CC608- CHAPTER 2
CC608- CHAPTER 2
FIRE SAFETY &
FIRE SAFETY &
FIRE SAFETY &
FIRE SAFETY &
PREVENTION SYSTEM
PREVENTION SYSTEM
PREVENTION SYSTEM
PREVENTION SYSTEM
By :
By :
2.1
2.1
Know
Know
about
about
fire sa
fire sa
fety a
fety a
nd p
nd p
revention
revention
system
system
2.1.1 Describe the sources of
2.1.1 Describe the sources of fire and the
fire and the
spreading of the fire.
spreading of the fire.
2.1.2 Explain fire prevention system in a
2.1.2 Explain fire prevention system in a
building
building
2.1.3 Identify the types of the fire extinguisher
2.1.3 Identify the types of the fire extinguisher
COURSE OUT!"E
2.1
2.1
Know
Know
about
about
fire sa
fire sa
fety a
fety a
nd p
nd p
revention
revention
system
system
2.1.1 Describe the sources of
2.1.1 Describe the sources of fire and the
fire and the
spreading of the fire.
spreading of the fire.
2.1.2 Explain fire prevention system in a
2.1.2 Explain fire prevention system in a
building
building
2.1.3 Identify the types of the fire extinguisher
2.1.3 Identify the types of the fire extinguisher
COURSE OUT!"E
3
3
THE FIRE TRIANGLE
THE FIRE TRIANGLE
•
•
Fire is the state of combustion resulting from a chemical
Fire is the state of combustion resulting from a chemical
reaction that reuires the presence of three elements in
reaction that reuires the presence of three elements in
proper combination !
proper combination !
"" a fuel source
a fuel source
#anything that burns$%
#anything that burns$%
"" oxygen
oxygen
#a component of air$%
#a component of air$% and
and
"" an ignition source
an ignition source
such as heat or a spar& ' in order to
such as heat or a spar& ' in order to
begin and develop.
begin and develop.
•
•
(his is often referred to as a
(his is often referred to as a #$ire Trian%&e#
#$ire Trian%&e#
..
2.1.1 SOURCE OF FIRE
4
THE FIRE TRIANGLE
• For a fire to start three conditions must be met at the
same time!
5
i) FIRE IGNITION (Ny!" #i)
• Ignition in most fires is a process of transition from the
input of heat to the stable propagation of thermal )ave
supported by heat release from combustion.
• It occur only )hen there is initial heat input from an
ignition source and is then follo)ed by combustion
reaction sufficient to establish a thermal )ave
• Ignition refers to the appearance of a flame in the volatile
gas stream evolved from a solid exposed to external
ignition sources such as a flame or an electrical spar&.
6
i) FIRE IGNITION
*ome typical sources of ignition include!"
• Exterior and natural sources such as lightning% proximity
to forest% bush or grass fires% exposure to ad+acent burning
buildings or exterior trash containers% etc.,
• Electrical sources such as faulty or overloaded )iring%
electrical panels% electrical euipment and appliances% and
-/0 #heatingventilationair conditioning$ systems,
• roximity of combustible materials to a heat source such as
portable heaters,
• pen flames such as candles and food )armers used
during catered events,
7
i) FIRE IGNITION
*ome typical sources of ignition include#04(5$!"
• 6Interpretive fires6 such as fireplaces% coo& stoves% candles%
blac&smith shops% etc.,
• 0onstruction and renovation activities such as hot )or&
#i.e. )elding% paint removal% cutting% etc.$% the use of
casting materials that produce heat% etc.,
• Improper use% storage% andor disposal of flammable
liuids such as paint thinners,
• *mo&ing materials,
• 7as lea&s, and
• /rson.
8
ii) FUELS
• Fuels are materials that burn.
• (he higher the temperature% the easier and uic&er they
burn.
• 0ommon fuels include!
"" *olvents such as acetone% alcohols% and toluene
"" 7ases such as acetylene and propane
"" *olids such as )ood and paper
9
iii) O$I%IERS
• xidi8ers! xygen or other substances capable of
releasing oxygen to a fire
• 0ommon oxidi8ers include!
9 acids% especially nitric and perchloric acids
9 chlorine dioxide
9 thers such as potassium permanganate and
potassium chlorate
2.1.1 SPREA%ING OF FIRE
Fi' i #'* +y ,' ,/*
i. Conve'tion( )pero&a*an+
ii. Condu'tion( )pen%a&iran, *ondu*si+and
iii. Radiation )pan'aran, radiasi+.
2.1.1 SPREA%ING OF FIRE
Fi' i #'* +y ,' ,/*
i. Conve'tion
•
Fire and smo&e spread by convection is the most dangerous
and causes the ma+or proportion of in+uries and deaths.
•
:hen fire starts in an enclosed space such as a building% the
smo&e rising from the fire becomes trapped by the ceiling and
then spreads in all directions to form an ever"deepening layer
over the entire room space.
•
(he smo&e )ill pass through any holes or gaps in the )alls%
ceiling and floor into other parts of the building.
•
(he heat from the fire gets trapped in the building and the
temperature rises
2.1.1 SPREA%ING OF FIRE
Fi' i #'* +y ,' ,/*
ii. Condu'tion
*ome materials% such as metal can absorb heat readily and
transmit it to other rooms by conduction% )here it can set fire
to combustible items that are in contact )ith the heated
material.
iii. Radiation
•
;adiation transfers heat in the air in the same )ay that an
electric bar heater heats a room.
•
/ny material close to a fire )ill absorb the heat until the item
starts to smoulder and then burn
13
2.1.1 E$AMPLE OF FIRE INCI%ENT
Figure 2:
The fire in this museum was caused by a gas leak.
Of these sources, the risk of fire from electrical, arson, and construction or
renovation sources tend to be the most common in cultural institutions.
Fi' C/",'/!
2.1.2 FIRE PREVENTION SYSTEM
Fire Prevention Fire Protection Education/ knowledge Engineering Penguatkuasaan afety !ontrol "aintenance #ood $ouse %ee&ing
Passive 'ctive istem bantuan
menentang kebakaran Esca&e (oute )uilding structure "engesan "engawal "emadam 'maran
Fi' P'",i/" Sy,
2.1.2 FIRE PREVENTION SYSTEM
i. $!RE --R S/STE
ii. S0R!"KE S/STE
iii. SOKE ETECTOR
iv. CO"TRO ROO
Fi' Sy,
• (he fire systems in a building are many.
• (here
are
euipment
and
systems
for
monitoring%
communication% fighting fire% indication% raising alarm% diverting
smo&e and many others.
• 7enerally they can be classified into t)o categories!
-+ $ire 0rote'tion System
B+ $ire $i%6tin% System
• Fire systems fall under the fire codes for buildings.
• /s fire codes may vary in different countries% no attempt is made
to specify the fire codes.
• *ometimes% there is an overlap of functions " the systems may
contain elements of both fire protection and fire fighting.
17
2.1.2 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
• $ire prote'tion systems are used to alert people that
a small fire or some overheating has occurred% and that
there is a danger of fire happening soon.
• /ctive fire protection refers to installing euipment%
systems% and devices that reuire po)er to function such
as fire detection% fire alarm% and fire suppression
systems.
• :hile the cost of professionally designed% installed%
maintained% and monitored fire protection may seem
large% the cost of not installing them could be even
greater.
18
2.1.2 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
• For small to mid"si8e institutions% conventional systems
that are simple% reliable% and economical to install and
maintain% )ill suffice.
• <arger institutions )ith more complex reuirements
)ill reuire more complex systems.
• <arger institutions may have in"house staff )ho monitor
their systems% and may also have a bac&up po)er supply
in the event of po)er loss.
• nce installed% systems need to be inspected% tested% and
maintained by a competent person and in accordance
)ith applicable codes.
19
2.1.2 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
• Smo*e dete'tors7 and 6eat dete'tors are used to
detect such incidents before a big fire occurred.
• ersons detecting a fire need to sound the alarm to get
more assistance.
• (he brea& glass is the easiest )ay to sound the alarm.
• /ll the fire alarm panels% sub"control panels% bells%
brea&"glass% smo&e detector% heat detectors can be
i) Fi' A!' Sy,
• (he fire alarm system is used to generate alarms )henever there is any occurrence of fire.
• /ll the alarm signals can be lin&ed to a central location )here humans can carry out activities to handle the fire.
• (here are many designs.
• (he main functions of all these Fire 0ontrol designs are to Indicate fault signals triggered by!
9 *prin&ler flo) s)itches 9 =rea& glasses
9 *mo&e detectors 9 -eat detectors
9 Fire pump operation
9 /ir conditioning /-> operation
9 *mo&e spill and ventilation fan operation 9 02 system operation
2.1.2 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fi' A!' Sy,
• Indicate the location or 8one of the signal
• rovide intercom communication from it to each floor
• rovide public address announcements
• /c&no)ledgement of alarm signals
• rovide a printout of the alarm signal
• rovide direct alarm signal lin& to the local Fire =rigade
• rovide direct telephone communication )ith the local Fire
=rigade
- typi'a& ain $ire -&arm system for a 6i%6 rise
'ommer'ia& 'enter is desi%ned as des'ribed be&ow:
• / fire control room fitted )ith a 0entral rocessing >nit # 0> $
and a mimic panel.
• (he panel uses <ED to display the location and state of sensors
• *ixteen #1?$ ;emote anel rocessing >nits # ;> $% mainly
located at the staircases.
• (hey collect signals from sensors and also dispatch signals to
actuators.
Fi' A!' Sy,
• (he 0> collects incoming signals from all the ;> and
dispatches outgoing signals to actuators through the ;>
• /ll the signals are 2@ olts D.0.
• (he main alarm system is normally operating on /0 supply.
• In case of po)er supply failure% stand"by batteries are provided
for a A2 hours operation
• (he input signals coming from the sensors are the =rea&glass%
Flo) s)itches% *mo&e detectors.
• (he latter are located at the staircases and in the /-> rooms.
• (hese signals are collected in the ;> before being sent to the
0> to indicate a normal status% a line fault% or an alarm.
• (he output signals are sent to the actuators.
• (hese can be contactors or motors to stop /->% lifts% activate
roller shutters% alarm bells% pressuri8ation fans% smo&e spill fans%
and fire dampers.
• (hese signals are controlled by the 0> before being dispatched
through ;> to the correct location
A,i,i/" /3 3i' !'
• :hen the fire alarm panel is activated by either brea&glass% smo&e
detector or sprin&ler flo) s)itch% the follo)ing )ill occur immediately! i. (he printer )ill print out the exact location and time the event occurred% ii. / <ED )ill blin& on the mimic panel indicating both the floor concerned
and the &ind of the sensor responsible for the alarm activation. iii.(he fire control room bu88er )ill start.
iv.(he 0> )ill send signals to!
9 *top the /-> on the floor the alarm occur
9 *tart all the smo&e spill fans and open the motori8ed fire dampers on the concerned floor and close those on the other floors
9 *tart the ressuri8ation fans for all the lift lobbies and regulate the pressure in the lift lobbies of the concerned floor using the lift lobby differential pressure device and the associated motori8ed fire damper. 9 *tart the alarm bell continuously for the concerned floor and
intermittently for the floor above and belo).
9 0lose the roller shutters of the concerned floor after three minutes time.
9 Indicate the signals sent on the fire alarm display panel )ith <ED
A4"/5!*", /3 , !'
• / person on duty should then ac&no)ledge the alarm by pressing
a push button at the fire control room.
• (he bu88er )ill then stop but the alarm )ill still be active.
• /ction needs to be ta&en to determine )hether the fire is real or
not.
• For a false alarm% the choice )ill be to isolate the sensor alarm in
order to stop all signals and interrupt the fire seuence.
• If it is a real fire% the signal )ill come again after B minutes.
• / general alarm sounds automatically.
• (he 0> )ill send signals to start the alarm bells continuously
for all the floors of the building.
• (he general alarm can also be manually activated through the
Manual Evacuate
s)itch.
Fi' I",'/ Sy,
• (he fire intercom system is used for communications from several locations to the fire control room.
• It can be used by the public as )ell as firemen to give valuable information on the state of a fire.
• / typical fire intercom net)or& serves all the staircases from the basement right up to highest floors of a building% the lift motor rooms.
Be&ow is some information on 6ow it wor*s:
• /s soon as somebody pic&s up the handset in any staircase% the bu88er located at the fire alarm control room )ill ring.
• / <ED )ill light up to specify the location of the calling party.
• nce the operator at the fire alarm control pic&s up the phone% communication can start.
• From the fire alarm control room% calls can also be directed to a specific location in the building using the location address number.
• (he handset at the staircase )ill then ring.
• /s soon as a person pic&s up the phone% communication can start.
2.1.2 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fi' Fi,i" Sy,
• (he fire fighting system )ill be used w6en a bi% fire 6as a&ready started.
• (here is a need to extinguish it.
• *prin&ler systems% and hose reel systems are some of the systems used for fire fighting.
• :et risers are pipes )hich distribute large volumes of )ater to canvas hoses.
• T6e fire fi%6tin% systems contain )pumps7 tan*s7 and t6eir own distribution pipin%+.
• Cotors or diesel engines drive the pumps.
• -ose reels and canvas hoses are terminated )ith no88les for spray or +et.
• *prin&ler systems have special glass bulbs and sprin&ler rose.
• Flo) s)itches are installed to cause bells to ring )hen the sprin&ler systems are activated.
• (he systems can also contain gongs activated by )ater flo).
• /utomatic 02 flooding system )ill discharge 02 gas into electrical rooms to stop any fire.
Fi' Fi,i" Sy,
• Portable fire extinguishers are installed at strategic locations so that they can be used to put out small fires.
• Fire intercom systems are used by fire fighters to communicate )ith fire control room personnel.
• Fire escape doors are indicated )ith Exit signs% and emergency lights are installed to give a bit of light if the main electrical supply has been cut off. • Firemen )ho have to fight fires )ill face the danger of electrocution if they
use hoses and )ater.
• (he fireman s)itch can be s)itched off to avoid this problem.
• *mo&e spill fans and exhaust fans are sometimes installed for controlling smo&e in a burning building.
• (he wet riser system described belo) is a typi'a& insta&&ation in a 6i%68rise bui&din%.
• It is used to supp&y water from t6e wet riser water tan*7 t6rou%6 wet riser pipes7 distributed to ea'6 f&oor7 and endin% at t6e 'anvas 6oses and 6ose ree&s.
• (he pipes supplying )ater to the hoses are pressuri8ed all the time. • (hree pumps supply the )ater from the tan& to the hoses.
• (he pumps are the duty pump% the stand-by pump% and the jockey pump. • ressure s)itches along the pipe control the starting of each pump.
• (he )et riser canvas hoses are located at each lift lobby.
• Each canvas hose has a diameter of ?B mm and a length of 3 m.
• :hen the hoses are in use% the pressure at each floor is controlled by landing valves that return excess pressuri8ed )ater bac& to the )et riser tan& through drain pipes.
2.1.2 FIRE PREVENTION SYSTEM
• (he hose reels are also located at each lift lobby.
• ressure reducers are installed at the end of each )et riser pipe to supply a lo)er pressured )ater to hose reels.
• :hen the valves of the hoses are opened% pressuri8ed )ater )ill shoot out through the no88les of the hoses.
• (he pressure in the piping )ill drop.
• (he pressure s)itches at the pump room )ill sense the drop in pressure and the pumps )ill start to pressuri8e the pipe again.
• / typical system for a high"rise building is described belo).
• (he pressures are monitored at the pump room to control the pumps.
7, Ri' Sy,
a+ 9o'*ey 0ump
• (he first pump to start )ill be the +oc&ey pump.
• (he controlling pressure s)itch is set to start the pump at a pressure of 1B psi and stop it )hen the pressure reaches 23 psi.
• If a small lea& exist in the )et riser piping " either on the )et riser or hose reel " the pump )ill start in order to compensate for the lea&.
b+ uty 0ump
• If the pressure drops belo) 12B psi% this means a )et riser landing valve or a hose reel gate valve has been opened.
• (he pressure s)itch that senses this set pressure activates and starts the duty pump.
7, Ri' Sy,
'+ Stand8by 0ump
• If for any reason the pressure continues to drop belo) 12B psi% it means either the duty pump has not started or is not available #under repair...etc.$.
• (he stand"by pump then ta&es over the function that is not performed by the duty pump.
• (he stand"by pump is set to cut"in at B psi.
• nce the )ater flo) is not needed any more the pressure builds up in the piping net)or&.
• (he duty or stand"by pumps stops after the cutout pressure is reached at 22 psi.
• (he +oc&ey pump continues to run until the system pressure reaches its cutout pressure of 23 psi.
• For a lo) building% the system )ill be less complicated.
• -o)ever% the purpose of supplying )ater to the fire fighting hoses is maintained.
7, Ri' Sy,
ii)S#'i"4!' Sy,
• (he sprin*&er system is desi%ned to etin%uis6 a fire wit6out 6uman a'tivity .
• It is especially useful in unattended buildings.
• (he 6eart of sprin*&er system is t6e sprin*&er 6ead.
• :hen there is a fire underneath a sprin&ler head% the heat from the fire )ill cause the glass bulb in the sprin&ler head to burst.
• (he glass bulb acts li&e a plug for the pressuri8ed )ater in the piping system. • nce the glass bulb brea&s% the )ater shoots out from the sprin&ler.
• (he sprin&ler rose is designed to spread out the )ater falling over the fire.
• /s in the )et riser system% the pipes distributing the )ater is constantly under pressure. • / different set of pumps is used to maintain the pressure in the system.
• (he sprin&ler pumps are called duty% stand"by% and +oc&ey pumps. • (heir function is exactly the same as for )et riser pumps.
• (he only difference is in the system they serve.
ii)S#'i"4!' Sy, (/",..)
• *ince the sprin&ler system serve unattended areas% it is important that humans can be alerted )henever they are activated.
• For this purpose% flo) s)itches are installed at each sprin&ler 8one.
• :henever a sprin&ler is activated% )ater flo)s out from the pipes to the sprin&ler head. • (he flo) of the )ater through a 8one pipe activates a flo) s)itch.
• (he electrical signal from the flo) s)itch activates an alarm at the Cain Fire /larm panel.
• Each 8one is provided )ith an isolation valve% a flo) s)itch% and a test drain valve.
• Depending on the si8e of the building% there may be several )ater riser pipes supplying to all the floors of a building.
• ressure gauges% chec& valves% and alarm gongs are installed in each riser.
• (he alarm gong is actuated by the flo) of )ater through the chec& valve and not by electrical signal of the individual sprin&ler 8ones.
S#'i"4!' Sy,
/ typical sprin&ler pump installation has the follo)ing! a+ Sprin*&er 9o'*ey 0ump
• If a lea& exist in the sprin&ler net)or&% the +oc&ey pump starts in order to compensate for the lea&.
• / pressure s)itch starts the pump at 1 psi% and stops it at 13B psi. b+ Sprin*&er uty 0ump
• If the pressure drops belo) AB psi% it means a sprin&ler head have been activated% in the building.
• (he duty pump )ill start.
'+ Sprin*&er Stand8by 0ump
• If for any reason the pressure continues to drop to B psi% it means either the duty pump has not started or is not available #under repair...etc.$. (he stand"by pump )ill then start.
d+ Stoppin% of uty or Stand8by pump
• nce any sprin&ler comes into operation " by bursting of the liuid filled bulbs " the duty or stand"by pump )ill not stop automatically.
• (here is no cutout pressure for these pumps. • (hey have to be s)itched off manually.
• :hen the running pump has been manually stopped% the +oc&ey pump )ill continue to build up the pressure in the system until it reaches its cutout pressure of 13B psi.
2.1.2 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fi' 'i* Sy,
• :hen a big fire has occurred in a building% the fire brigade has to be called in.
• It is important that the road is clear for the fire engines to come in.
• (herefore it is very important for the o)ner of the building to ensure that the gates% road% and fire brigade devices are not bloc&ed.
• It is also important that these devices are maintained in good order. • *ome of the fire brigade devices are discussed belo)!
$our8;ay Brea'6in% !n&ets
• / typical high"rise building )ill have one four")ay breaching inlet for sprin&ler tan&% and one for the )et riser tan&.
• (hey are normally installed near the ground floor or lo)er ground floor% )here it is easy for the fire engines to come in.
• (hese devices allo) the fire brigade to pump )ater into the tan&s in case they have been emptied during fire fighting operations.
Fi' 'i* Sy,
Street 5ydrants
• *treet pillars hydrants are provided as an external source of )ater besides the fire fighting tan&s located in the building.
• (he fire brigade can connect to these pillar hydrants to get additional pressuri8ed )ater for fighting the building fire.
$ireman Swit'6
• (here are a fe) types of fireman s)itches.
• (hey help to prevent accidents caused by electrical lea&age during a fire in a building.
• :hen the firefighters use )ater hoses to shoot or spray on the fire% it is rather dangerous for them )hen the electrical supply is still live.
• (here is a ris& of electrocution.
• :ater can conduct electricity.
• isibility is very poor during those times% and the building structures containing electrical )iring may have collapsed.
C'+/" %i/9i* F!//*i" Sy,
• 0arbon dioxide is an inert gas used for putting out fire.
• It does this by displacing the oxygen that is necessary for combustion.
• =ecause it is a gas% care must be ta&en to ensure that fresh air is not allo)ed to interfere during the process of putting out a fire.
• 0arbon dioxide is particularly useful )hen dealing )ith electrical fires.
• 0arbon dioxide flooding system is used for s)itch rooms containing high voltages.
• If there is a fire in these rooms% it is rather dangerous for the firefighters to handle.
• (he rooms )ill contain live and high voltage electrical supplies. • (he transformers may contain oil that can burn or explode.
• (he only sensible thing to do )hen fighting this type of fire is to close off all the air and displace it )ith carbon dioxide.
• :ith no oxygen available% the fire )ill eventually die off
Carbon ioide 0ane&s
• (hese systems are installed for any room )ith important electrical or highly inflammable euipment.
• (hey are po)ered by /0 mains supply.
• *tand"by batteries provide A2 hours of operation in case of po)er interruption. • Each system consists of a control panel connected to one or several heat detectors%
smo&e detectors% 02 cylinders% actuator devices and indicating lights. • (hese panels are located near to the rooms to be protected.
• =oth heat and smo&e detectors are installed for such a flooding system. • (hey have to be activated together before the 02 )ill discharge.
• (his is to prevent false signals activating the discharging mechanisms.
• (he status of any 02 panel can be monitored at the Cain Fire 0ontrol room.
• (here are t)o different modes to activate the alarm of the 02 panels and subseuent discharge of 02 from the cylinders into the room on fire!
-utomati' mode
• /ctivation of the alarms starts )hen both the heat and smo&e detectors " paired up into 2 8ones " have been activated by fire occurring in the protected room.
• :hen one detector senses the fire% the alarm bell of the system rings intermittently. • nce both types of sensors are activated% the alarm bell becomes continuous.
• /fter 2 to 3 seconds a signal is sent to the cylinders plunger"actuating device. • (he 02 is discharged into the room.
anua& mode
• /ctivation is made )ith the brea&glass &ey s)itch.
• =y turning the &ey s)itch% the alarm bell rings% and the 02 is discharged immediately.
• In rooms that contain ventilation louvers% it is important to seal them off )hen discharging 02 gas.
• In these cases% the signal for discharging the gas also activates a fire curtain in the room.
• (he curtain above the louver drops do)n and covers up all of them. • *ometimes the signals may be activated accidentally.
• /ll the rooms that are so protected have red and green indication lamps installed above their doors. • / room that is filled )ith 02 does not support combustion.
• /nyone )ho goes into such a gas"filled room can become unconscious due to lac& of oxygen.
• :henever gas is discharged% the red lamp above the door )ill be lighted. ersons must enter only )hen the green light is on.
2.1.: FIRE E$TINGUSHER
• Portable fire extinguishers are generally required by code.
• In the hands of trained individuals, they can be an effective tool in extinguishing small, contained fires.
• It is important to select the correct type of extinguisher for the type of fire.
• If the wrong type of extinguisher is used, it could be ineffective, or even dangerous, in combating a fire.
• As an example, a water-based extinguisher used on a live electrical fire could result in a serious electrical shock to the person attempting to extinguish the fire.
• If used on a flammable liquid or grease fire, the water could cause the fire to spread.
• he type of extinguisher chosen for a certain area should be based on the expected type of fire for that area.
2.1.: FIRE E$TINGUSHER
• Fire e*tinguishers are divided into five categories, based on different ty&e of fire.
• !lass of fire that according to the standard of MS 1182 Classification of Fire
is+
C! A
!ire that result from in ordinary combustible such as wood,
paper, fabric and other ordinary materials.
C!
!or fire involving
flammable liquids such as petrol, oil, diesel, paint and etc
C! C
#uitable for use on fire caused by flammable gases such as butane,
C! %
%esigned for use on flammable metals and are often specific for the type of metal in
question. e.g. sodium, titanium, magnesium & potassium
C! E
#uitable for use on electrically energi'ed fires. (ombustion of circuit breaker, wires, outlets, and other electrical equipment
here are several types of fire extinguishers in use are) -i. ype of the water,
ii. ype of producing foam *!oam+, iii. ype of %ry dust *%ry Powder+
iv. ype of producing gas liquid that produces gas *(arbon %ioxide+
2.1.: FIRE E$TINGUSHER
KELAS API E!IS KE"AKA#A! "A$A!%"A$A! APA &A!' DI'(!AKA! KELAS A Pe&eal i. %ayu
ii. %ain iii. %ertas -ll
i. enis air ii. -ebu %ering iii. )uih
KELAS " !ecair i. "inyak ii. arnish iii. !at dll
i. Foam
ii. -ebu %ering iii. !arbon -io*ide
iv. 'ir secara semburan KELAS C Elektrik
#as 0 1a&
emua enis elektrik i. )utana ii. Pro&ane iii. 2P# iv. 'vatalane dll i. -ebu %ering ii. Foam
iii. !arbon -io*ide
iv. 'ir secara semburan
KELAS D 2ogam i. Potassium ii. odium iii. !alsium
i. -ebu %ering ii. oda 'sh iii. -ebu #ra&hite
2.1.: FIRE E$TINGUSHER
• T 3/;' i" ! /3 3i' "* 9,i";i' ;* i" +;i!*i" ' ) C! A < //" /+;,i+!
+) C! < 3!+! !i=;i* ) C! C < "'i>* !,'i!
*) C! % < /+;,i+! ,! ; "i; "* /*i;
• $any institutions have standardi'ed their extinguishers to facilitate use and training.
• C!-AC, multi-purpose extinguishers are now often used throughout a building on the advice of the fire department, thereby eliminating the risk of someone using an inappropriate agent.
COLOUR CO%ING OF ME%IUM
(/0 (%I12 ! $3%I/$
COLOUR CO%ING OF ME%IUM
2.2 Understand t6e Ru&es of $ire 0revention
2.2.1 Describe the rules of the fire prevention
determined by the Calaysian Fire
Department and =uilding =y <a)
2.2.2 utline the Fire revention rocedures
FIRE SAFETY GENERAL
RE?UIREMENTS
ES!4" RE<U!REE"TS:
Codes and Standard
>==< 0louse 22B 22A
;eferring to >niform =uilding =y <a) 1G@ #>==<$ all
amendments up to February 11 in /;( III % Fire alarm%
Fire Detection% Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting
/ccess.
Rules of Fire
Prevention
22B.#1$Every building shall be provided )ith means of
detecting and extinguishing fire and )ith fire alarm together
)ith illuminated exit signs
in accordance )ith the
reuirements as specified in the (enth *chedule to these =y"
la)s.
22A.ortable Extinguisher shall be provided in accordance
)ith the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in
prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all
directions and similar extinguisher in a building shall be of
the same method of operation.
Rules of Fire
Prevention
2.= earn on t6e $ire -pp&ian'es Symbo&s
2.3.1 Dra) the fire appliances symbols in
escape route for a building.
2.3.2 Indicate Fire appliances symbols in a
building plan.
2.:.1 FIRE A
2.:.1 FIRE A
PPLIANCES SYMOLS
PPLIANCES SYMOLS
IN
IN
ESCAPE ROUTE
ESCAPE ROUTE
4est practice International #tandard I# 5676 graphical symbols for escape route and 4est practice International #tandard I# 5676 graphical symbols for escape route and I# 78689 safety way guidance convention ensure that an evacuee is progressed using I# 78689 safety way guidance convention ensure that an evacuee is progressed using a known convention through the escape
2.:.1 FIRE A
2.:.1 FIRE A
PPLIANCES SYMOLS
PPLIANCES SYMOLS
IN
IN
ESCAPE ROUTE
2.:.1 FIRE A
2.:.1 FIRE A
PPLIANCES SYMOLS
PPLIANCES SYMOLS
IN
IN
ESCAPE ROUTE
2.:.2 FIRE APPLIANCES SYMOLS IN
A UIL%ING PLAN
2.:.2 FIRE APPLIANCES SYMOLS IN
A UIL%ING PLAN
Halan &eluar &eselamatan terbahagi &epada 3 pering&at!
i+ 9a&an Ke&uar endatar
" Iaitu stru&tur yang terdapat pada bangunan yang melibat&an
bahagian seperti protected lobby dan protected corridor.
ii+ 9a&an Ke&uar ene%a*
" Iaitu +alan elemen stru&tur bagi memboleh&an penghuni
melari&an atau menyelamat&an diri &eluar dari ting&at atas &e
ting&at ba)ah terus &e tempat selamat. 0ontohnya! tangga
&eselamatan.
iii+ 9a&an Ke&uar Tera*6ir
"
Iaitu tempat &eluar bagi +alan terus &eluar daripada sesuatu
bangunan yang mengada&an a&ses terus &e +alan laluan atau
tangga terbu&a yang terleta& dan boleh memindah&an orang
dari &a)asan berde&atan sesuatu bangunan supaya mere&a
selamat daripada &eba&aran atau asap.
2.> Understand of &osses 'aused by fire
[email protected] Describe several losses cause by fire.
[email protected] Identify the fire preventive measurement
by the society
[email protected] ;ecogni8ed the a)areness of fire safety to
the community
[email protected] LOSSES CAUSE% Y FIRE
• here are several losses caused by fire ) a+ oss of life *%eath+.
b+ oss of property. c+ oss of dollar. d+ In:ury
[email protected] LOSSES CAUSE% Y FIRE
Example of Loss fires by Property )lass
From 3445 to 3466, there were 78,595 fires with loss re&orted to the OF". • 89: of these fires occurred in residential occu&ancies.
• 3;: occurred in vehicles.
• 68: of fires occurred on structures/&ro&erties not classified by the
Ontario )uilding code < this includes many non structure &ro&erty ty&es < land, outdoor storage, and some structures ranging from barns to weather stations.
• 9: of loss fires occurred in industrial occu&ancies. • =: in assembly occu&ancies.
• 3: in mercantile occu&ancies
• 3: in business and &ersonal services occu&ancies. • 6: in care and detention occu&ancies.
The distribution of fire occurrence across &ro&erty ty&e has been relatively unchanged over the years.