97178973-GSM-Based-Home-Security-System-REPORT.doc

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GSM BASED HOME

GSM BASED HOME SECURITY SY

SECURITY SYSTEM

STEM

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

PRACHI NANDA (A1607107098)

BHAVUK PUJARA

BHAVUK PUJARA (A1607107049)

(A1607107049)

In partial fulf

In partial fulfillment for the

illment for the award of the deg

award of the degree

ree

Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In In

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION

AMITY INSTITUTE OF TELECOM TECHNOLOGY &

MANAGEMENT

AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTA

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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Cer

Certif

tified tht

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thi!

i! "r#

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#rt GSM BASED HOME SECURITY

GSM BASED HOME SECURITY

SY

SYST

STEM

EM i! the B#nfide &#r' #f PRACHI NANDA nd BHAVUK

i! the B#nfide &#r' #f PRACHI NANDA nd BHAVUK

PUJARA  &h# %rried #t the "r

PUJARA  &h# %rried #t the "r#$e%t &#r' nder *+

#$e%t &#r' nder *+ ,idn%e-

,idn%e-SI

SIGGNANATTURURE E SISIGNGNAATTUURERE

HEAD

HEAD OF OF THE THE DEPARDEPARTMENT TMENT PROJECT PROJECT GUIDEGUIDE



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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Cer

Certif

tified tht

ied tht th

thi!

i! "r#

"r#$e%

$e%t

t re"

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#rt GSM BASED HOME SECURITY

GSM BASED HOME SECURITY

SY

SYST

STEM

EM i! the B#nfide &#r' #f PRACHI NANDA nd BHAVUK

i! the B#nfide &#r' #f PRACHI NANDA nd BHAVUK

PUJARA  &h# %rried #t the "r

PUJARA  &h# %rried #t the "r#$e%t &#r' nder *+

#$e%t &#r' nder *+ ,idn%e-

,idn%e-SI

SIGGNANATTURURE E SISIGNGNAATTUURERE

HEAD

HEAD OF OF THE THE DEPARDEPARTMENT TMENT PROJECT PROJECT GUIDEGUIDE



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ABSTRACT

.he fin/ +er "r#$e%t i*! t e"#!in, the !tdent! nder,#in, hi,her

te%hni%/ !tdie! t# the th#,ht! nd /#,i% tht *!t e de2e/#"ed t#

en!re tht #ne i! /e t# inte,rte hi!3her

en!re tht #ne i! /e t# inte,rte hi!3her ide! int# !#*ethin, %#n%rete-

ide! int# !#*ethin,

%#n%rete-.hi! ,ener//+ i! initited + the in%e"ti#n #f n

.hi! ,ener//+ i! initited + the in%e"ti#n #f n ide #r  %#n%e"t &hi%h

ide #r  %#n%e"t &hi%h

n#t #n/+ i*! t de2e/#"in,  "r#d%t (Hrd&re #r 5#ft&re) t /!#

the inde"th !td+ #f the er/ier ei!tin, "r#d%t! in the !*e %te,#r+

nd their defi%ien%ie!- A%%#rdin,/+ n ""r#%h i! t'en t# "r#"#!e 

!#/ti#n &hi%h i! etter fr#* the "re2i#! #ne! in #ne re!"e%t #r the

#ther-ith the !e ""r#%h in ind &e the fin/ +er !tdent! #f B%he/#r

ith the !e ""r#%h in ind &e the fin/ +er !tdent! #f B%he/#r

#f .e%hn#/#,+ (/e%tr#ni%! nd .e/e%#**ni%ti#n) h2e t'en " the

ADVANCE GSM BASED HOME SECURITY SYSTEM

ADVANCE GSM BASED HOME SECURITY SYSTEM ! #r fin/

! #r fin/

+er

"r#$e%t-At#ted !e%rit+ !+!te! re  !ef/ dditi#n t# t#d+! h#*e &here

At#ted !e%rit+ !+!te! re  !ef/ dditi#n t# t#d+! h#*e &here

!f

!fet+

et+ i!

i! n

n i*"

i*"#rt

#rtnt

nt i!!

i!!e-

e- V

Vii!i#

!i#n

n!e

!ed

d !e%

!e%ri

rit+

t+ !+!

!+!te*

te*!

! h2

h2e

e the

the

d2nt,e #f ein, e!+ t# !et " ine"en!i2e nd n#n#tr!i2e- H#*e

!e%rit+ !+!te* f#r dete%tin, n intr!i#n int#  *#nit#red re + n

in

infr

frre

red

d de

dete

te%t

%t#r

#r-

- A

A !e

!e%

%rit

rit+

+ !+

!+!t

!te*

e* h

h!

! 

 f/

f/ee

ee!

!t

tnd

ndin

in,

, in

intr

tr!

!i#

i#n

n

dete%t#r- .he free !tndin, intr!i#n dete%t#r h!  trn!*itter %#"/ed

&ith  "#rt/e re%ei2er t# /ert  h#*e#&ner tht n intr!i#n h! t'en

"/%e #r #%%rred &ithi

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"eri#d-AC$NO)LEGDEMENTS

AC$NO)LEGDEMENTS

It i! #r "r#d "ri2i/e,e t# h2e r- Prdee" Kr ! #r ent#r f#r

thi! "r#$e%t :5 !ed h#e !e%rit+ !+!te- He h! een n i**en!e

he/" t# ! !in%e the e,innin, #f the "r#$e%t- He

he/" t# ! !in%e the e,innin, #f the "r#$e%t- He ,ided ! t t#,h ti*e!

,ided ! t t#,h ti*e!

nd he/"ed ! %hie2e thi! ,#/- e re 2er+ thn'f/ t# hi* f#r hi! he/"

nd

!""#rt-e &#/d /!# /i'e t# etend #r thn'! t# #r H-;-D C#/- R-K- K"r

e &#/d /!# /i'e t# etend #r thn'! t# #r H-;-D C#/- R-K- K"r

f#r hi! nd+in, fith in ! nd *'in, ! e/ie2e in #r!e/2e!- Hi!

,idn%e h! een the re!#n &e %#/d %#*"/ete thi!

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"r#$e%t-TA

TABLE OF CON

BLE OF CONTENTS

TENTS

TITLE

PA

PAGE

GE NO#

NO#

1-1- IN.

IN.R;D

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@-6

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>iid Cr+!t/ Di!"/+-<--<<<<<<<<<-=9

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*# INTRODUCTION

In t#d+! ,e #f di,it/ te%hn#/#,+ nd inte//i,ent !+!te*! h#*e t#*ti#n h! e%#*e #ne #f the f!te!t de2e/#"in, ""/i%ti#n!ed te%hn#/#,ie! in the

&#r/d-.he ide #f %#*f#rt/e /i2in, in h#*e h! !in%e %hn,ed f#r the "!t de%de ! di,it/ 2i!i#n nd &ire/e!! te%hn#/#,ie! re inte,rted int# it- Inte//i,ent h#*e! in !i*"/e ter*! %n e de!%ried ! h#*e! tht re f//+ t#*ted in ter*! #f %rr+in, #t  "redeter*ined t!' "r#2idin, feed%' t# the !er! nd re!"#ndin, %%#rdin,/+ t# !itti#n!- In #ther &#rd! it !i*"/+ //#&! *n+ !"e%t! #f the h#*e !+!te* !%h ! te*"ertre nd /i,htin, %#ntr#/ net&#r' nd %#**ni%ti#n! entertin*ent !+!te* e*er,en%+ re!"#n!e nd !e%rit+ *#nit#rin, !+!te*! t# e t#*ted nd %#ntr#//ed #th ner nd t 

di!tn%e-At#*ted !e%rit+ !+!te*! "/+ n i*"#rtnt r#/e #f "r#2idin, n etr /+er #f !e%rit+ thr#,h !er thenti%ti#n t# "re2ent re'in! t entr+ "#int! nd /!# t# tr%' i//e,/ intr!i#n! #r n!#/i%ited %ti2itie! &ithin the 2i%init+ #f the h#*e (ind##r! nd #td##r!)- .here h! een *%h re!er%h d#ne in the de!i,n #f 2ri#! t+"e! #f t#*ted !e%rit+ !+!te*!- 5en!#r!ed !+!te*! tht re/+ #n %#nt%t #r *#2e*ent !en!#r! #r %#nt%t!ed !+!te*! !%h ! fin,er"rint nd "/* "rint !%n #r 'e+"d %ti2ti#n tht reire !!tnti/ *#nt #f %# nt%t &ith n in"t de2i%e-n+ !e%rit+ !+!te*! re !ed #n #n/+  !in,/e !+!te*- In n e2ent #f !+!te* fi/re #r intr!i#n #f the !er thenti%ti#n there i! n# %'" !+!te* t# *#nit#r the h#*e %#ntin//+- .hi! !h#rt%#*in, %n e de/t &ith !in, */ti"/e !e%rit+ !+!te*! (#r */ti/+ered !e%rit+ !+!te*!)- H#&e2er */ti!+!te* i*"/e*entti#n! &i// definite/+ e *#re de*ndin, in ter*! #f %#*"tti#n/ %#!t nd

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#r,niti#n-.hi! reire! %ref/ inte,rti#n nd !hrin, #f re!#r%e!- .h!  fe!i/e !+!te* !h#/d e effe%ti2e "r%ti%/ nd re!#n/e in

%#!t-In thi! ""er &e "r#"#!ed n inte,rted d//e2e/ !en!#r !ed h#*e !e%rit+ !+!te* %#n!i!tin, #f t&# !!+!te*! E  IR !en!#r! r,/r /r* *#d/e nd fire /r* *#d/e- B#th !!+!te*! &#r' inde"endent/+ t re in%#r"#rted int#  !in,/e t#*ted !+!te* f#r "r%ti%/

i*"/e*entti#n-.he #r,niti#n #f thi! ""er i! ! f#//#&!- In !e%ti#n II the inte,rted r%hite%tre #f the !+!te* i! frther e/#rted- in//+ !e%ti#n  &i// ,i2e the %#n%/!i#n nd ftre

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dire%ti#n!-+# GENERAL DESCRIPTION

.he "r#$e%t here i! // #t  H#*e !e%rit+ !+!te* In thi! "r#$e%t &e h2e "/nned t# de2e/#"  H#*e !e%rit+

!+!te*-H#*e !e%rit+ !+!te* f#r dete%tin, n intr!i#n int#  *#nit#red re + n infrred dete%t#r- A !e%rit+ !+!te* h!  f/ee!tndin, intr!i#n dete%t#r- .he free !tndin, intr!i#n dete%t#r h!  trn!*itter %#"/ed &ith  "#rt/e re%ei2er t# /ert  h#*e#&ner tht n intr!i#n h! t'en "/%e #r #%%rred &ithin  "re!et ti*e "eri#d-.he re nder !r2ei//n%e i! *#nit#red + n infrred dete%t#r &hi%h %ti2te! the trn!*itter "#n the dete%ti#n #f r"t differen%e! in infrred rditi#n /e2e/! !!#%ited &ith the "re!en%e #f  &r* #d+ in n #ther&i!e ei/irted en2ir#n*ent- A rdi# !i,n/ i! e*itted + the trn!*itter &hi%h i! re%ei2ed + the "#rt/e hndhe/d re*#te re%ei2er- A fir!t !i,n/ indi%tin, tht n intr!i#n h! een dete%ted /e!! thn  "re!e/e%ted "eri#d #f ti*e in the "!t in the *#nit#red re! i! di!"/+ed #n the re%ei2er f#r tht "re!e/e%ted "eri#d #f ti*e- After the "re!e/e%ted "eri#d #f ti*e h! e/"!ed  !e%#nd !i,n/ i! ,enerted t# indi%te tht

the intr!i#n t##' "/%e t  ti*e ,reter thn the "re!e/e%ted "eri#d #f ti*e in the "!t nd tht the "r#i/it+ #f the intrder !ti// ein, "re!ent i! /e!!- ;n%e the

intr!i#n dete%t#r i! %ti2ted the !i,n/ i! %#ntin#!/+ trn!*itted t# the "#rt/e re%ei2er nti/ the intr!i#n dete%t#r h! een

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re!et-A !e%rit+ !+!te* f#r  h#*e %#*"ri!in,F

A free !tndin, intr!i#n dete%t#r t# e !et in n re #f !id h#*e t# e "r#te%ted !id free !tndin, intr!i#n dete%t#r %#*"ri!in,F

An intr!i#n dete%t#r t# ,enerte n intr!i#n !i,n/ in re!"#n!e t# n intr!i#n int# !id reG

A rdi# !i,n/in, trn!*itter re!"#n!i2e t# !id intr!i#n !i,n/ t# trn!*it  rdi# !i,n/ *en! f#r *#d/tin, !id rdi# !i,n/ f#r  "redeter*ined ti*e in re!"#n!e t# !id intr!i#n !i,n/G nd ti*e de/+ *en! f#r de/+in, the %tti#n #f !id intr!i#n dete%t#r t# //#&  "er!#n !ffi%ient ti*e t# eit !id re t# e "r#te%ted fter !ettin, !id intr!i#n dete%t#rG nd  "#rt/e re%ei2er d"ted t# e hnd %rried %#*"ri!in,- en! f#r ,enertin, n #t"t !i,n/ in re!"#n!e t# !id rdi# !i,n/- Di!"/+ *en! f#r ,enertin,  2i!/ di!"/+ indi%tin, n intr!i#n h! #%%rred in re!"#n!e t# !id #t"t

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!i,n/-,# INTEGRATION ARCHITECTURE

.he "r#"#!ed inte,rti#n r%hite%tre in%#r"#rte! !!+!te*! E IR !en!#r! r,/r /r* *#d/e nd fire /r* *#d/e  int#  !in,/e t#*ted r%hite%tre f#r "r%ti%/ i*"/e*entti#n in inte//i,ent h#*e en2ir#n*ent!- .he fi,re !h#&!  /#%' di,r* #f the "r#"#!ed !+!te* r%hite%tre nd it! !et" nd %#nne%ti2it+- .he *#d/e! &#r' inde"endent/+ nd "r//e/+ t !hre %#*"tti#n/

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-# COMPONENTS USED

•PCB •80@1 ICR;C;N.R;>>R •.RAN5;RR 1=V3@00*A •V;>.A: R:U>A.;R >780@ •>C.R;>.IC CAPACI.;R5 •>CD DI5P>A •>D! •5N5;R5  ire Br,/r :! 5en!#r! •PVC IR5 •R>A •:5 AN.NNA

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.# A BRIEF ABOUT THE COMPONENTS

.#* PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD  PCB(

It i! !ed t# *e%hni%//+ !""#rt nd e/e%tri%//+ %#nne%t /e%tri%/ %#*"#nent! !in, %#nd%ti2e "th&+! tr%'! #r !i,n/ tr%e! et%hed fr#* %#""er !heet! /*inted #nt#  n#n%#nd%ti2e substrate- It i! /!# referred t# ! 'i/ted 0i'i/1 b!%'d (P)B) #r et23ed 0i'i/1 b!%'d- A PCB "#"/ted &ith e/e%tr#ni% %#*"#nent! i! 'i/ted 2i'2uit %44emb"y (PCA) /!# 'n#&n ! 'i/ted 2i'2uit b!%'d %44emb"y (PCBA)- Printed %ir%it #rd! re !ed in 2irt//+ // t the !i*"/e!t %#**er%i//+"r#d%ed e/e%tr#ni%

de2i%e!-PCB! re ine"en!i2e nd %n e hi,h/+ re/i/e- .he+ reire *%h *#re /+#t eff#rt nd hi,her initi/ %#!t thn either &ire &r" #r "#intt#"#int %#n!tr%ti#n t re *%h %he"er nd f!ter f#r hi,h2#/*e "r#d%ti#nG the "r#d%ti#n nd !#/derin, #f PCB! %n e d#ne + t#t//+ t#*ted ei"*ent- %h #f the e/e%tr#ni%! ind!tr+! PCB de!i,n !!e*/+ nd /it+ %#ntr#/ need! re !et + !tndrd! tht re "/i!hed + the IPC

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#r,niti#n-.#+ 56.* MICROCONTROLLER

.he Inte/ 80@1 *i%r#%#ntr#//er i! #ne #f the *#!t "#"/r ,ener/ "r"#!e *i%r#%#ntr#//er! in !e t#d+- .he Inte/ 80@1 i! n 8it *i%r#%#ntr#//er &hi%h *en! tht *#!t 2i//e #"erti#n! re /i*ited t# 8 it!- .here re ? !i% !ie! #f the 80@1F 5h#rt 5tndrd nd tended- .he 5h#rt nd 5tndrd %hi"! re #ften 2i//e in DIP (d/ in/ine "%',e) f#r* t the tended 80@1 *#de/! #ften h2e  different f#r* f%t#r nd re n#t dr#"in

%#*"ti/e-A// the!e thin,! re %//ed 80@1 e%!e the+ %n // e "r#,r**ed !in, 80@1 !!e*/+ /n,,e nd the+ // !hre %ertin fetre! (/th#,h the different *#de/! // h2e their #&n !"e%i/

fetre!)-5#*e #f the fetre! tht h2e *de the 80@1 "#"/r reF

 64 KB #n %hi" "r#,r*

*e*#r+- 1=8 +te! #n %hi" dt *e*#r+

(RA)- 4 re,i!ter

n'!- 1=8 !er defined !#ft&re

f/,!- 8it dt !

 16it ddre!! !

 ?= ,ener/ "r"#!e re,i!ter! e%h #f 8 it!

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/e!!)- ? intern/ nd = etern/

interr"t!- Bit ! &e// ! +te ddre!!/e RA re #f 16

+te!- #r 8it "#rt! (!h#rt *#de/! h2e t&# 8it

"#rt!)- 16it "r#,r* %#nter nd dt

"#inter-TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

80@1 %hi"! re !ed in  &ide 2riet+ #f %#ntr#/ !+!te*! te/e%#* ""/i%ti#n! nd r##ti%! ! &e// ! in the t#*#ti2e ind!tr+- B+ !#*e e!ti*ti#n 80@1 f*i/+ %hi"! *'e " #2er @0 #f the e*edded %hi"

*r'et-.#+#% PIN DIAGRAM

.he 80@1 *i%r#%#ntr#//er %#n!i!t! #f 40 "in!- .he!e "in! re &e// re"re!ented + the "indi,r* e/#&- A frther deti/ed de!%ri"ti#n #f the!e "in! nd their fn%ti#n! i!

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!e%ti#n!- Figure 5.2.a.(i) i! "iagram of #$51 %icroco!troller

Pi/4 *758 %h #f the!e "in! %n e %#nfi,red ! n in"t #r n

#t"t-Pi/ 9F &S' A /#,i% #ne #n thi! "in di!/e! the *i%r#%#ntr#//er nd %/er! the %#ntent! #f *#!t re,i!ter!- In #ther &#rd! the "#!iti2e 2#/t,e #n thi! "in re!et! the *i%r#%#ntr#//er- B+ ""/+in, /#,i% er# t# thi! "in the "r#,r* !trt! ee%ti#n fr#* the

e,innin,-Pi/4*67*:8 ort 3 5i*i/r t# "#rt 1 e%h #f the!e "in! %n !er2e ! ,ener/ in"t #r #t"t- Be!ide! // #f the* h2e /ternti2e fn%ti#n!F

Pi/ *68 &" 5eri/ !+n%hr#n#! %#**ni%ti#n in"t #r 5eri/ !+n%hr#n#! %#**ni%ti#n

#t"t-Pi/ **8 '" 5eri/ !+n%hr#n#! %#**ni%ti#n #t"t #r 5eri/ !+n%hr#n#! %#**ni%ti#n %/#%'

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#t"t-Pi/ *+8 *'$ Interr"t 0

in"t!-Pi/ *,8 *'1 Interr"t 1

in"t-Pi/ *-8'$ C#nter 0 %/#%'

in"t-Pi/ *.8'1 C#nter 1 %/#%'

in"t-Pi/ *;8+& rite t# etern/ (dditi#n/)

RA-Pi/ *:8 &" Red fr#* etern/

RA-Pi/ *5< *98 2, 1 Intern/ #!%i//t#r in"t nd #t"t- A rt %r+!t/ &hi%h !"e%ifie! #"ertin, freen%+ i! !//+ %#nne%ted t# the!e "in!- In!ted #f it *initre %er*i%! re!#nt#r! %n /!# e !ed f#r freen%+ !ti/it+- >ter 2er!i#n! #f *i%r#%#ntr#//er! #"erte t  freen%+ #f 0 H " t# #2er @0

H-Pi/ +68

*" :r#nd-Pi/ +*7+58 ort 2 If there i! n# intenti#n t# !e etern/ *e*#r+ then the!e "#rt "in! re %#nfi,red ! ,ener/ in"t!3#t"t!- In %!e etern/ *e*#r+ i! !ed the hi,her ddre!! +te i-e- ddre!!e! A8A1@ &i// ""er #n thi! "#rt- 2en th#,h *e*#r+ &ith %"%it+ #f 64K i! n#t !ed &hi%h *en! tht n#t // ei,ht "#rt it! re !ed f#r it! ddre!!in, the re!t #f the* re n#t 2i//e !

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Pi/ ,68 /0 Pri#r t# redin, fr#* etern/ *e*#r+ the *i%r#%#ntr#//er "t! the /#&er ddre!! +te (A0A7) #n P0 nd %ti2te! the A> #t"t- After re%ei2in, !i,n/ fr#* the A> "in the etern/ re,i!ter (!//+ 74HC.?7? #r 74HC.?7@ dd #n %hi") *e*#rie! the !tte #f P0 nd !e! it !  *e*#r+ %hi" ddre!!-I**edite/+ fter tht the A>U "in i! retrned it! "re2i#! /#,i% !tte nd P0 i! n#& !ed !  Dt B!- A! !een "#rt dt */ti"/ein, i! "erf#r*ed + *en! #f #n/+ #ne dditi#n/ (nd %he") inte,rted %ir%it- In #ther &#rd! thi! "#rt i! !ed f#r #th dt nd ddre!!

trn!*i!!i#n-Pi/ ,*8 / B+ ""/+in, /#,i% er# t# thi! "in P= nd P? re !ed f#r dt nd ddre!! trn!*i!!i#n &ith n# re,rd t# &hether there i! intern/ *e*#r+ #r n#t- It *en! tht e2en there i!  "r#,r* &ritten t# the *i%r#%#ntr#//er it &i// n#t e ee%ted- In!ted the "r#,r* &ritten t# etern/ R; &i// e ee%ted- B+ ""/+in, /#,i% #ne t# the A "in the *i%r#%#ntr#//er &i// !e #th *e*#rie! fir!t intern/ then etern/ (if

ei!t!)-Pi/ ,+7,98 ort $ 5i*i/r t# P= if etern/ *e*#r+ i! n#t !ed the!e "in! %n e !ed ! ,ener/ in"t!3#t"t!- ;ther&i!e P0 i! %#nfi,red ! ddre!! #t"t (A0 A7) &hen the A> "in i! dri2en hi,h (1) #r ! dt #t"t (Dt B!) &hen the A> "in i! dri2en /#&

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!""/+-5.2.b INPT AN! OTPT PO"TS #I$O PO"TS%

A// 80@1 *i%r#%#ntr#//er! h2e 4 I3; "#rt! e%h %#*"ri!in, 8 it! &hi%h %n e %#nfi,red ! in"t! #r #t"t!- A%%#rdin,/+ in t#t/ #f ?= in"t3#t"t "in! en/in, the *i%r#%#ntr#//er t# e %#nne%ted t# "eri"her/ de2i%e! re 2i//e f#r

!e-Pin %#nfi,rti#n i-e- &hether it i! t# e %#nfi,red ! n in"t (1) #r n #t"t (0) de"end! #n it! /#,i% !tte- In #rder t# %#nfi,re  *i%r#%#ntr#//er "in ! n in"t it i! ne%e!!r+ t# ""/+  /#,i% er# (0) t# ""r#"rite I3; "#rt it- In thi! %!e 2#/t,e /e2e/ #n ""r#"rite "in &i// e

0-5i*i/r/+ in #rder t# %#nfi,re  *i%r#%#ntr#//er "in ! n in"t it i! ne%e!!r+ t# ""/+  /#,i% #ne (1) t# ""r#"rite "#rt- In thi! %!e 2#/t,e /e2e/ #n ""r#"rite "in &i// e @V (! i! the %!e &ith n+ ..> in"t)- .hi! *+ !ee* %#nf!in, t d#nt /##!e +#r "tien%e- It // e%#*e! %/er fter !td+in, !i*"/e e/e%tr#ni% %ir%it! %#nne%ted t# n I3;

"in-#i% Port &

.he P0 "#rt i! %hr%teried + t&# fn%ti#n!- If etern/ *e*#r+ i! !ed then the /#&er ddre!! +te (ddre!!e! A0A7) i! ""/ied #n it- ;ther&i!e // it! #f thi! "#rt re %#nfi,red ! in"t!3#t"t!- .he #ther fn%ti#n i! e"re!!ed &hen it i! %#nfi,red ! n #t"t- Un/i'e #ther "#rt! %#n!i!tin, #f "in! &ith i/tin "//" re!i!t#r %#nne%ted + it! end t# @ V "#&er !""/+ "in! #f thi! "#rt h2e thi! re!i!t#r /eft #t- .hi! ""rent/+ !*// differen%e h! it! %#n!een%e!- If n+ "in #f thi! "#rt i! %#nfi,red ! n in"t then it %t! ! if it Mf/#t!- 5%h n in"t h! n/i*ited in"t re!i!tn%e nd ndeter*ined

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"#tenti/-hen the "in i! %#nfi,red ! n #t"t it %t! ! n M#"en drin- B+ ""/+in, /#,i% 0 t#  "#rt it the ""r#"rite "in &i// e %#nne%ted t# ,r#nd (0V)- B+ ""/+in, /#,i% 1 the etern/ #t"t &i// 'ee" #n Mf/#tin,- In #rder t# ""/+ /#,i% 1 (@V) #n thi! #t"t "in it i! ne%e!!r+ t# i/t in n etern/ "//"

re!i!t#r-#ii% Port '

P1 i!  tre I3; "#rt e%!e it d#e!nt h2e n+ /ternti2e fn%ti#n! ! i! the %!e &ith P0 t %n e %#nfi,red ! ,ener/ I3; #n/+- It h!  "//" re!i!t#r i/tin nd i! %#*"/ete/+ %#*"ti/e &ith ..>

%ir%it!-#iii% Port 2

P= %t! !i*i/r/+ t# P0 &hen etern/ *e*#r+ i! !ed- Pin! #f thi! "#rt #%%"+ ddre!!e! intended f#r etern/ *e*#r+ %hi"- .hi! ti*e it i! #t the hi,her ddre!! +te &ith ddre!!e! A8A1@- hen n# *e*#r+ i! dded thi! "#rt %n e !ed ! 

,ener/ in"t3#t"t "#rt !h#&in, fetre! !i*i/r t#

P1-#i(% Port )

A// "#rt "in! %n e !ed ! ,ener/ I3; t the+ /!# h2e n /ternti2e fn%ti#n- In #rder t# !e the!e /ternti2e fn%ti#n!  /#,i% #ne (1) *!t e ""/ied t# ""r#"rite it #f the P? re,i!ter- In ter*! #f hrd&re thi! "#rt i! !i*i/r t# P0 &ith the

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i/tin-.#+#2 INTERNAL BLOC$ DIAGRAM OF 56.*

MICROCONTROLLER

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.#+#d MEMORY ARCHITECTURE

.he 80@1 h! t&# t+"e! #f *e*#r+ nd the!e re Pr#,r* e*#r+ nd Dt e*#r+- Pr#,r* e*#r+ (R;) i! !ed t# "er*nent/+ !2e the "r#,r* ein, ee%ted &hi/e Dt e*#r+ (RA) i! !ed f#r te*"#rri/+ !t#rin, dt nd inter*edite re!/t! %reted nd !ed drin, the #"erti#n #f the *i%r#%#ntr#//er-De"endin, #n the *#de/ in !e (&e re !ti// t/'in, #t the 80@1 *i%r#%#ntr#//er f*i/+ in ,ener/) t *#!t  fe& K #f R; nd 1=8 #r =@6 +te! #f RA i!

!ed-A// 80@1 *i%r#%#ntr#//er! h2e  16it ddre!!in, ! nd re %"/e #f ddre!!in, 64 ' *e*#r+- It i! neither  *i!t'e n#r  i, *iti#n #f en,ineer! &h# &ere &#r'in, #n !i% %#re de2e/#"*ent- It i!  *tter #f !*rt *e*#r+ #r,niti#n &hi%h *'e! the!e *i%r#%#ntr#//er!  re/ M"r#,r**er!

,##d+M-#(% Program emor/

.he fir!t *#de/! #f the 80@1 *i%r#%#ntr#//er f*i/+ did n#t h2e intern/ "r#,r* *e*#r+- It &! dded ! n etern/ !e"rte %hi"- .he!e *#de/! re re%#,ni/e + their /e/ e,innin, &ith 80? (f#r e*"/e 80?1 #r 80?=)- A// /ter *#de/! h2e  fe& K+te R; e*edded- 2en th#,h !%h n *#nt #f *e*#r+ i! !ffi%ient f#r &ritin, *#!t #f the "r#,r*! there re !itti#n! &hen it i! ne%e!!r+ t# !e dditi#n/ *e*#r+ ! &e//- A t+"i%/ e*"/e re !# %//ed /##'" t/e!- .he+ re !ed in %!e! &hen eti#n! de!%riin, !#*e "r#%e!!e! re t## %#*"/i%ted #r &hen there i! n# ti*e f#r !#/2in, the*- In !%h %!e! // ne%e!!r+ e!ti*te! nd ""r#i*te! re ee%ted in d2n%e nd the fin/ re!/t! re "t in the t/e! (!i*i/r t# /#,rith*i%

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t/e!)-#(i% !ata emor/

A! /red+ *enti#ned Dt e*#r+ i! !ed f#r te*"#rri/+ !t#rin, dt nd inter*edite re!/t! %reted nd !ed drin, the #"erti#n #f the *i%r#%#ntr#//er-Be!ide! RA *e*#r+ i/t in the 80@1 f*i/+ in%/de! *n+ re,i!ter! !%h ! hrd&re %#nter! nd ti*er! in"t3#t"t "#rt! !eri/ dt ffer! et%- .he "re2i#! *#de/! hd =@6 RA /#%ti#n! &hi/e f#r the /ter *#de/! thi! n*er &! in%re*ented + dditi#n/ 1=8 re,i!ter!- H#&e2er the fir!t =@6 *e*#r+ /#%ti#n! (ddre!!e! 0h) re the hert #f *e*#r+ %#**#n t# // the *#de/! e/#n,in, t# the 80@1 f*i/+- >#%ti#n! 2i//e t# the !er #%%"+ *e*#r+ !"%e &ith ddre!!e! 07h i-e- fir!t 1=8 re,i!ter!- .hi! "rt #f RA i! di2ided in !e2er/

/#%'!-.he fir!t /#%' %#n!i!t! #f 4 n'! e%h in%/din, 8 re,i!ter! den#ted + R0R7-Pri#r t# %%e!!in, n+ #f the!e re,i!ter! it i! ne%e!!r+ t# !e/e%t the n' %#ntinin, it- .he net *e*#r+ /#%' (ddre!! =0h=h) i! it ddre!!/e &hi%h *en! tht e%h it h! it! #&n ddre!! (07h)- 5in%e there re 16 !%h re,i!ter! thi! /#%' %#ntin! in t#t/ #f 1=8 it! &ith !e"rte ddre!!e! (ddre!! #f it 0 #f the =0h +te i! 0 &hi/e ddre!! #f it 7 #f the =h +te i! 7h)- .he third ,r#" #f re,i!ter! #%%"+ ddre!!e! =h7h i-e- 80 /#%ti#n! nd d#e! n#t h2e n+ !"e%i/ fn%ti#n! #r

fetre!-#(ii% Additional "A

In #rder t# !ti!f+ the "r#,r**er! %#n!tnt hn,er f#r Dt e*#r+ the *nf%trer! de%ided t# e*ed n dditi#n/ *e*#r+ /#%' #f 1=8 /#%ti#n! int# the /te!t 2er!i#n! #f the 80@1 *i%r#%#ntr#//er!- H#&e2er it! n#t ! !i*"/e ! it !ee*! t# e< .he "r#/e* i! tht e/e%tr#ni%! "erf#r*in, ddre!!in, h! 1 +te (8 it!) #n di!"#!/ nd i! %"/e #f re%hin, #n/+ the fir!t =@6

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(27)

#(iii% Addre00ing

hi/e #"ertin, the "r#%e!!#r "r#%e!!e! dt ! "er "r#,r* in!tr%ti#n!- %h in!tr%ti#n %#n!i!t! #f t&# "rt!- ;ne "rt de!%rie! HA. !h#/d e d#ne &hi/e the #ther e"/in! H; t# d# it- .he /tter "rt %n e  dt (inr+ n*er) #r the ddre!! t &hi%h the dt i! !t#red- .&# &+! #f ddre!!in, re !ed f#r // 80@1 *i%r#%#ntr#//er! de"endin, #n &hi%h "rt #f *e*#r+ !h#/d e %%e!!edF

#i1% !ire+t Addre00ing

;n dire%t ddre!!in, the ddre!! #f *e*#r+ /#%ti#n %#ntinin, dt t# e red i! !"e%ified in in!tr%ti#n- .he ddre!! *+ %#ntin  n*er ein, %hn,ed drin, #"erti#n (2ri/e)- #r e*"/eF

5in%e the ddre!! i! #n/+ #ne +te in !ie (the /r,e!t n*er i! =@@) #n/+ the fir!t =@@ /#%ti#n! #f RA %n e %%e!!ed thi! &+- .he fir!t h/f #f RA i! 2i//e f#r !e &hi/e n#ther h/f i! re!er2ed f#r

5R!-MOV A<,,3= en!F *#2e  n*er fr#* ddre!! ?? he- t# %%*/t#r

#1% Indire+t Addre00ing

;n indire%t ddre!!in,  re,i!ter %#ntinin, the ddre!! #f n#ther re,i!ter i! !"e%ified in in!tr%ti#n- Dt t# e !ed in the "r#,r* i! !t#red in the /etter re,i!ter-#r e*"/eF

Indire%t ddre!!in, i! #n/+ !ed f#r %%e!!in, RA /#%ti#n! 2i//e f#r !e (ne2er f#r %%e!!in, 5R!)- .hi! i! the #n/+ &+ #f %%e!!in, // the /te!t 2er!i#n! #f the *i%r#%#ntr#//er! &ith dditi#n/ *e*#r+ /#%' (1=8 /#%ti#n! #f RA)- 5i*"/+ "t &hen the "r#,r* en%#nter! in!tr%ti#n in%/din, MO !i,n nd if the !"e%ified

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MOV A<>R6= en!F 5t#re the 2/e fr#* the re,i!ter &h#!e ddre!! i! in the R0 re,i!ter

int# %%*/t#r

;n indire%t ddre!!in, re,i!ter! R0 R1 #r 5t%' P#inter  re !ed f#r !"e%if+in, 8it ddre!!e!- 5in%e #n/+ 8 it! re 2i//e it i! "#!!i/e t# %%e!! #n/+ re,i!ter! #f intern/ RA thi! &+ (1=8 /#%ti#n! &hen !"e'in, #f "re2i#! *#de/! #r =@6 /#%ti#n! &hen !"e'in, #f /te!t *#de/! #f *i%r#%#ntr#//er!)- If n etr *e*#r+ %hi" i! dded then the 16it DP.R Re,i!ter (%#n!i!tin, #f the re,i!ter! DP.R> nd DP.RH) i! !ed f#r !"e%if+in, ddre!!- In thi! &+ it i! "#!!i/e t# %%e!! n+ /#%ti#n in the rn,e #f

64K-b( Se2i%" Fu/2ti!/ Re1i4te'4 SFR4(

5"e%i/ n%ti#n Re,i!ter! (5R!) re  !#rt #f %#ntr#/ t/e !ed f#r rnnin, nd *#nit#rin, the #"erti#n #f the *i%r#%#ntr#//er- %h #f the!e re,i!ter! ! &e// ! e%h it the+ in%/de h! it! n*e ddre!! in the !%#"e #f RA nd "re%i!e/+ defined "r"#!e !%h ! ti*er %#ntr#/ interr"t %#ntr#/ !eri/ %#**ni%ti#n %#ntr#/ et%- 2en th#,h there re 1=8 *e*#r+ /#%ti#n! intended t# e #%%"ied + the* the !i% %#re !hred + // t+"e! #f 80@1 *i%r#%#ntr#//er! h! #n/+ =1 !%h re,i!ter!- Re!t #f /#%ti#n! re inten!i#n//+ /eft n#%%"ied in #rder t# en/e the *nf%trer! t# frther de2e/#" *i%r#%#ntr#//er! 'ee"in, the* %#*"ti/e &ith the "re2i#! 2er!i#n!- It /!# en/e! "r#,r*! &ritten  /#n, ti*e ,# f#r

*i%r#%#ntr#//er! &hi%h re #t #f "r#d%ti#n n#& t# e !ed

t#d+-#i% A "egi0ter #A++umulator%

A re,i!ter i!  ,ener/"r"#!e re,i!ter !ed f#r !t#rin, inter*edite re!/t! #tined drin, #"erti#n- Pri#r t# ee%tin, n in!tr%ti#n "#n n+ n*er #r #"ernd it i! ne%e!!r+ t# !t#re it in the %%*/t#r

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A// re!/t! #tined fr#* rith*eti%/ #"erti#n! "erf#r*ed + the A>U re !t#red in the %%*/t#r- Dt t# e *#2ed fr#* #ne re,i!ter t# n#ther *!t ,# thr#,h the %%*/t#r- In #ther &#rd! the A re,i!ter i! the *#!t %#**#n/+ !ed re,i!ter nd it i! i*"#!!i/e t# i*,ine  *i%r#%#ntr#//er &ith#t it- #re thn h/f in!tr%ti#n! !ed + the 80@1 *i%r#%#ntr#//er !e !#*eh#& the

%%*/t#r-#ii%  "egi0ter

/ti"/i%ti#n nd di2i!i#n %n e "erf#r*ed #n/+ "#n n*er! !t#red in the A nd B re,i!ter!- A// #ther in!tr%ti#n! in the "r#,r* %n !e thi! re,i!ter !  !"re

%%*/t#r (A)

-.#, TRANSFORMER

A !te"d#&n trn!f#r*er %%e"t!  ,i2en 2#/t,e #n the "ri*r+ &indin, (%#i/) nd #t"t!  /#&er 2#/t,e #n it! !e%#ndr+ &indin,- A ,##d e*"/e i!  d##re// trn!f#r*er +# *i,ht + f#r +#r h#*e- It !e! 1=0 2#/t! fr#* the h#!e e/e%tri%/ !+!te* nd !te"! it d#&n t#  !fer 18 2#/t! !ed t# rin, the d##re//- .he 2#/t,e "r#d%ed i!  fn%ti#n #f the trn!rti# #f the trn!f#r*er- #r e*"/e if the trn!f#r*er h! @00 trn! #f &ire in the "ri*r+ nd 1=@ trn! #f &ire in the !e%#ndr+ &e &#/d !+ it h! tu'/4 '%ti! #f 4F1 ("r#n#n%ed f#rt##ne)-If &e feed 1=0 2#/t! int# the "ri*r+ the !e%#ndr+ &#/d "r#d%e ?0 2#/t!-1=0F?0  4F1

At'%/4?!'me' i!  !tti% de2i%e tht trn!fer! e/e%tri%/ ener,+ fr#* #ne %ir%it t# n#ther thr#,h ind%ti2e/+ %#"/ed %#nd%t#r!Qthe trn!f#r*er! %#i/!- A 2r+in, %rrent in the fir!t #r rimary &indin, %rete!  2r+in, *,neti% f/ in the trn!f#r*er! %#re nd th!  2r+in, *,neti% fie/d thr#,h

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the seco!dary &indin,-.#- VOLTAGE REGULATOR

AV!"t%1e Re1u"%t!' i! n e/e%tri%/ re,/t#r de!i,ned t# t#*ti%//+ *intin  %#n!tnt 2#/t,e /e2e/- A 2#/t,e re,/t#r *+ e  !i*"/e feedf#r&rd de!i,n #r *+ in%/de ne,ti2e feed%' %#ntr#/ /##"!- It *+ !e n e/e%tr#*e%hni%/ *e%hni!* #r e/e%tr#ni% %#*"#nent!- De"endin, #n the de!i,n it *+ e !ed t# re,/te #ne #r *#re AC #r DC 2#/t,e!-/e%tr#ni% 2#/t,e re,/t#r! re f#nd in de2i%e! !%h ! %#*"ter "#&er !""/ie! &here the+ !ti/ie the DC 2#/t,e! !ed + the "r#%e!!#r nd #ther

e/e*ent!- Figure 5.. / oltage &egulator

A !i%@!"t%1e 'e1u"%t!r >780@ h! three /e,! %#n2ert! 2r+in, in"t 2#/t,e nd "r#d%e!  %#n!tnt re,/ted #t"t 2#/t,e- .he *#!t %#**#n "rt n*er! !trt &ith the n*er! 78 #r 79 nd fini!h &ith t&# di,it! indi%tin, the #t"t 2#/t,e-.he n*er 78 re"re!ent! "#!iti2e 2#/t,e nd 79 ne,ti2e

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#ne-.#. ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR

Ane"e2t'!"yti2 2%%2it!' i!  t+"e #f %"%it#r tht !e! n e/e%tr#/+te n i#ni% %#nd%tin, /iid ! #ne #f it! "/te! t# %hie2e  /r,er %"%itn%e "er nit 2#/*e thn #ther t+"e!- .he+ re #ften referred t# in e/e%tr#ni%! !,e !i*"/+ ! e/e%tr#/+ti%!- .he+ re !ed in re/ti2e/+ hi,h%rrent nd /#&freen%+ e/e%tri%/ %ir%it! "rti%/r/+ in "#&er !""/+ fi/ter! &here the+ !t#re %hr,e needed t# *#derte #t"t 2#/t,e nd %rrent f/%tti#n! in re%tifier #t"t- .he+ re /!# &ide/+ !ed ! %#"/in, %"%it#r! in %ir%it! &here AC !h#/d e %#nd%ted t DC !h#/d n#t- .here re t&# t+"e! #f e/e%tr#/+ti%!G /*in* nd

tnt/*-.#; LIUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY LCD(

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.he+ re !ed in  &ide rn,e #f ""/i%ti#n! in%/din, %#*"ter *#nit#r! te/e2i!i#n in!tr*ent "ne/! ir%rft %#%'"it di!"/+! !i,n,e et%- .he+ re %#**#n in %#n!*er de2i%e! !%h ! 2ide# "/+er! ,*in, de2i%e! %/#%'! &t%he! %/%/t#r! nd te/e"h#ne!- >CD! h2e di!"/%ed %th#de r+ te (CR.) di!"/+! in *#!t ""/i%ti#n!- .he+ re !//+ *#re %#*"%t /i,ht&ei,ht "#rt/e /e!! e"en!i2e *#re re/i/e nd e!ier #n the e+e!- .he+ re 2i//e in  &ider rn,e #f !%reen !ie! thn CR. nd "/!* di!"/+! nd !in%e the+ d# n#t !e "h#!"h#r! the+ %nn#t !ffer i*,e

rnin->CD! re *#re ener,+ effi%ient nd #ffer !fer di!"#!/ thn CR.!- It! /#& e/e%tri%/ "#&er %#n!*"ti#n en/e! it t# e !ed in tter+"#&ered e/e%tr#ni%

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ei"*ent-.#: LIGHT EMITTING DIODES LED(

Figure 5. 0"s

A"i13t7emitti/1 di!de (LED) i!  !e*i%#nd%t#r /i,ht !#r%e- >D! re !ed ! indi%t#r /*"! in *n+ de2i%e! nd re in%re!in,/+ !ed f#r /i,htin,- Intr#d%ed !  "r%ti%/ e/e%tr#ni% %#*"#nent in 196= er/+ >D! e*itted /#&inten!it+ red /i,ht t *#dern 2er!i#n! re 2i//e %r#!! the 2i!i/e /tr2i#/et nd infrred &2e/en,th! &ith 2er+ hi,h

ri,htne!!-hen  /i,hte*ittin, di#de i! f#r&rd i!ed (!&it%hed #n) e/e%tr#n! re /e t# re%#*ine &ith e/e%tr#n h#/e! &ithin the de2i%e re/e!in, ener,+ in the f#r* #f "h#t#n!- .hi! effe%t i! %//ed e/e%tr#/*ine!%en%e nd the %#/#r #f the /i,ht (%#rre!"#ndin, t# the ener,+ #f the "h#t#n) i! deter*ined + the ener,+ ," #f the !e*i%#nd%t#r- An >D i! #ften !*// in re (/e!! thn 1 **=_{) nd inte,rted}

#"ti%/ %#*"#nent! *+ e !ed t# !h"e it! rditi#n "ttern- >D! "re!ent *n+ d2nt,e! #2er in%nde!%ent /i,ht !#r%e! in%/din, /#&er ener,+ %#n!*"ti#n /#n,er /ifeti*e i*"r#2ed r#!tne!! !*//er !ie f!ter !&it%hin, nd ,reter dri/it+ nd re/ii/it+- >D! "#&erf/ en#,h f#r r##* /i,htin, re

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>i,hte*ittin, di#de! re !ed in ""/i%ti#n! ! di2er!e ! re"/%e*ent! f#r 2iti#n /i,htin, t#*#ti2e /i,htin, ("rti%/r/+ r'e /*"! trn !i,n/! nd indi%t#r!) ! &e// ! in trffi% !i,n/!- .he %#*"%t !ie the "#!!ii/it+ #f nrr#& nd&idth !&it%hin, !"eed nd etre*e re/ii/it+ #f >D! h! //#&ed ne& tet nd 2ide# di!"/+! nd !en!#r! t# e de2e/#"ed &hi/e their hi,h !&it%hin, rte! re /!# !ef/ in d2n%ed %#**ni%ti#n! te%hn#/#,+- Infrred >D! re /!# !ed in the re*#te %#ntr#/ nit! #f *n+ %#**er%i/ "r#d%t! in%/din, te/e2i!i#n! DVD "/+er! nd #ther d#*e!ti%

""/in%e!-.#5 SENSORS

5.-.a *I"3 ALA"S

An t#*ti% fire /r* !+!te* i! de!i,ned t# dete%t the n&nted "re!en%e #f fire + *#nit#rin, en2ir#n*ent/ %hn,e! !!#%ited &ith %#*!ti#n- In ,ener/  fire /r* !+!te* i! %/!!ified ! either t#*ti%//+ %tted *n//+ %tted #r #th- At#*ti% fire /r* !+!te*! re intended t# n#tif+ the i/din, #%%"nt! t# e2%te in the e2ent #f  fire #r #ther e*er,en%+ re"#rt the e2ent t# n #ff "re*i!e! /#%ti#n in #rder t# !**#n e*er,en%+ !er2i%e! nd t# "re"re the

!tr%tre nd !!#%ited !+!te*! t# %#ntr#/ the !"red #f fire nd

!*#'e-After the fire "r#te%ti#n ,#/! re e!t/i!hed  !//+ + referen%in, the *ini** /e2e/! #f "r#te%ti#n *ndted + the ""r#"rite *#de/ i/din, %#de in!rn%e ,en%ie! nd #ther th#ritie!  the fire /r* de!i,ner ndert'e! t# deti/ !"e%ifi% %#*"#nent! rrn,e*ent! nd interf%e! ne%e!!r+ t# %%#*"/i!h the!e ,#/!-i"*ent !"e%ifi%//+ *nf%tred f#r the!e "r"#!e! re !e/e%ted nd !tndrdied in!t//ti#n *eth#d! re nti%i"ted drin, the

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de!i,n-

5.-.b

"4LA" ALA"

Br,/r (#r intr!i#n) fire nd !fet+ /r*! re e/e%tr#ni% /r*! de!i,ned t# /ert the !er t#  !"e%ifi% dn,er- 5en!#r! re %#nne%ted t#  %#ntr#/ nit 2i /#&2#/t,e &irin, #r  nrr#&nd R !i,n/ &hi%h i! !ed t# inter%t &ith  re!"#n!e de2i%e-.he *#!t %#**#n !e%rit+ !en!#r! re !ed t# indi%te the #"enin, #f  d##r #r &ind#& #r dete%t *#ti#n 2i "!!i2e infrred (PIR)- Ne& %#n!tr%ti#n !+!te*! re "red#*inte/+ hrd&ired f#r

e%#n#*+-.he tri,,er !i,n/ fr#* e%h !en!#r i! trn!*itted t# #ne #r *#re %#ntr#/ nit(!) either thr#,h &ire! #r &ire/e!! *en! (rdi# /ine %rrier infrred)- ired !+!te*! re %#n2enient &hen !en!#r! (!%h ! PIR! !*#'e dete%t#r! et%-) reire "#&er t# #"erte %#rre%t/+ h#&e2er the+ *+ e *#re %#!t/+ t# in!t//- ntr+/e2e/ &ired !+!te*! ti/ie  5tr net&#r' t#"#/#,+ &here the "ne/ i! t the %enter /#,i%//+ nd // de2i%e! h#*e rn it! &ire %' t# the "ne/- #re %#*"/e "ne/! !e  B! net&#r' t#"#/#,+ &here the &ire !i%//+ i!  dt /##" r#nd the "eri*eter #f the f%i/it+ nd h! dr#"! f#r the !en!#r de2i%e! &hi%h *!t in%/de  nie de2i%e identifier inte,rted int# the !en!#r de2i%e it!e/f (e-,- iD i!%it)- ired !+!te*! /!# h2e the d2nt,e if &ired "r#"er/+ #f ein, t*"ere2ident- ire/e!! !+!te*! #n the #ther hnd #ften !e tter+"#&ered trn!*itter! &hi%h re e!ier t# in!t// t *+ red%e the re/ii/it+ #f the !+!te* if the !en!#r! re n#t !"er2i!ed #r if the tterie! re n#t

*intined-De"endin, #n di!tn%e nd %#n!tr%ti#n *teri/! #ne #r *#re &ire/e!! re"eter! *+ e reired t# ,et the !i,n/ re/i/+ %' t# the /r* "ne/- H+rid !+!te*! ti/ie #th &ired nd &ire/e!! !en!#r! t# %hie2e the enefit! #f #th- .rn!*itter! #r !en!#r! %n /!# e %#nne%ted thr#,h the "re*i!e! e/e%tri%/ %ir%it! t# trn!*it %#ded !i,n/! t# the %#ntr#/ nit (/ine

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%rrier)-5.-.+ 4 A S S3NSIN4 3L3CT"O!3S

:!!en!in, e/e%tr#de! re!"#nd t# di!!#/2ed ,!e! in !#/ti#n- .he+ h2e  "/!ti% #d+ tht i! !//+ *de #f "#/+tetrf/#reth+/ene (P.)- ith ,!!en!in, e/e%tr#de! the di!!#/2ed ,! diff!e! %r#!! the *e*rne int#  !*// 2#/*e #f ffer- .he re%ti#n #f the ,! &ith the ffer %!e!  "H %hn,e &hi%h i! !en!ed +

n intern/,/!! "H e/e%tr#de- Be%!e the referen%e e/e*ent i! i/tin  !e"rte referen%e e/e%tr#de i! n#t ne%e!!r+- Cr#n di#ide nd **#ni re *#n, the !"e%ie! *e!red + ,!!en!in,

e/e%tr#de!-.#9 PVC )IRES

Figure 5.6.(i) C +ires

P!"y@i/y" 23"!'ide (IUPAC P!"y 23"!'!et3%/ediy"() %#**#n/+ re2itedPVC i!  ther*#"/!ti%

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"#/+*er-It i!  2in+/ "#/+*er %#n!tr%ted #f re"etin, 2in+/ ,r#"! (ethen+/!) h2in, #ne #f their h+dr#,en! re"/%ed &ith  %h/#ride ,r#"-P#/+2in+/ %h/#ride i! the third *#!t &ide/+ "r#d%ed "/!ti% fter "#/+eth+/ene nd "#/+"r#"+/ene- PVC i! &ide/+ !ed in %#n!tr%ti#n e%!e it i! %he" dr/e nd e!+ t# !!e*/e- PVC "r#d%ti#n i! e"e%ted t# e%eed 40 *i//i#n t#n! + =016-It %n e *de !#fter nd *#re f/ei/e + the dditi#n #f "/!ti%ier! the *#!t &ide/+ !ed ein, "hth/te!- In thi! f#r* it i! !ed in %/#thin, nd "h#/!ter+ nd t# *'e f/ei/e h#!e! nd tin, f/##rin, t# r##fin, *e*rne! nd e/e%tri%/ %/e in!/ti#n- It i! /!# %#**#n/+ !ed in fi,rine! nd in inf/t/e "r#d%t! !%h ! &tered! "##/ t#+! nd inf/t/e

!tr%tre!-.#*6 RELAYS

e re !in, re/+ in #r "r#$e%t t# !&it%h ;N3; n+ e/e%tri%/ de2i%e!- .he!e re/+ re !&it%hed ;N3; + !endin, %#ntr#/ !i,n/ fr#* *i%r#%#ntr#//er- .he #t"t fr#* the!e re/+ %n e !ed t# #"erte n+ e/e%tri%/ de2i%e #f !it/e 2#/t *"ere

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rtin,-A'e"%y i! n e/e%tri%//+ #"erted !&it%h- n+ re/+! !e n e/e%tr#*,net t# #"erte  !&it%hin, *e%hni!* *e%hni%//+ t #ther #"ertin, "rin%i"/e! re /!# !ed- Re/+! re !ed &here it i! ne%e!!r+ t# %#ntr#/  %ir%it +  /#&"#&er !i,n/ (&ith %#*"/ete e/e%tri%/ i!#/ti#n et&een %#ntr#/ nd %#ntr#//ed %ir%it!) #r &here !e2er/ %ir%it! *!t e %#ntr#//ed + #ne !i,n/- .he fir!t re/+! &ere !ed in /#n, di!tn%e te/e,r"h %ir%it! re"etin, the !i,n/ %#*in, in fr#* #ne %ir%it nd re trn!*ittin, it t# n#ther- Re/+! &ere !ed eten!i2e/+ in te/e"h#ne e%hn,e! nd er/+ %#*"ter! t# "erf#r* /#,i%/

#"erti#n!-A t+"e #f re/+ tht %n hnd/e the hi,h "#&er reired t# dire%t/+ dri2e n e/e%tri% *#t#r i! %//ed  %#nt%t#r- 5#/id!tte re/+! %#ntr#/ "#&er %ir%it! &ith n# *#2in, "rt! in!ted !in,  !e*i%#nd%t#r de2i%e t# "erf#r* !&it%hin,- Re/+! &ith %/irted #"ertin, %hr%teri!ti%! nd !#*eti*e! */ti"/e #"ertin, %#i/! re !ed t# "r#te%t e/e%tri%/ %ir%it! fr#* #2er/#d #r f/t!G in *#dern e/e%tri% "#&er !+!te*! the!e fn%ti#n! re "erf#r*ed + di,it/ in!tr*ent! !ti// %//ed "r#te%ti2e

re/+!- A!ANTA43S O* "3LAYS

• Re/+! %n !&it%h AC nd DC trn!i!t#r! %n #n/+ !&it%h DC-• Re/+! %n !&it%h hi,her 2#/t,e! thn !tndrd

trn!i!t#r!-• Re/+! re #ften  etter %h#i%e f#r !&it%hin, /r,e %rrent! (

@A)-• Re/+! %n !&it%h *n+ %#nt%t! t

#n%e- !ISA!ANTA43S O* "3LAYS

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%rrent!-• Re/+! %nn#t !&it%h r"id/+ (e%e"t reed re/+!) trn!i!t#r! %n !&it%h *n+ ti*e!

"er

!e%#nd-• Re/+! !e *#re "#&er de t# the %rrent f/#&in, thr#,h their

%#i/-.#** GSM ANTENNA

U!in,  !it/e ntenn %n ,ret/+ i*"r#2e +#r %hn%e! #f !%%e!! &hen tr+in, t# dete%t &e' rdi# !i,n/!- Unf#rtnte/+ the rn,e #f !it/e ntenn! f#r the :5 nd! i! 2er+ /i*ited nd3#r 2er+ e"en!i2e- H2in, "re2i#!/+ e"eri*ented &ith i/din, h#*e*de3DI &ire/e!! (ii) ntenn! I fe/t d#in, the !*e f#r  :5

ntenn !h#/dnt e 

"r#/e*- "36I"33NTS

• F'eue/2y R%/1e7.he ntenn need! t# %#2er the f// 5tndrd nd tended :5

900 nd! (880 H .# 960 H)- .he :51800 nd! &#/d e ni%e t it! #"ti#n/ I %n de!i,n n#ther ntenn f#r th#!e

nd!-• Sie7.he ntenn need! t# e !*// nd %#*"%t the ,#/ &#/d e t# h2e

!#*ethin, tht %#/d e!i/+ fit in!ide  /"t#"

,-• G%i/7.he ntenn !h#/d h2e  re!#n/e *#nt #f ,in I &! h#"in, f#r

!#*ethin, #t 8

dBi-• Bui"d7.he ntenn !h#/d e e!+ t# i/d nd reire t##/! nd *teri/! tht re

e!+ nd %he" t#

%ire-• A "itt"e bit !? m%t347An i*"#rtnt *e!re*ent in rdi# i! the di!tn%e et&een the

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#f  rdi# !i,n/ &e t'e the 5"eed #f >i,ht in  V%* nd di2ide it + the freen%+ in Hert (the n*er #f f// &2e %+%/e! "er

!e%#nd)-2e/en,th (S)  5"eed #f >i,ht 3 reen%+

.he %enter freen%+ f#r *+ ntenn de!i,n i! 9=0 H !# the &2e/en,th i!F

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eter!-;# PROGRAMMING FOR 56.

#include<AT89X52.h> sbit key1=P1^0; sbit key2=P1^1; sbit key=P1^2; sbit key!=P1^; sbit i"sens"=P1^!; sbit "el$y1=P^%; sbit "el$y2=P^&; sbit 'hnesens"=P2^%; sbit bu((e"=P2^&; sbit )i"esens"=P^5; sbit "$insens"=P^!; bit )i"esens")l$*; bit "$insens")l$*; bit key1)l$*; bit key2)l$*; bit key)l$*; bit key!)l$*; unsi*ned ch$" '$ss+"d$"",!-; unsi*ned ch$" keycunt; unsi*ned ch$" i"sens")l$*; unsi*ned ch$" keycunt)l$*=1; unsi*ned int "el$ycunt;

unsi*ned ch$" 'hnecunt; unsi*ned ch$" '$ss+"dcunt; unsi*ned ch$" '$ss+"d)l$*; unsi*ned ch$" i"cunt;

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unsi*ned ch$" i3; )"/i=0;i<%0;i44 key1)l$*=1; key2)l$*=1; key)l$*=1; key!)l$*=1; 'hnesens"=0; bu((e"=0; 'hnecunt=0; T1=0; T61=0; 77 id key1chk/  i)/key1)l$*  i)/key1==0  key1)l$*=0; keycunt44; i)/keycunt==1 '$ss+"d$"",0-=1; i)/keycunt==2 '$ss+"d$"",1-=1; i)/keycunt== '$ss+"d$"",2-=1; i)/keycunt==! '$ss+"d$"",-=1; 777 id key2chk/  i)/key2)l$* 

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i)/key2==0  key2)l$*=0; keycunt44; i)/keycunt==1 '$ss+"d$"",0-=2; i)/keycunt==2 '$ss+"d$"",1-=2; i)/keycunt== '$ss+"d$"",2-=2; i)/keycunt==! '$ss+"d$"",-=2; 777 id keychk/  i)/key)l$*  i)/key==0  key)l$*=0; keycunt44; i)/keycunt==1 '$ss+"d$"",0-=; i)/keycunt==2 '$ss+"d$"",1-=; i)/keycunt== '$ss+"d$"",2-=; i)/keycunt==! '$ss+"d$"",-=; 777 id key!chk/

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 i)/key!==0  key!)l$*=0; keycunt44; i)/keycunt==1 '$ss+"d$"",0-=!; i)/keycunt==2 '$ss+"d$"",1-=!; i)/keycunt== '$ss+"d$"",2-=!; i)/keycunt==! '$ss+"d$"",-=!; 777 id i"chk/  i)/i"sens" i"sens")l$*=1; 7 id )i"esens"chk/  i)/)i"esens" )i"esens")l$*=1; 7 id "$insens"chk/  i)/"$insens" "$insens")l$*=1; 7 id secu"itychk'"/ 

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+hile/1  key1chk/; del$y/; key2chk/; del$y/; keychk/; del$y/; key!chk/; del$y/; i"chk/; del$y/; )i"esens"chk/; del$y/; "$insens"chk/; del$y/; i)/)i"esens")l$* b"e$k; i)/"$insens")l$* b"e$k; i)/i"sens")l$* b"e$k; i)/keycunt>=!  keycunt=0; keycunt)l$*=1; b"e$k; 777 id $in/  key1)l$*=1;

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key!)l$*=1; T:=011; T0=0; T?0=0!b; T@0=00)d; T1=0; T?1=0!b; T@1=00)d; A=1; T0=0; T60=0; T1=0; T61=0; "el$y1=0; "el$y2=0; 'hnesens"=0; bu((e"=0; )i"esens"=1; +hile/1  secu"itychk'"/; i)/)i"esens")l$*  )i"esens")l$*=0; 'hnesens"=1; T1=1; T61=1; 7 i)/"$insens")l$*  "$insens")l$*=0; 'hnesens"=1; T1=1; T61=1;

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7 i)/keycunt)l$*  i)/i"sens")l$*  '$ss+"dcunt44; i)/'$ss+"dcunt<=  i)/'$ss+"d$"",0-==!  '$ss+"d$"",1-==1  '$ss+"d$"",2-==2  '$ss+"d$"",-==  keycunt)l$*=0; '$ss+"d)l$*=1; "el$y1=1; T0=1; T60=1; 7 777 i)/i"sens")l$*  i)/'$ss+"d)l$*  i"sensecunt44; i)/i"sensecunt==1  i"sens")l$*=0; 'hnesens"=1; bu((e"=1; T1=1; T61=1; 77777

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:# CHARACTERISTICS & STRENGTHS OF THE

PROJECT

• .he "r#"#!ed !+!te* %hr%teri!ti%! in2#/2e re*#te %#ntr#//in, #f ""/in%e!

intr!i#n dete%ti#n !+!te* !e%rit+ nd t#%#nfi,rti#n !%h tht !+!te* t#*ti%//+ d$!t! the !+!te* !ettin,! #n rnnin, hrd&re !""#rt %he%'- .he !+!te* h! !ef/ fetre! !%h ! di!"/+in, #f tter+ /e2e/ %hr,in, !tt! nd !i,n/ !tren,th #f the *#i/e th! *'in, !+!te*

re/i/e-• .hi! !+!te* h! *n+ d2nt,e! !%h ! re*#te %#ntr#//in, #f h#*e ""/in%e!

2i/i/it+ nd e!e #f !er!- .he !er %n ,et /ert! n+&here thr#,h the :5 te%hn#/#,+ th! *'in, the !+!te* /#%ti#n inde"endent- .he !+!te* %#ntin! /#& %#!t %#*"#nent! e!i/+ 2i//e &hi%h %t! d#&n the #2er// !+!te*

%#!t-• .he e!e #f de"/#+*ent i! de t# &ire/e!! *#de #f

%#**ni%ti#n-• :5 te%hn#/#,+ "r#2ide! the enefit tht the !+!te* i! %%e!!i/e in re*#te re! !

&e//-• .he !+!te* re/ii/it+ in%re!e! de t# the !ef/ fetre! !%h ! tter+ /e2e/

%he%'in, %hr,in, !tt! nd !i,n/ !tren,th indi%tin, the !+!te* #t

thret!-• .he !+!te* inte,rti#n i! !i*"/e nd i! /!# !%//e nd

eten!i/e-H#&e2er the !+!te* fn%ti#n/it+ i! !ed #n :5 te%hn#/#,+ !# the te%hn#/#,i%/ %#n!trint! *!t e 'e"t in

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*ind-5# APPLICATIONS

a. ANTI7T83*T "3PO"TIN4

• hen !#*e#ne re' in  H#*e:rd !e! :5 net&#r' t# re"#rt t#*ti%//+

t# @ "re!et n*er!F !h#rt *e!!,e f#r %#ntr#/ %enter !h#rt *e!!,e f#r ? "re !t#red *#i/e "h#ne nd 1 2#i%e %//- .he #&ner %n *#nit#r #r t/' t# the

thief-• It h! 8 !e%rit+ re,i#n %#de! nd 1 fire3 !*#'e %#de t# di!tin,i!h- e %n %h##!e

!#*e %ertin re,i#n! t# r* #r

di!r*-b. 33"43NCY "3PO"TIN4

Under e*er,en%+ !itti#n the h#!e *e*er %n "re!! 5;5 'e+ #n the R re*#te #r #n &ire/e!! D##r3 ind#& !en!#r- H#*e:rd /!# !e! :5 net&#r' t# re"#rt t# @ "re!t#red n*er!F !h#rt *e!!,e f#r %#ntr#/ %enter !h#rt *e!!,e f#r ? "re !t#red *#i/e "h#ne nd 1 2#i%e %// f#r *#nit#rin, #r

t/'in,-+. 39T"A *NCTIONS

• ire3:! In!tnt re"#rtin,F ire/e!! Het 5en!#r ire/e!! 5*#'e 5en!#r ire/e!!

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• ire/e!! :/!! Bre' 5en!#r

• ire/e!! PIR 5en!#r

• ire/e!! 5iren nd >i,ht

• ;"ti#n/ ired At#Di/er f#r h#!e

"h#ne-d. A"$!ISA" Y SS

In dditi#n t# !e the R Re*#te the !+!te* //#&! the !er! t# r* nd di!r* the /r* !+!te* 2i 55 *e!!,e fr#* *#i/e "h#ne- U!er! %n /!# %he%' the /r* !tt! n+ti*e + !i*"/+ !endin, n inir+ 55 *e!!,e t# the *in

nit-e. PO:3" *AIL"3 "3PO"TIN4

hen the *in "#&er ,et! %t #ff- H#*e:rd %n re"#rt t# the "re!et "h#ne n*er!

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i**edite/+-9# CONCLUSION AND FUTURE )OR$

In the ""er /#& %#!t !e%re iit#!/+ %%e!!i/e t#%#nfi,r/e re*#te/+ %#ntr#//ed !#/ti#n f#r t#*ti#n #f h#*e! h! een intr#d%ed- .he ""r#%h di!%!!ed in the ""er i! n#2e/ nd h! %hie2ed the tr,et t# %#ntr#/ h#*e ""/in%e! re*#te/+ !in, the 55!ed !+!te* !ti!f+in, !er need! nd

reire*ent!-:5 te%hn#/#,+ %"/e !#/ti#n h! "r#2ed t# e %#ntr#//ed re*#te/+ "r#2ide h#*e !e%rit+ nd i! %#!teffe%ti2e ! %#*"red t# the "re2i#!/+ ei!tin, !+!te*!-Hen%e &e %n %#n%/de tht the reired ,#/! nd #$e%ti2e! #f #r "r#$e%t h2e een

%hie2ed-.he !i% /e2e/ #f h#*e ""/in%e %#ntr#/ nd re*#te *#nit#rin, h! een i*"/e*ented- .he !+!te* i! eten!i/e nd *#re /e2e/! %n e frther de2e/#"ed !in, t#*ti% *#ti#n3,/!! re'in, dete%t#r! !# the !#/ti#n %n e inte,rted &ith the!e nd #ther dete%ti#n

!+!te*!-In ftre the !+!te* &i// e !*// # %#*inin, the PC nd :5 *#de*- .he hrd&re &i// e !e/f %#ntined nd %nn#t e "r#ne t# e/e%tri% fi/re- .hi! ""/in%e &i// h2e it! #&n en%"!/ted UP5 nd %hr,in,