• No results found

Homothallism: an umbrella term for describing diverse sexual behaviours

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2020

Share "Homothallism: an umbrella term for describing diverse sexual behaviours"

Copied!
8
0
0

Full text

(1)

AR

TICLE

© 2015 International Mycological Association

You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions:

Attribution:

Non-commercial:

No derivative works:

For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights.

INTRODUCTION

@$ % % 9% $

% V%.9–O et al 566"

G !""7 ;56!4W$ $ . % * I 9 566# V +!"67

9 $ V . + !"67 $ 9%  .% % $ < %.% O % $V% @OO56!7 % ? % $ . N %

% % % $

N $ MAT1 2 I @ !""# V% K % U/V.!

. MAT1-1 .

% U/V.5 .

MAT1-2VI5666N

$ ? $

> et al.56!!V

MAT1Z

%

MAT1-1 MAT1-2 $

% V % N $ ?

‰ % . % % % $ / $ % Œ V

Homothallism: an umbrella term for describing diverse sexual behaviours

/U‰!;U‰!U /%> !SV@ 5U`‰!+<

‰!

!< ] W / + N Z% ; ;% +‹569 ; @

/665EK .[^O

5< U; ; W / + N Z% ; ;% +‹56

9 ; 665E@ /

Abstract:@$ $ $

O % V % $ ‰ % V %% . K $ V% %

Article info:@ [57U56!4K/ [!4`56!4K;[!"`56!4

Key words:

U

(2)

AR

TICLE

% % N O ? $

CONVENTIONAL CATEGORIES OF

HOMOTHALLISM

Primary homothallism

; . % 9

? $MAT1-1

MAT1-2> et al.56!!KW! V $

MAT genes

U/V.!U/V.5 . * I 9 566# ] $ ;˜ et al.!""# et al.

!"""] et al.5664

V % % V

Aspergillus nidulans$ $ ; % et al. !"4_ N % % $ %

% ‰ et al. 56!6]

A. nidulans

MAT1-1-1 %

MAT1-2-1 % 9U] $ $

; et al.566#V

AspergillusA. parasiticus

A. fumigatus% MAT1-1-1 MAT1-2-1 gene9et al.566"Q]et al.

566"

Pseudohomothallism

; $ . $ ‰ !"7" 9% $ ? $ ‰ !"7" <!"4#*I9 566# N $ % . W!V . <!"5#N W < !"4#V%%

Neurospora tetrasperma<!"5#Podospora anserina / !"_7 Gelasinospora tetrasperma

<!"__

; % in N. tetrasperma < !"5# N Œ . W

Neurospora N. tetrasperma < !"5#V "6 z Œ!""5 [ $ U/V.! $ U/V.5 <!"5#V % V %  $ % U et al.!""FV

æ!6 z N. tetrasperma are

$ Œ!""5V % Œ !""5 /

MATING TYPE SWITCHING

/ % $ *I9 566# N % % % V $ ? $ * I 9 566#KW!

Bidirectional Mating Type Switching

V % in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ‰ I* !"_# *I * !"7_ !"77 N . . % Q %% %?

MAT1-1 MATY?

MAT1-2 MATa

(3)

AR

TICLE

9% $ . % ? $

Q MAT1

UV*

. ' MAT1 >

I V !"E6 ‰ %MAT1

? MAT UV*

MAT1-1? HMLY

MAT1-2? HMRa

V UV* % G?

MAT $

%MAT1 et al. 566_

V U/V. ! U/V.5 ? V ?

In S. cerevisiae %

MAT1

UV*V . 9Q

% V 9QŽ

% O

%MAT1 <>/

$ > !"E5V'UV*

Fig. 1./ %

%

Primary homothallism: V

MAT

in Aspergillus nidulansPseudohomothallism:

@. N $ seen in Neurospora tetraspermaBidirectional

mating type switching: G

V $$ %

Saccharomyces cerevisiaeUnidirectional mating

type switching:G

$ $ V ? % $ V mating system is seen in Chromocrea spinulosa

Unisexual reproduction:G

(4)

AR

TICLE

which a new MAT1 via gene % V

UV* MATY MATa N

$ ? $ N

% 9Q9Q.

. $ V % % % 9 !""E56!5

Unidirectional Mating Type Switching

‰

%S. cerevisiae.

V % .

Chromocrea, Ceratocystis,

Glomerella, Sclerotinia‰!"46U !"45 ZIWŒ!"E_;!"E#9 IU>!""# ‰ et al.5666‰ et al.56!7V% $ %

Z % Chromocrea spinulosa O $ U !"45V % .

%l

% l+ mating

U !"45 ‰

C. spinulosa . . %V$ % % V $ $ . %%U !"45

N .

l+ $ C. spinulosa V

l %

U !"45 V $ ˆ N

l+

via l V

$ $ U !"45V % % ? $ %.

Z . Ceratocystidaceae + et al. 56!7

% V $ O " ‰ I + !"F# U

Ceratocystidaceae9 IU>!""#‰ et al.5666‰ et al. 56!7‰et al.56!7*et

al56!4% . "

C. albifundus% MAT1

MAT1-1MAT1-1-1MAT1-1-2

MAT1-2MAT1-2-1/ $ . . ] . .

that MAT1-2-1 V

MAT1-1 ‰ et al. 5666 ‰ et

al. 56!7 9 %

%%

' MAT1-2-1‰ et

al.56!7N

Ceratocystidaceae V %

. MAT1-2-1

. * et

al.56!4N

% C.

seen in Chromocrea spinulosa % .

V $ N % N % / %*I9 566#>% ‰ % ç% ? % > % % ‰I* !"_#*!"7_

UNISEXUALITY– AN UNUSUAL FORM OF

HOMOTHALLISM

]I@ !""7%% in Neurospora africana V

? Neurospora species,

(5)

AR

TICLE

% mat A MAT1-1

mat a MAT1-2] et al. !""6 @ I !""6 .

V % mat A mat a

$ + et al.!""79% mat A

N. africana

V? % $ $

MAT ] I @ !""7 N %

. with the N. africana mat A ? . ] I @ !""7 V % . ?

mat A?

The mating strategy in N. africana % $ N % % N %

$ MAT1-1

MAT1-2

$ V ‰ ? $ $

MAT$

et al.56!7KW!

/ % $

Cryptococcus neoformans * et al. 5664 W O I 9 56!_ > et al. 56!_ V . O $

†.† $

* et al. 5664 Z$

> C. neoformans

% {"" z

† 2.G I + !"#E + $

% %$

.$ †

a % % 2.G

!"#F N ? % % †

$ †C. neoformans

‰ et al.!""FV   % N O $ % $ ? *

et al.5664

V$C. neoformans via

Q %% % $

/ % V

MAT1 N

? U

* et al. 5664 V

$ $ V $ $ $ $

† G?

$ $ V $ O ? $ ; et al.56!_

/ $ Candida albicans V $ $ >I`

566#N $ C. albicans can

$ V .9I` !""" % $. O$ + I`566_V%%

a\a †\†

? . + I`566_

Z$ C. albicans %

via

$ a /

et al. 566" V %% %

Bar1 N Bar1

a

.†

@ et al. 566# ‰ %a . % @ 5 V $

.† / et al.

566" V .$

%%%|• 9a.a

†

† N

a O $.†

+! %

$ aV.

$ a

. † †.†

mating/ et al.566"

V $ $ Huntiella moniliformis

‰ et al.56!4Ceratocystidaceae

% Ceratocystis+ et al.56!7 Z$

(6)

AR

TICLE

$ $ $

/ . H. omanensis,

% U/V.! U/V.5 $ $ @ $

MAT1-2

% ‰ et al.56!4

Z$ / $ ‰

N. africana % ? % 9% %

$ Neurospora species

O % $ % % ] et al.!""6]I@ !""7 et al.56!7 W Cryptococcus neoformans

$ ? % de novo W % % . %

$ > et al.56!_

CONCLUSIONS

@. % Œ N % $ % % @$ % % % / I 9 566# @$ % >566F

9 % $ V% $ . N % G $ % % %V% ? . O

the MAT1 ?

$

Z$ ? % N $ % in H. moniliformis ? %

V . $% $ $ % W $

Cryphonectria parasitica

% Cryphonectriaceae

DothideomycetesUet al!""_G % $ œ

V % via which

. % @. % $ O V

$ via

% % N % et al.56!7

V % Œ $ N % . 9% % ? % % V . $

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

VŒ Z% ; < @ V <@V\> W >W G S$ V 9 + ] N Z% ; N V V > W @ / ] ? ZN<E_"57V] $ >W >W % ‰ ] + S N% Z% ; %

REFERENCES

/ <2 9 W 566# ‰ $ [

N[ Sex in Fungi: molecular determination and

evolutionary implication 9 ` 2 `‰ V `‰

G */[45#­4_7‰ <G[/@ U;

(7)

AR

TICLE

460[E"6­E"_

/*U!"_79 %%. . Pleurage anserinaMycologia 26[ _"5­7!7

+ >; @ U* ] >* !""7 U O . Neurospora,

Gelasinospora AnixiellaMycological Research98[!_6"­!_!F + ` `/< 566_ G $

in Candida albicans

EMBO Journal22[5464­54!4

+ /W !"67 @$ Mucorineae

Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences40[ 564­_!"

G‹!""7@. O . O

Arianta arbustorumJournal of Zoology232[7F4­7#!

+‰<V/+N‰+<‰U`56!7

CeratocystisStudies in Mycology

79[!E#­5!"

<+Q!"5#> NeurosporaJournal of Agricultural Research35[5E"­_64

< +Q !"4# Neurospora ? Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club

84[!E5­!EE

<S@!"__Gelasinospora

Canadian Journal of Research9[5"7­_64

W OU9 `56!_] %$

$ Cryptococcus neoformansPLoS

Genetics9[!66_FEE

]`SG%@SGGU*`‰ `et al.5664

@? Aspergillus nidulans %

with A. fumigatusA. oryzaeNature438[!!64­!!!4 ] >* ] ` U O * !""6Neurospora

crassa / . Proceedings of the National

Academy of Sciences, USA87[7"!5­7"!F

]>*U O*Œ>+!""69 Sordariaceae

[ a mating

?Experimental Mycology14[5#7­5E"

] >* @ U* !""7 @ . Neurospora africana

Molecular and General Genetics244[76!­76"

9 `S !""E U . Saccharomyces cerevisiaeAnnual Review of Genetics32[4F!­4""

9 `S 56!5 U . ] MAT switching in

Saccharomyces cerevisiaeGenetics191[__­F7

9 VG U> <* !""# @. Z. . Ceratocystis coerulescens, a

Current Genetics32[45­4"

9+‰O.;`9GN566"@$

' $.Aspergillus

parasiticusFungal Genetics and Biology46[!F"­!#4

9GU`/<!"""N .

$ Candida albicansScience285[

!5#!­!5#4

2 `‰ @ G !""# U

Annual Review of Genetics31[574­5#F

2.G2`!"#FUFilobasidiella neoformans, $ Cryptococcus neoformansMycologia 68[ E5!­E__

2.G 2` + `S !"#E < è a mating

Cryptococcus neoformans

American Journal of Epidemiology 108[__#­_76 *<$`‰+<‰U`56!4X

% . . Ceratocystis albifundus

Plant Pathology[[!6!!!!\!5_7"

* ‹ 9 ` 566# U

N[Sex

in Fungi: molecular determination and evolutionary implication 9 `2 `‰V`‰G */[_4­4# ‰ <G[/@ U; * ‹ 9 GU 9 ` 5664 @$

Cryptococcus neoformans

Nature 434[!6!#­!65!

* GG * ] !"7_ @

Saccharomyces cerevisiaeAnnals of the Missouri Botanical Garden30[74_­7FE

* GG * ] !"77 N

SaccharomycesAnnals of the Missouri Botanical

Garden31[56_­5!F

U U !"45 /

Chromocrea spinulosa W; Annals of Botany

16[77"­7FE

U @V > U/ ` <` > % <Q !""F

; % .

Neurospora tetraspermaGenetics143[#E"­#"" U U] * @S S / * G !""_ S

Cryphonectria parasiticaHeredity70[_E4­_"5

> 2/!"E5U Annual Review of Genetics16[7_"­466

> 2/V 2!"E6V Cell19[#4_­#F7

>566F‰$œScience311["F6­"F!

> U W O U * ‰ W./% / UO ;et

al. 56!_ Z$ $

% de novo in the yeast Cryptococcus neoformansPLoS Biology11[!66!F4_ >UW OU@@‰‹9 `56!!@$

Annual Review of Genetics45[764­7_6

> @U ` /< 566# ] Candida albicans, a

Annual Review of Genetics41[ !"_­5!!

Q] GU W 9V < ;@ 566" <% $

Aspergillus fumigatus

Nature457[7#!­7#7

; ` 56!4 S% O

Molecular Ecology24[56!E­56_#

; U@W//U`2>G%/Uet al.566# U . Aspergillus nidulansCurrent Biology17[!_E7­!_E" ;<<!"E#U .

Genetics115[5!4­5!F

;@@W OU9 `56!_Z$ % $ via Eukaryotic Cell

12[!!44­!!4"

;˜ @ @ 2‘ Z QO 9< !""# U . Sordaria macrospora are

(8)

AR

TICLE

147[4F#­4E6

; % ] `/ 9 */ U< <2 + ‰` !"4_ V Aspergillus nidulansAdvances in Genetics5[!7!­5_E

Œ>+!""5W

Neurospora tetraspermaMycological

Research96[!6_­!!F

2 W O U @ @ 9 ` 56!7 Z$

Advances in Genetics85[544­_64

*> 2 /* ` 566_ V

Saccharomyces

cerevisiaeAnnual Review of Biochemistry72[7E!­4!F @OO G 56!7 W .

Fungal Biology and Biotechnology1[#

@<Gª ;‰ U+ `566#+ %

in Candida albicans

Eukaryotic Cell6["6#­"!E

@ G G !""6Neurospora crassa .

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA

87[7"!#­7"5!

V%.9–O U/ U|O > @.+– ` 566"

Branchiomma bairdi[

. ]GPolychaeta[SabellidaeMarine Biodiversity Records2[7_

V+]Q5666;

Fungal Genetics and Biology

31[!­4

Z ` WŒ 9 !"E_ 9

Sclerotinia trifoliorumPhytopathology73[4F"J4#5

‰ G.* @ ‰.+ @ +< 56!6 Aspergillus nidulans

@ @ / $ % O

Fungal Genetics and Biology 47[

#E"­#""

‰ + S !"F# V . . " Mycologia

59[5!5­55!

‰ 9 !"46 ] Glomerella XNNN/ American Journal of Botany

37[_67­_!5

‰ 9!"7"9 $ Biological Reviews24[7!!­77#

‰+*UUSSZS`G!""F<

Cryptococcus neoformans[

Proceedings of the National Academy

of Sciences, USA93[#_5#­#__!

‰ ;U @ SV ‰ U` < + ‰ ‰ +< 56!7 <>/ "

. PloS One9["5!E6

‰/] V%> U/‰;U‰U`

et al. 56!4 Z$ Huntiella moniliformis

Fungal Genetics and Biology80[!­"

‰ Q * Q !"_# Q Saccharomyces

. Comptes Rendus des Travaux du

Laboratoire Carlsberg22[""­!!#

‰ G 9 VG ‰ +< @ `; ‰ U` 5666 < MAT-2 . . . CeratocystisCurrent Genetics38[7E­45

@.9 + U* Q V +] !""" S% . % .

Figure

Fig. 1.��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����� �������� ���������� �������� �������� �������������������������������������������������������������� ������� ������ ���� ������ ������ �������� ������������� ������ ���������� ����������� ������� ������Primary homothallism: ���� ��������� ��� �����MAT� ����������� ������� �� ������� ������� ����������� ������������ ����������� ��� ������ ��������������������������������������������������������������in Aspergillus nidulans�� Pseudohomothallism: ��������������������������������������������������������������� ������� ����� ������� ������� �� ������� ������������������ ������� ������������� �������� ��� ��������������� ��� ����� ����������� ����������� ���seen in Neurospora tetrasperma�� Bidirectional mating type switching: �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������Saccharomyces cerevisiae��Unidirectional mating type switching:���������������������������������������� ���� ����� ��� ������� ������� ������ ������������ ������ ������� ����� �������� �������� ��� ������������������������� ������ ������� ����� ��� ������� ���������������������������������������������������������������� ��� �������� ������� �������������� �����mating system is seen in Chromocrea spinulosa��Unisexual reproduction:������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������type partner as in Cryptococcus neoformans�

References

Related documents

Having modified a copy of the Program under the conditions of section 2, thus forming a work based on the Program, you You may copy and distribute convey such modifications or a

tions, taken together with the finding that 1) activation of /8-adrenergic receptors is associated with an in- creased influx of Ca 2+ ; 12 and 2) Ca 2+ is required for

In this chapter, we faced the question of whether it is possible to estimate at the same time the task being performed (reach a target position) and the signal model (binary

Young people will experience a broad and balanced curriculum with deep specialisms in Biomedical and Environmental Science and a learning and working day that will give them

Studies have shown that majority of tourists today refer to the internet, in this case, the world wide web for information on places thev would want to visit. The Travel

Atas hubungannya yang mulai tidakbegitu baik dengan kerajaan pusat, maka pada tahun 1975, Mustapha yang menjadi Ketua Menteri Sabah sejak tahun 1967 membangkitkan

daripada orang-orang Melayu Brunei tetapi mereka tidak mendapatkan bekalan ikan daripada PNK Miri secara berterusan kerana masalah bekalan. Mereka hanya mengimport

In present work we have treated the rice husk with alkali treatment as it helps to improve the mechanical properties compared to other treatment like

Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement and Sand with GBBS and Robosand., International Journal of. Engineering Research &amp;

due to queueing of acks in the reverse path of the connection, again triggering a large burst of outgoing packets. Third, in networks with large bandwidth delay product

For children pre- senting to EDs with abdominal pain, we hypothesized that compared with non- Hispanic white patients, minority pa- tients would be less likely to have a pain

MS medium with BA induced optimal callus formation with poor anthocyanin content.. Similarly, NAA and BA treatments also showed poor

at the level of stratum corneum, for both of gossypol- containing coagels used along this study none has carried gossypol beyond stratum corneum even if L-AI coagel has shown to

In our study about 24 % pharmacy students got higher response to the survey question on attitude of rational use of antibiotics “whenever I take an antibiotic, I

Sixteen children had RH: 8 had super fi cial intraretinal peripapillary RH adjacent to a swollen optic disc, and 8 had only splinter hemorrhages directly on a swollen disc..

a signi fi cant effect on the demonstrated change in antibody levels among patients who had just received one dose.. Follow-up vaccine analysis done 3 months after surgery was

Such a collegiate cul- ture, like honors cultures everywhere, is best achieved by open and trusting relationships of the students with each other and the instructor, discussions

The following process analysis will rest on three modelling stages: the SCOR process charts are used for the process description and visualization; common notations and

Answers to RQ2: Factors Associated with Use of Maternal Health Services The logistics regression analysis showed that, in at least one of the three DHS surveys, factors

A 0.5 kg block slides from the point A (see figure) on a horizontal track with an initial speed of 3m/s towards a weightless horizontal spring of length 1 m and force constant

from the Blues Brothers Movie Think Big Band Arranged by Philippe Marillia Vocal (Aretha) Aretha F ranklin Ted White Think f.. Think Think Think you think think

with a review of cases that have considered the rule under Montana law, and detailed the policy considerations that arise when considering insured coverage disputes.