Design of Masonry Structures
(Part 1)
Lesson Overview
Masonry (Part 1) • Construction Details • ASD and SD Methods • Load Combinations • Masonry Beams in Flexure • Beams in Shear • Design of Masonry Columns • Design of Shear WallsLearning Objectives
You will learn • fundamentals of masonry design using ASD and SD • member design for flexure and shear • member design for combined flexure and compression • code requirements for detailing shear walls in seismic regionsPrerequisite Knowledge
You should already be familiar with
• structural analysis • mechanics of materials
Referenced Codes and Standards
• Building Code Requirements and Specification for Masonry Structures
(MSJC, 2011)
• International Building Code (IBC, 2012)
Construction Details
reinforcement and grout (MSJC Sec. 1.16, Specifications Sec. 3.4) • Rebar must be securely supported to prevent displacement during grouting. • Grout must comply with ASTM C476. • Grout is classified fine or coarse according to maximum aggregate size. • Type of grout must be selected per MSJC Table 1.20.1.Construction Details
grouting requirements (MSJC Specifications Sec. 3.5D) Grout may be placed in one continuous operation with a lift not exceeding 12.67 ft if • masonry has cured at least 4 hr • grout slump is between 10 in and 11 in • there are no intermediate bond beamsASD and SD Methods
design methods • both ASD and SD are acceptable, per MSJC Sec. 1.1.3 • exam permits either allowable stress design (ASD) • governed by MSJC Chap. 2 • traditional method to masonry design strength design (SD) is governed by MSCJ Chap. 3Load Combinations – ASD Allowable Stresses
allowable tensile stress in steel reinforcement (MSJC Sec. 2.3.3) 32,000 psi for grade 60 reinforcement 20,000 psi for grade 40 or grade 50 reinforcement compressive stress in masonry due to flexure (MSJC Sec. 2.3.4.2.2) 0.45 ′Load Combinations – ASD Allowable Stresses
material properties • elastic modulus given by MSJC Sec. 1.8.2.2 • steel reinforcement, 29,000,000psi • concrete masonry, 900 ′ psi • alternative method: Elastic modulus may be calculated from a compression prism test.Load Combinations – SD Design Strength
multiply nominal strength of member by = 0.90 for flexure, axial load, and combinations thereof = 0.80 for shear = 0.50 for anchor bolts, strength governed by masonry except for pullout = 0.90 for anchor bolts, strength governed by anchor bolt steel = 0.65 for anchor bolts, strength governed by anchor pullout = 0.60 for bearing on masonry surfacesMasonry Beams in Flexure
reinforcement requirements (MSJC Sec. 1.16, IBC Sec. 2107)
• maximum bar size allowed is #11 (#9 for SD)
• maximum db ≤ t /8 or 1/4 of the least dimension of the cell, course, or collar joint • Clear distance between parallel bars must not be less than db or 1 in.
Example: Reinforcement in Beams
Example: Reinforcement in Beams
Masonry Beams in Flexure
dimensional limitations (MSJC Sec. 1.13.1) • maximum permitted unbraced length, lc, is • minimum bearing length is 4 in • minimum beam nominal depth, h, is 8 in • per MSJC Sec. 3.3.4.2.4, all beams must be solid grouted 2 120 min 32 and c b l b d Masonry Beams in Flexure
development length and splice length of reinforcement • development length, ld, of reinforcement is • K is the lesser of masonry cover, clear spacing of reinforcement or 9db. • is 1.0 for no. 3 through no. 5, 1.3 for no. 6 through no. 7, and 1.5 for no. 8 and above. 2 ' 0.13 12 in b y d m d f l K f MSJC Eq. 2‐12, Eq. 3‐16Masonry Beams in Flexure
• The stress in the reinforcement due to an applied moment, M, is • Fs = allowable stress in reinforcement • allowable tensile stress and the allowable compressive stress given by MSJC Sec. 2.3.2 as Fs = 20,000 lbf/in2 [for grade 40 or 50 reinforcement] Fs= 32,000 lbf/in2 [for grade 60 reinforcement]Masonry Beams in Flexure
development length and splice length of reinforcement • equivalent development length, le, of a standard hook in tension is 13 (MSJC Sec. 2.1.7.5.1, Eq. 3‐15) • lap splice length of straight reinforcing bars is found per IBC Sec. 2107.3 • lap must be increased 50% for epoxy‐coating or at regions where fs ≥ 0.8Fs • welded or mechanical splices must develop 1.25fy 0.002 12 in 40 b s d b d f l d Example: Development Length
Example: Development Length
Masonry Beams in Flexure
effective span length of masonry beams (MSJC Sec. 1.13.1) • Span length, l, of a beam not built integrally with supports must be taken as clear span plus h, but need not exceed the distance between center of supports. • For a continuous beam, l is taken as the distance between center of supports. Figure 6.1 Effective Span LengthMasonry Beams in Flexure
beams with tension reinforcement (ASD design procedure) • The elastic design method is used to calculate compressive stress in masonry and tensile stress in reinforcement. • Service stresses are compared to allowable values. Figure 6.2 Elastic Design of Reinforced Masonry BeamMasonry Beams in Flexure
beams with tension reinforcement (ASD design procedure) • assume beam dimensions and masonry strength • assume j = 0.9 • calculate As = M/Fsjd • select bar size and number required • calculate ρ and ρn • determine k and j • calculate Mmand Ms • Mm and Ms must each exceed MMasonry Beams in Flexure
beams with tension reinforcement (ASD analysis procedure) • calculate ρ and ρn • determine k • calculate j • calculate fb • calculate fs• compare fb to Fb; increase beam size or f′m if needed
• compare to fs to Fs; increase reinforcement if needed
Poll: Masonry Beams in Flexure
For a masonry beam being analyzed, fs ≤ Fs, but fb > Fb. Which of the following options would be effective when redesigning the beam? (I) increase the beam depth (II) increase the beam reinforcement (III) increase f′m (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and III only (D) I, II, and IIIPoll: Masonry Beams in Flexure
For a masonry beam being analyzed, fs ≤ Fs, but fb > Fb. Which of the following options would be effective when redesigning the beam? (I) increase the beam depth (II) increase the beam reinforcement (III) increase f′m (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and III only (D) I, II, and III Increasing the beam depth or increasing f′m will make the beam work by reducing fb or increasing Fb respectively. Since the problem is the compressive strength in the masonry, increasing the beam reinforcement will only slightly reduce the compressive stress. Changing beam depth or increasing the compressive strength will be a much more effective change. The answer is (C).Masonry Beams in Flexure
beams with tension reinforcement (SD procedure) • The design strength of a beam is computed and compared to factored loads. • The strain distribution at design strength is assumed to be linear. • The compressive strain of masonry in compression is 0.0025. • Tension reinforcement stress is equal to yield.Masonry Beams in Flexure
minimum reinforcement area (MSJC Sec. 3.3.4.2.2.2) • Flexural strength must not be less than 1.3 times the cracking moment, Mcr.. • The modulus of rupture, fr, is given by MSJC Table 3.1.8.2. • Mn ≥ 1.3Mcr • Mcr = frSnExample: Minimum Reinforcement Area
Example: Minimum Reinforcement Area
Masonry Beams in Flexure
maximum reinforcement ratio (MSJC Sec. 3.3.3.5.1) • produces εm= 0.0025 (CMU), εm = 0.0035 (clay), and εs = 1.5εy • intended to ensure ductility at failure Figure 6.4 Maximum Reinforcement in Concrete Masonry Beams• maximum reinforcement area, As,max, is
• maximum reinforcement ratio, ρmax, is
Masonry Beams in Flexure
maximum reinforcement ratio (MSJC Sec. 3.3.3.5.1) • for grade 60 reinforcement, ' ' max ,max 0.8 m 0.286 m s y y a bf bdf A f f ' ,max max 0.286 s m y A f bd f max max max 1.5 0.0025 0.0025 (1.5)(0.00207) 0.446 0.8 0.357 m m y c d d d a c d Example: Maximum Reinforcement Ratio
Example: Maximum Reinforcement Ratio
Masonry Beams in Flexure
SD design procedure • assume beam dimensions and masonry strength • calculate Ku • calculate ρ • select bar size and number required • check maximum reinforcement requirements are met • check minimum reinforcement requirements are met 2 u u M K bd ' ' 1 1 0.36 0.80 u m m y K f f f Masonry Beams in Flexure
SD analysis procedure • calculate stress block depth, a • calculate nominal strength, Mn • calculate design strength, Mn ' 0.80 s y m A f a bf 2 n s y a M A f d Example: Masonry Beams in Flexure
The 12 in solid‐grouted concrete block masonry beam shown is simply supported over an effective span of 18 ft. The masonry has a compressive strength 2500 psi, and a modulus of elasticity of 2,250,000 psi. Reinforcement consists of four no. 7 grade 60 bars. The effective depth is 29 in, the overall depth is 32 in, and the beam is laterally braced at both ends. The self weight of the beam is 124 psf. Determine whether or not the beam is adequate for flexure.Example: Masonry Beams in Flexure
The beam self‐weight, w, is At midspan, the bending moment produced by this self‐weight, Ms, is At midspan, the bending moment produced by the concentrated load, Mc, is ASD Method At midspan, the total ASD moment is given by IBC load combination (16‐9) as 2 lbf 124 (2.67 ft) 331 lbf/ft ft w 2 2 lbf 331 (18 ft) ft 8 lbf (8) 1000 kip 13.4 ft-kips s wl M (25 kips)(18 ft) 112.5 ft-kips 4 4 s Wl M 13.4 ft-kips 112.5 ft-kips 125.9 ft-kips y s c M M M Example: Masonry Beams in Flexure
The allowable stresses, in accordance with MSJC Sec. 2.3.2, Sec. 2.3.3, and Sec. 2.3.4.2.2, are 2 1.20 in (11.63 in)(29 in) 0.00356 (0.00356)(12.9) 0.0459 s A bd n 2 2 lbf 29,000,000 in lbf 2,250,000 in 12.9 s m E n E in (18 ft) 12 ft 11.63 in 18.6 32 [satisfies MSJC Sec. 1.13.1.2] e l b 32,000 psi s F ' 2 lbf 0.45 (0.45) 2500 in 1125 psi b m F f Example: Masonry Beams in Flexure
The beam is not adequate. The beam depth and/or reinforcement should be increased to reduce the stresses. 2 2 2 ( ) (2)(0.0459) (0.0459) 0.0459 0.260 k n n n 1 0.913 3 k j 2 2 2 in lbf (2)(125.9 ft-kips) 12 1000 ft kip (0.913)(0.260)(11.63 in)(29 in) 1300 psi [not satisfactory]y b b M f jkbd F 2 in lbf (125.9 ft-kips) 12 1000 ft kip (0.913)(29 in)(1.20 in ) 47,500 psi [not satisfactory]
y s s s M f jdA F
Example: Masonry Beams in Flexure
SD Method The total factored moment at midspan, Mu, is given by IBC load combination (16‐2) as The stress block depth, a, is 2 2 ' 2 kips (1.20 in ) 60 in kips 0.80 (0.80)(11.63 in) 2.5 in 3.10 in s y m A F a bf 1.2 1.6 (1.2)(13.4 ft-kips) (1.6)(112.5 ft-kips) 196.1 ft-kips u s c M M M Example: Masonry Beams in Flexure
SD Method The nominal strength, Mn, is 2 2 2 kips 3.10 in (1.20 in ) 60 29 in in 2 in 12 ft 164.7 ft-kips n s y a M A F d (0.9)(164.7 ft-kips)148.2 ft-kips [not satisfactory]
n u M M The design strength, Mn, is The beam is not adequate. The beam depth and reinforcement should be increased to increase the design strength.
Masonry Beams in Flexure
biaxial bending • ASD method: determine combined stresses by calculating stress due to each moment independently and using superposition. • Sum of stresses should not exceed allowable stresses. • SD method: the interaction equation is the most convenient way of determining adequacy of member.Example: Biaxial Bending
Beams in Shear
shear reinforcement
(MSJC Sec. 2.3.6.4 and Sec. 3.3.4.2.3)
• reinforcement is a single bar with a hook at each end, hooked around longitudinal reinforcement
• first bar placed within dv/4
• spacing of shear reinforcing bars is
d ≤ h/2 ≤ 48 in
• design shear calculated at d/2 from the support.
Beams in Shear
design for shear – ASD method (MSJC Sec. 2.3.6.1.1) • shear stress in masonry, fv • allowable masonry shear stress, Fvm • if fv > Fvm, shear reinforcement must carry residual stress • area of shear reinforcement required is derived from • allowable shear stress, Fv • for a typical beam,
0.5 v s vs n A F d F A s ' 1 4.0 1.75 0.25 2 vm m M P F f Vd An v v f bd v vm vs F F F ' 2 v m F fBeams in Shear
design for shear – SD method • nominal masonry shear strength, Vnm • area of shear reinforcement required is derived from • nominal shear strength, Vn = Vnm+ Vns • for a typical beam,
' 4.0 1.75 0.25 u nm nv m u v n M V A f V d P A (0.5) v ns y v A V f d s ' 4 n nv m V A fExample: Beams in Shear
The 12 in solid‐grouted concrete block masonry beam shown is simply supported over an effective span of 18 ft. The masonry has a compressive strength 2500 psi. No shear reinforcement is provided. The effective depth is 29 in, the overall depth is 32 in, and the beam is laterally braced at both ends. The self weight of the beam is 124 psf. Determine whether or not the beam is adequate for shear.Example: Beams in Shear
The beam self‐weight, w, is At a distance of d/2 from the support, the shear produced by the self‐weight, Vs, is At a distance of d/2 from the support, the shear produced by the concentrated load, Vc, is ASD Method The total ASD shear, V, is given by IBC load combination (16‐9) as lbf 124 (2.67 ft) ft 331 lbf/ft w
lbf 331 18 ft 2.42 ft ( ) ft 2 lbf (2) 1000 kip 2.6 kips s w l d V 2.5 kips 12.5 kips 2 2 c W V 2.6 kips 12.5 kips 15.1 kips s c V V V Example: Beams in Shear
The allowable shear stress, Fv, in accordance with MSJC Eq. 2‐27, is limited to The shear stress, fv, as given by MSJC Eq. 2‐24, is Per MSJC Sec. 2.3.6.1.2, M/Vd may be taken equal to 1.0. From MSJC Eq. 2‐2, the allowable shear stress in a beam without shear reinforcement, Fvm, is The beam is adequate for shear without shear reinforcement.
' 2 1 4.0 (1.75) (0.25) 2 1 lbf 4.0 (1.75)(1.0) 2500 0 2 in 56 psi [satisfactory] vm m n v M P F f Vd A f ' 2 lbf 2 2 2500 100 psi in m f 15,100 lbf (11.63 in)(29 in) v V f bd Example: Beams in Shear
SD Method The total factored shear, Vu, at a distance of d/2 from the support is given by IBC load combination (16‐2) as The maximum nominal shear capacity permitted, Vn, assuming Mu/Vudv = 1.0, is limited by MSJC Eq. 2‐33 to The maximum design shear capacity permitted, Vn, is (0.8)(67.5 kips) 54.0 kips [satisfactory] n u V V 1.2 1.6 (1.2)(2.6 kips) (1.6)(12.5 kips) 23.1 kips u s c V V V 2 ' lbf 2500 in 4 (4)(11.63 in)(29 in) lbf 1000 kip 67.5 kips n nv m V A f Example: Beams in Shear
The nominal capacity of the beam without shear reinforcement, Vnm, is given by MSJC Eq. 3‐23 as The design strength of the beam, Vnm, is The beam is adequate for shear without shear reinforcement.
' 2 4.0 (1.75) 0.25 4.0 (1.75)(1.0) (11.63 in) lbf 2500 in 29 in 0 lbf 1000 kip 37.9 kips nm nv m u M V A f P Vd (0.8)(37.9 kips) 30.4 kips [satisfactory] nm u V V Design of Masonry Columns
dimensional limitations (MSJC Sec. 1.6, Sec. 1.14.1, and Sec. 2.3.4.3) • minimum column width is 8 in • distance between lateral supports is limited to 99r • dmax ≤ 3t (nominal) • h ≥ 4t • longitudinal reinforcement area is limited to (0.25% – 4%)An • at least 4 bars must be providedDesign of Masonry Columns
dimensional limitations (MSJC Sec. 1.6, Sec. 1.14.1, and Sec. 2.3.4.3) • minimum tie diameter is ¼ in • tie spacing, s, must be least of 16 × longitudinal bar diameter, 48 × lateral bar diameter, or least column dimension • first and last ties must be within 0.5s from footing, slab, or beam horizontal Figure 6.6 Column DimensionsExample: Column Dimensional Limitations
Example: Column Dimensional Limitations
Design of Masonry Columns
axial compression in columns – ASD method (MSJC Sec. 2.3.4.2.1 and Sec. 2.3.4.3)
• If h/r ≤ 99, the allowable axial load is • If h/r > 99, the allowable axial load is
0.25 ' 0.65
1 2 140 a m n st s h P f A A F r
0.25 ' 0.65
70 2 a m n st s r P f A A F h MSJC Eq. 2‐21 MSJC Eq. 2‐22 • columns must be also be designed for eccentricity (min. 0.1t) • for grade 60 rebar, Fs = 32,000 psiDesign of Masonry Columns
axial compression in columns: SD method (MSJC Sec. 3.2.4.1.1) • If h/r ≤ 99, the allowable axial load is given by MSJC Eq. 3‐18. • If h/r > 99, the allowable axial load is
'
2 (0.80) 0.80 ( ) 1 140 n m n st st y P f A A A f h r
'
70 2 (0.80) 0.80 ( ) n m n st st y r P f A A A f h MSJC Eq. 3‐18 MSJC Eq. 3‐19Example: Axial Compression in Columns
Design of Masonry Columns
combined compression and flexure: ASD method (MSJC Sec. 2.3.4.2.2) • Allowable compressive stress due to combined load is • Allowable compressive strength due to axial load is per previous section. • When there is no tensile stress due to combined load, consider the section uncracked. • Otherwise, section is cracked and iterative approach is required. ' 0.45 b m F fDesign of Masonry Columns
Design of Masonry Columns
combined compression and flexure SD method (MSJC Sec. 3.1.2 and Sec. 3.2.2) • Assume a neutral axis, C. • Equate compressive and tensile forces acting on section such that • Adjust the neutral axis depth until force equilibrium is achieved. • The nominal moment strength, Mn, is ' ' ' 0.64 n m s m s s s y P C C T cbf A A f ' 2 2 2 2 n m s b a b b M C C d T d Example: Combined Compression and Flexure
Design of Masonry Columns
maximum reinforcement ratio for columns (MSJC Sec. 3.3.3.5.1)
• similar to requirements for flexural members • axial loads are included in the analysis with
• maximum area of tension reinforcement, Amax, is
' max ' 0.286 m y s bdf P A f f 0.75 0.525 E P D L Q
Example: Maximum Reinforcement Ratio
Design of Shear Walls
shear wall types (MSJC Sec. 1.6 and Sec. 1.18.3.2.3.1) ordinary plain • may be used only in seismic design categories A and B detailed plain • minimum no. 4 at 120 in vertical and horizontal • may be used only in seismic design categories A and BDesign of Shear Walls
shear wall types (MSJC Sec. 1.6 and Sec. 1.18.3.2.3.1) ordinary reinforced • minimum reinforcement per above and stress in reinforcement considered • may be used only in seismic design categories A, B, and C (up to 160 ft) intermediate reinforced • minimum reinforcement with reduced vertical bar spacing (48 in) • may be used only in seismic design categories A, B, and CDesign of Shear Walls
shear wall types (MSJC Sec. 1.6 and Sec. 1.18.3.2.3.1)
special reinforced
• minimum reinforcement per MSJC Sec. 1.18.3.2.6 designed to resist lateral forces • must be used in seismic design categories D, E, and F
Poll: Shear Walls
A two‐story masonry building is designed in seismic design category C. Which acceptable shear wall type includes the fewest detailing requirements? (A) ordinary plain (B) detailed plain (C) ordinary reinforced (D) intermediate reinforced (E) special reinforcedPoll: Shear Walls
A two‐story masonry building is designed in seismic design category C. Which acceptable shear wall type includes the fewest detailing requirements? (A) ordinary plain (B) detailed plain (C) ordinary reinforced (D) intermediate reinforced (E) special reinforced Since the building is seismic design category C, plain walls are not acceptable, so (A) and (B) are incorrect. Ordinary reinforced walls have fewer detailing requirements than intermediate or special reinforced walls, so (D) and (E) are incorrect. The answer is (C).Design of Shear Walls
special reinforced shear wall requirements (MSJC Sec. 1.18.3.2.6) • ASD method: must resist 1.5 times the seismic forces • SD method: must resist shear corresponding to 1.25 times nominal flexural strength, except Vn need not exceed 2.5Vu • Shear reinforcement may be anchored around vertical reinforcement with a standard hook.Design of Shear Walls
Figure 6.12 Reinforcement Details for Stack Bond
Special Reinforced Shear Wall
Figure 6.11 Reinforcement Details for Special