Designing Quadcopter and
Designing Quadcopter and
Using camera output for
Using camera output for
crowd
crowd
estimation/behaviour.
estimation/behaviour.
StudentsStudents Project Project GuideGuide
Devesh
Devesh (136/10) (136/10) Mrs Mrs Farida Farida KhurshidKhurshid Nikhilesh
Nikhilesh Sharma Sharma (185/10) (185/10) Associate Associate ProfessorProfessor Shubham
Shubham Pandey Pandey (457/10) (457/10) Deptt. Deptt. of of Electronics Electronics and and CommunicationCommunication Akhilesh
Akhilesh Koul Koul (334/10) (334/10) NIT NIT SrinagarSrinagar Deptt. of Electronics and Communication
Deptt. of Electronics and Communication NIT Srinagar
Abstract:
Our project will be in two stages. First stage will be: building a quadcopter that has manoeuvring capability that can move up, down, left, right, forward and backward. The control of the quadcopter will be done using RF module i.e. Receiver and Transmitter Module. Further the stabilization will be done using sensors like gyro, accelerometer mounted on the board. The second stage will be: using camera output for crowd estimation. This can be done in two ways, first recording the data during the in-flight and processing it post flight and the second, video transmission using live feed from the camera and processing it in real time mode.
Quadcopter:
Quadcopter is a quad rotor based helicopter that is lifted and propelled by four rotors. Unlike helicopters they use symmetrically pitched blades. Control of vehicle is achieved by altering the pitch and/or rotation of one or more rotor discs, thereby changing its torque load and thrust.
The quadcopter design was chosen for this project due to its high degree of stability and lifting power. The design consists of a symmetrical array of four motors commonly attached with an ‘X’ shaped frame. The rotation direction of the motors is alternated, so opposite motors spin in the same direction, to counteract the reaction torques produced by the rotors. This design eliminates the need for a yaw stabilizing rotor commonly used on helicopters.
The use of multiple rotors allows the vehicle to have a large lift capacity. For our design we will aim to build a quadcopter with a lifting force that is double its own weight.
Applications of quadcopter: Research platform
Quadcopters are a useful tool for university researchers to test and evaluate new ideas in a number of different fields, including flight control theory, navigation, real time systems, and robotics. In recent years many universities
have shown quadcopters performing increasingly complex aerial maneuvers. Swarms of quadcopters can hover in mid-air, in formation, autonomously perform complex flying routines such as flips, darting through hula-hoops and organise themselves to fly through windows as a group.
Military and law enforcement
Quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicles are used for surveillance and reconnaissance by military and law enforcement agencies, as well as search and rescue missions in urban environments.[22]
Commercial
The largest use of quadcopters has been in the field of aerial imagery although, in the USA, it is currently illegal to use remote controlled vehicles for commercial purposes. Quadcopter UAVs are suitable for this job because of their autonomous nature and huge cost savings. Capturing aerial imagery with a quadcopter is as simple as programming GPS coordinates and hitting the go button. Using on-board cameras, users have the option of being streamed live to the ground.
Figure 2. Reaction Torque
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION:
Brushless DC Motor: It will be used to rotate propellers which will subsequently provide thrust, needed to lift the system. Brushless motors are used because they provide maximum RPM. Specifications : Weight : 49gms Get 700 gms Thrust Prop. : 9x4.7E LIPO : 2cell 7.4v Operating voltage : 7.1v
Current Drawn at load : 15A ESC : 20 amp
Electronic Speed Controller (ESC): They will be used to control the RPM of motor, needed in proper manoeuvring. They are driver cum controller circuit which consist of an on-board processor, firmware and FET’s (for switching, to provide Pulse Width Modulated signal).
Specifications: Weight:18g Size:32x47x4mm Cells:2-3S(AutoDetect) MaxCurrent:18A Burst:20A
Sensor: once the system is airborne it will need auto stabilization which will be provided by gyro. Gyro gives output in the form of pitch, yaw and roll. These three parameter will be processed in MCU and the motors will be controlled accordingly.
Propellers: These are blades, connected to motor to provide thrust.
Battery: We shall need Lithium polymer battery to power all the four motors since this battery provides optimum amps and power to drive the motor for a longer flight time as compared to other batteries.
Figure 3. Quadcopter System Overview
Transmitter and receiver:
RF Module: As the quadcopter need signal for its manoeuvring, it needs RF to transmit data(control). We shall need Rx-Tx module to send control signals (wirelessly) to the quadcopter for its movement.
Specifications:
Receiver Transmitter
Product Model: XY-MK-5V Product Model: MX-FS-03V
Operating voltage: DC5V Operating Voltage: 3.5-12V
Receiving frequency: 433.92MHZ Transmitting frequency: 433M
MCU : The data from RF module, Sensor module are to be processed and output signal is to be fed into ESC for motor control. All these processes and data manipulation will be done in microcontroller unit.
Video Recording:
The choice of video system is one of the most crucial decisions for the project. The camera needs to be light enough so that the UAV can fly unabated and compact enough so that it does not interfere with the landing gear and rotors. The height for our project is 50-100m.
Video Camera:
There are many different options for the camera. One of the first solutions is to mount a camera to the fuselage of the quadcopter which would be able to produce a high resolution image.
We will be using a CMOS camera for image acquisition which uses a CMOS imaging chip . A CMOS imaging chip is a type of active pixel sensor which is an image sensor consisting of an integrated circuit containing an array of pixel sensors, each pixel containing a photo detector and an active amplifier made using the CMOS semiconductor process. Extra circuitry next to each photo sensor converts the light energy to a voltage. Additional circuitry on the chip may be included to convert the voltage to digital data.
Figure 5. CMOS Camera
VIDEO ANALYSIS:
The video analysis process consists of processing the acquired video frames to achieve the desired result which in this case is crowd estimation. Firstly, we need to stitch the various images acquired to form a mosaic and then further processing it assess the crowd density in a particular area. The reason behind creating a mosaic is to increase the area under consideration.
The algorithm used in the crowd estimation is our project is canny edge detection employing which we can detect and differentiate members of the crowd. Then further creating the contour around the detected edges we can easily count the number of people.
Canny Edge Detection:
In the canny edge detection algorithm, it tries to assemble the individual edge candidate pixels into contours. These contours are formed by applying upper and
Figure 6. a) and b) Two different Images with some overlap region, c) Feature Matching using SIFT, d) Stiched Image
lower threshold to the pixel. If a pixel has a gradient larger than the upper threshold, then it is accepted as an edge pixel; if a pixel is below the lower threshold, it is rejected. If the pixel’s gradient is between the thresholds, then it will be accepted only if it is connected to a pixel that is above the high threshold.
Limitations:
Though this method helps in differentiating the people in a crowd but this increases the contour area of each individual by adding the area covered by the shadow of the individual as well. This leads to miscalculations which is not tolerable.
To overcome this issue, we can use crowd density estimation techniques.
Figure 8. In both these examples above, succesfully able to draw contours, but because of the shadows, it is giving wrong results.
Estimated Cost:
Components Price(INR)
Frame 700
Brushless Motor(4 No’s) 4x1000
Electronics Speed Controller(4 No’s) 4X700
Sensor(Gyro) 1200
Propellers(4No’s) 4x100
Battery (LiPo) 600
RF Module 350
MCU + PCB + Other IC’s
-Camera and Other Accessories
-Miscellaneous 3000
