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Department of Economics Staff Paper Series
Economics
8-15-1988
The Economic Impact of Crop Insurance on
Wheat Producing Counties in South Dakota
Burton Pflueger
South Dakota State University
Gerald Toland
South Dakota State University
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Recommended Citation
Pflueger, Burton and Toland, Gerald, "The Economic Impact of Crop Insurance on Wheat Producing Counties in South Dakota" (1988). Department of Economics Staff Paper Series. Paper 57.
The Economic Impact of Crop Insurance On Wheat Producing Counties in South Dakota
by
Burton Pflueger* and
Gerald Toland*
Economics Staff Paper Series No. 88-4** August 1988
*Burton Pflueger is an Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics and Gerald Toland is an Assistant Professor of Economics at South Dakota State University.
**Papers in this series are reproduced and distributed to encourage discussion of reserach, extension, teaching, and economic policy issues. Although available to anyone on request, Economics Depart ment Staff Papers are intended primarily for peers and policy makers. Papers are normally critiqued by some colleagues prior to publication in this series. However, they are not subject to the formal review requirements of South Dakota State University's Agricultural Experi ment Station and Cooperative Extension Service publications.
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CROP INSURANCE
ON WHEAT PRODUCING COUNTIES TN SOUTH DAKOTA
Burton Pflueger and Gerald Toland 1
Introduction
Farmers and ranchers face risks of adverse events which have the potential of reducing crop yields and/or quality, sometimes to catastrophically low levels. These adverse events for the most part are outside the control of the farmer. Farmers can use crop insurance as a part of their risk management programs to provide financial protection against the effects of such uncontrollable events.
Crop insurance offers an opportunity to substitute a known cost in the form of a premium for an unpre dictable loss. Because the farmer receives indem nity payments if a loss occurs, crop insurance also provides a foundation under cash flow budget projections. In the current economic situation, lenders often look more favorably upon loan re quests from producers with crop insurance protec tion. In addition to possible improved access to borrowed money, the cash flow stability may also provide liquidity to remain in business if a crop loss occurs. Crop insurance also reduces the risk of using forward pricing to market crops. U a low yield is realized, the crop insurance payment can be used to purchase grain to fill the contract requirements.
Risk Exposure in South Dakota
South Dakota farmers are exposed to substantial amounts of risk in the production of agricultural crops. Figure 1 shows the distribution of the major causes of loss for wheat. From 1981 to 1986 the South Dakota farmers who insured wheat with multi ple peril crop insurance experienced 51.9% of their losses due to drought, 15.0% to hail, 13% to excess moisture, 14.0% to frost/freeze, 8.5% to wind, 4.1 % to disease and 5.2% to other causes.
Drought
51.9%
Frost/Freeze 14.0%
Fig. 1 Why Wheat Crops Fail in South Dakota Do you remember the low wheat yields caused by the late frost in May 1981? Indemnities received by South Dakota wheat producers who had purchased Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) that year amounted to $10.1 million. These MPCI indem nlties compare to the wheat producers' premiums of
$5.9 million in 1981, for a producer benefit/cost ratio of 1.7. The 1981 experience illustrates that crop insurance can have a significant net positive ef fect on producers' incomes when yield losses occur. Indemnities received by insured South Dakota producers average $3.5 million per year over the en tire 1981-86 period, while producer premiums averaged $32 million per year, for a six-year benefit/cost ratio of 1.09. The history of MPCI in demnities and premiums for wheat in South Dakota is illustrated in Figure 2.
Dollars in Millions
O
Farmers' Benefit Coat Rstlo $12.--������������----=-��������--. $10 $8 $6 $4 ... $2 .... $0 1981 1082 108(3 1084 1985 1986CJ
Farmar Premium - Losses PaidFig. 2 Farmer Benefits and Costs for Wheat for MPCI, SD
Community Impacts
One of the potential benefits of crop insurance to
an
individual farmer is to provide the financial li quidity needed for the operation to stay in business in the event of a significant crop yield reduction. Asa risk management tool, crop insurance stabilizes farm cash Dow.
Crop insurance can have the same impact on the economy of the whole community. Indemnity pay ments, net of premiums paid by farmers, help stabi lize farm income and in turn provide stability in the local community. The net difference between in demnity and premiums provides a stimulus to the economy and negates the impact of reduced crop sales due to crop losses.
Farm financial problems and farm liquidations create economic stress in the whole community. Risk management techniques such as crop in surance which help stabilize farm income have a similar stabilizing impact on the economic base of the community.
2
Basic Types of Crop Insurance
The two kinds of crop insurance available to South Dakota farmers are:1. Multiple peril crop insurance (MPCI) which is designed to provide catastrophic protection against yield losses from most unavoidable causes of
loss.
MPCI covers most natural perils suchas
those shown in Figure 1.2. Commercial hail/fire crop insurance (H/FCI) which provides protection (from hail and fire only) up to the actual cash value of the crop.
MPCI guarantees a minimum average yield per acre for the insured crop with the guarantee based on the deductible chosen. The deductible levels are 25, 35 and 50% of the average yield of the insured unit.
Hai.1/Fll'e Crop Insurance (H/FCI) is available on most crops through a variety of coverage plans. Most plans provide coverage up to the actual cash value of the crop. A variety of deductibles are also available that directly affect the premium cost of the coverage. Coverage can usually be purchased anytime up to the time the crop is harvested. There is usually a 24 to 48 hour waiting period between the time of application and when coverage goes into
ef-feet. Both forms of crop insurance are sold by local insurance agents.
MPCI and H/FCI coverage can be combined on the same crop to minimize the cost by avoiding duplicate coverage. This provides a full range of coverage against most perils, and up to the actual cash value of the crop for the hail and fire perils. Both forms of crop insurance are sold by local in surance agents.
Changes in Multiple Peril Crop
Insurance
The Crop Insurance Act of 1980 initiated a series of significant changes in the multiple peril crop in surance program. One of the objectives of the act was to make crop insurance available to the growers of all major crops. Coverage is now offered on all ASCS program crops and most other commercial crops. The crops covered in South Dakota are shown by county in Table 1.
Another objective of the act was to provide crop in surance as a replacement for the USDA disaster program. The 1985 Farm Bill added an additional provision. Beginning In 1987 farmers are not eligible for emergency low-interest loans if multiple peril crop insurance was available to them and they did not purchase it.
One of the most significant changes has been the introduction of individualized coverage and rates. The insurance yield is based on a farmer's actual production history (APH). This replaces the county average yield concept used previously to set the coverage levels for individual farmers. The premium rate varies with the yield. The higher the average historical yield, the lower the premium rate. Growers with yields that are above average for the county pay significantly lower premiums than growers with a history of yields below the county average.
3
Crop Insurance Participation
As South Dakota farmers become more informed about the changes in the MPCI program, they are likely to respond by increasing their use of this risk management tool. Recent MPCI participation in South Dakota has been relatively stable, except for the temporary decline caused by the PIK program in 1983.
The area covered in South Dakota by MPCI for all crops over the past five years is shown below:
1982 1983 (PIK year) 1984 1985 1986 1.8 million acres 0.8 million acres 1.2 million acres 1.6 million acres 1.6 million acres
The crops that qualify for MPCI coverage in your county are shown in Table 1 on the next page. The tables on pages (i) - (xii) of the appendix show a county-by-county summary of the protection in force, acres insured, premiums paid and indemnities received for both MPCI and H/FCI for each year since 1981 in South Dakota. Page (xiii) shows the crop insurance figures for the state as a whole.
The benefit-cost ratios shown are calculated by dividing the losses paid to farmers by the premiums they paid. In addition to paying the administration costs, the federal government subsidizes the
premium for MPCI. These two subsidies reduce the premiums paid by farmers by about 50%. The calcu lated benefit-cost ratios consider only the actual premiums paid by farmers.
For more information on the details of MPCI in cluding the calculation of premiums and the analysis of crop insurance decisions refer to the following publication:
Burton Pflueger and Gerald Toland,
Multiple
Pecil Crop Insurance· What Is
Jt?Should Yau Buy
.It1. publication CC , South Dakota Cooperative Ex tension Service, 1987.
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