosophy
Surjit Bhalla
Oxus Research and Investments, New Delhi, India Poverty and Inequality
Vinayak Bhatt Bethesda, Maryland
Economic Policy and Change, 1800–1947 Gouriswar Bhattacharya
Free University Berlin
Institute of Indian Philology and Art History Tantric Buddhist Images
Pia Brancaccio
Drexel University, Philadelphia
Assistant professor, Department of Visual Studies Elephanta
Ellora (Elura) Robert L. Brown
University of California, Los Angeles Professor, Department of Art History
Buddha, Life of the Guptan Period Art Rani Day Burra Mumbai, India
Freelance film magazine editor and animation filmmaker Cinema
Gerald Carney Hampden-Sydney College Professor of religion
Chaitanya Maya Chadda
William Paterson University of New Jersey Professor, Department of Political Science
Ethnic Conflict R. Champakalakshmi
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India Former professor of history
Monuments: Southern India Rupa Chanda
Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore
Professor, Department of Economics and Social Sciences World Trade Organization (WTO), Relations with Anand Chandavarkar
Washington, D.C.
Independent scholar
Money and Credit, 1858–1947 Padmanabha R. Chari
Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, New Delhi Research professor
Economic Burden of Defense
Weapons Production and Procurement
73269_FM_Vol1_i-lxxxv_GGS 10/12/05 9:36 AM Page xxxivD I R E C T O R Y O F C O N T R I B U T O R S
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
