AR
TICLE
© 2015 International Mycological Association
You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions:
Attribution:
Non-commercial:
No derivative works:
For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights.
INTRODUCTION
@$ % % 9% $
% V%.9O et al 566"
G !""7 ;56!4W$ $ . % * I 9 566# V +!"67
9 $ V . + !"67 $ 9% .% % $ < %.% O % $V% @OO56!7 % ? % $ . N %
% % % $
N $ MAT1 2 I @ !""# V% K % U/V.!
. MAT1-1 .
% U/V.5 .
MAT1-2VI5666N
$ ? $
> et al.56!!V
MAT1Z
%
MAT1-1 MAT1-2 $
% V % N $ ?
% . % % % $ / $ % V
Homothallism: an umbrella term for describing diverse sexual behaviours
/U!;U!U /%> !SV@ 5U`!+<
!
!< ] W / + N Z% ; ;% +569 ; @
/665EK .[^O
5< U; ; W / + N Z% ; ;% +56
9 ; 665E@ /
Abstract:@$ $ $
O % V % $ % V %% . K $ V% %
Article info:@ [57U56!4K/ [!4`56!4K;[!"`56!4
Key words:
U
AR
TICLE
% % N O ? $
CONVENTIONAL CATEGORIES OF
HOMOTHALLISM
Primary homothallism
; . % 9
? $MAT1-1
MAT1-2> et al.56!!KW! V $
MAT genes
U/V.!U/V.5 . * I 9 566# ] $ ; et al.!""# et al.
!"""] et al.5664
V % % V
Aspergillus nidulans$ $ ; % et al. !"4_ N % % $ %
% et al. 56!6]
A. nidulans
MAT1-1-1 %
MAT1-2-1 % 9U] $ $
; et al.566#V
AspergillusA. parasiticus
A. fumigatus% MAT1-1-1 MAT1-2-1 gene9et al.566"Q]et al.
566"
Pseudohomothallism
; $ . $ !"7" 9% $ ? $ !"7" <!"4#*I9 566# N $ % . W!V . <!"5#N W < !"4#V%%
Neurospora tetrasperma<!"5#Podospora anserina / !"_7 Gelasinospora tetrasperma
<!"__
; % in N. tetrasperma < !"5# N . W
Neurospora N. tetrasperma < !"5#V "6 z !""5 [ $ U/V.! $ U/V.5 <!"5#V % V % $ % U et al.!""FV
æ!6 z N. tetrasperma are
$ !""5V % !""5 /
MATING TYPE SWITCHING
/ % $ *I9 566# N % % % V $ ? $ * I 9 566#KW!
Bidirectional Mating Type Switching
V % in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, I* !"_# *I * !"7_ !"77 N . . % Q %% %?
MAT1-1 MATY?
MAT1-2 MATa
AR
TICLE
9% $ . % ? $
Q MAT1
UV*
. ' MAT1 >
I V !"E6 %MAT1
? MAT UV*
MAT1-1? HMLY
MAT1-2? HMRa
V UV* % G?
MAT $
%MAT1 et al. 566_
V U/V. ! U/V.5 ? V ?
In S. cerevisiae %
MAT1
UV*V . 9Q
% V 9Q
% O
%MAT1 <>/
$ > !"E5V'UV*
Fig. 1./ %
%
Primary homothallism: V
MAT
in Aspergillus nidulansPseudohomothallism:
@. N $ seen in Neurospora tetraspermaBidirectional
mating type switching: G
V $$ %
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeUnidirectional mating
type switching:G
$ $ V ? % $ V mating system is seen in Chromocrea spinulosa
Unisexual reproduction:G
AR
TICLE
which a new MAT1 via gene % V
UV* MATY MATa N
$ ? $ N
% 9Q9Q.
. $ V % % % 9 !""E56!5
Unidirectional Mating Type Switching
%S. cerevisiae.
V % .
Chromocrea, Ceratocystis,
Glomerella, Sclerotinia!"46U !"45 ZIW!"E_;!"E#9 IU>!""# et al.5666 et al.56!7V% $ %
Z % Chromocrea spinulosa O $ U !"45V % .
%l
% l+ mating
U !"45
C. spinulosa . . %V$ % % V $ $ . %%U !"45
N .
l+ $ C. spinulosa V
l %
U !"45 V $ N
l+
via l V
$ $ U !"45V % % ? $ %.
Z . Ceratocystidaceae + et al. 56!7
% V $ O " I + !"F# U
Ceratocystidaceae9 IU>!""# et al.5666 et al. 56!7et al.56!7*et
al56!4% . "
C. albifundus% MAT1
MAT1-1MAT1-1-1MAT1-1-2
MAT1-2MAT1-2-1/ $ . . ] . .
that MAT1-2-1 V
MAT1-1 et al. 5666 et
al. 56!7 9 %
%%
' MAT1-2-1 et
al.56!7N
Ceratocystidaceae V %
. MAT1-2-1
. * et
al.56!4N
% C.
seen in Chromocrea spinulosa % .
V $ N % N % / %*I9 566#>% % ç% ? % > % % I* !"_#*!"7_
UNISEXUALITY– AN UNUSUAL FORM OF
HOMOTHALLISM
]I@ !""7%% in Neurospora africana V
? Neurospora species,
AR
TICLE
% mat A MAT1-1
mat a MAT1-2] et al. !""6 @ I !""6 .
V % mat A mat a
$ + et al.!""79% mat A
N. africana
V? % $ $
MAT ] I @ !""7 N %
. with the N. africana mat A ? . ] I @ !""7 V % . ?
mat A?
The mating strategy in N. africana % $ N % % N %
$ MAT1-1
MAT1-2
$ V ? $ $
MAT$
et al.56!7KW!
/ % $
Cryptococcus neoformans * et al. 5664 W O I 9 56!_ > et al. 56!_ V . O $
. $
* et al. 5664 Z$
> C. neoformans
% {"" z
2.G I + !"#E + $
% %$
.$
a % % 2.G
!"#F N ? % %
$ C. neoformans
et al.!""FV % N O $ % $ ? *
et al.5664
V$C. neoformans via
Q %% % $
/ % V
MAT1 N
? U
* et al. 5664 V
$ $ V $ $ $ $
G?
$ $ V $ O ? $ ; et al.56!_
/ $ Candida albicans V $ $ >I`
566#N $ C. albicans can
$ V .9I` !""" % $. O$ + I`566_V%%
a\a \
? . + I`566_
Z$ C. albicans %
via
$ a /
et al. 566" V %% %
Bar1 N Bar1
a
.
@ et al. 566# %a . % @ 5 V $
. / et al.
566" V .$
%%%| 9a.a
N
a O $.
+! %
$ aV.
$ a
. .
mating/ et al.566"
V $ $ Huntiella moniliformis
et al.56!4Ceratocystidaceae
% Ceratocystis+ et al.56!7 Z$
AR
TICLE
$ $ $
/ . H. omanensis,
% U/V.! U/V.5 $ $ @ $
MAT1-2
% et al.56!4
Z$ / $
N. africana % ? % 9% %
$ Neurospora species
O % $ % % ] et al.!""6]I@ !""7 et al.56!7 W Cryptococcus neoformans
$ ? % de novo W % % . %
$ > et al.56!_
CONCLUSIONS
@. % N % $ % % @$ % % % / I 9 566# @$ % >566F
9 % $ V% $ . N % G $ % % %V% ? . O
the MAT1 ?
$
Z$ ? % N $ % in H. moniliformis ? %
V . $% $ $ % W $
Cryphonectria parasitica
% Cryphonectriaceae
DothideomycetesUet al!""_G % $
V % via which
. % @. % $ O V
$ via
% % N % et al.56!7
V % $ N % . 9% % ? % % V . $
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
V Z% ; < @ V <@V\> W >W G S$ V 9 + ] N Z% ; N V V > W @ / ] ? ZN<E_"57V] $ >W >W % ] + S N% Z% ; %
REFERENCES
/ <2 9 W 566# $ [
N[ Sex in Fungi: molecular determination and
evolutionary implication 9 ` 2 ` V `
G */[45#4_7 <G[/@ U;
AR
TICLE
460[E"6E"_
/*U!"_79 %%. . Pleurage anserinaMycologia 26[ _"57!7
+ >; @ U* ] >* !""7 U O . Neurospora,
Gelasinospora AnixiellaMycological Research98[!_6"!_!F + ` `/< 566_ G $
in Candida albicans
EMBO Journal22[546454!4
+ /W !"67 @$ Mucorineae
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences40[ 564_!"
G!""7@. O . O
Arianta arbustorumJournal of Zoology232[7F47#!
+<V/+N+<U`56!7
CeratocystisStudies in Mycology
79[!E#5!"
<+Q!"5#> NeurosporaJournal of Agricultural Research35[5E"_64
< +Q !"4# Neurospora ? Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
84[!E5!EE
<S@!"__Gelasinospora
Canadian Journal of Research9[5"7_64
W OU9 `56!_] %$
$ Cryptococcus neoformansPLoS
Genetics9[!66_FEE
]`SG%@SGGU*` `et al.5664
@? Aspergillus nidulans %
with A. fumigatusA. oryzaeNature438[!!64!!!4 ] >* ] ` U O * !""6Neurospora
crassa / . Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, USA87[7"!57"!F
]>*U O*>+!""69 Sordariaceae
[ a mating
?Experimental Mycology14[5#75E"
] >* @ U* !""7 @ . Neurospora africana
Molecular and General Genetics244[76!76"
9 `S !""E U . Saccharomyces cerevisiaeAnnual Review of Genetics32[4F!4""
9 `S 56!5 U . ] MAT switching in
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeGenetics191[__F7
9 VG U> <* !""# @. Z. . Ceratocystis coerulescens, a
Current Genetics32[454"
9+O.;`9GN566"@$
' $.Aspergillus
parasiticusFungal Genetics and Biology46[!F"!#4
9GU`/<!"""N .
$ Candida albicansScience285[
!5#!!5#4
2 ` @ G !""# U
Annual Review of Genetics31[5745#F
2.G2`!"#FUFilobasidiella neoformans, $ Cryptococcus neoformansMycologia 68[ E5!E__
2.G 2` + `S !"#E < è a mating
Cryptococcus neoformans
American Journal of Epidemiology 108[__#_76 *<$`+<U`56!4X
% . . Ceratocystis albifundus
Plant Pathology[[!6!!!!\!5_7"
* 9 ` 566# U
N[Sex
in Fungi: molecular determination and evolutionary implication 9 `2 `V`G */[_44# <G[/@ U; * 9 GU 9 ` 5664 @$
Cryptococcus neoformans
Nature 434[!6!#!65!
* GG * ] !"7_ @
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeAnnals of the Missouri Botanical Garden30[74_7FE
* GG * ] !"77 N
SaccharomycesAnnals of the Missouri Botanical
Garden31[56_5!F
U U !"45 /
Chromocrea spinulosa W; Annals of Botany
16[77"7FE
U @V > U/ ` <` > % <Q !""F
; % .
Neurospora tetraspermaGenetics143[#E"#"" U U] * @S S / * G !""_ S
Cryphonectria parasiticaHeredity70[_E4_"5
> 2/!"E5U Annual Review of Genetics16[7_"466
> 2/V 2!"E6V Cell19[#4_#F7
>566F$Science311["F6"F!
> U W O U * W./% / UO ;et
al. 56!_ Z$ $
% de novo in the yeast Cryptococcus neoformansPLoS Biology11[!66!F4_ >UW OU@@9 `56!!@$
Annual Review of Genetics45[7647_6
> @U ` /< 566# ] Candida albicans, a
Annual Review of Genetics41[ !"_5!!
Q] GU W 9V < ;@ 566" <% $
Aspergillus fumigatus
Nature457[7#!7#7
; ` 56!4 S% O
Molecular Ecology24[56!E56_#
; U@W//U`2>G%/Uet al.566# U . Aspergillus nidulansCurrent Biology17[!_E7!_E" ;<<!"E#U .
Genetics115[5!45!F
;@@W OU9 `56!_Z$ % $ via Eukaryotic Cell
12[!!44!!4"
; @ @ 2 Z QO 9< !""# U . Sordaria macrospora are
AR
TICLE
147[4F#4E6
; % ] `/ 9 */ U< <2 + ` !"4_ V Aspergillus nidulansAdvances in Genetics5[!7!5_E
>+!""5W
Neurospora tetraspermaMycological
Research96[!6_!!F
2 W O U @ @ 9 ` 56!7 Z$
Advances in Genetics85[544_64
*> 2 /* ` 566_ V
Saccharomyces
cerevisiaeAnnual Review of Biochemistry72[7E!4!F @OO G 56!7 W .
Fungal Biology and Biotechnology1[#
@<Gª ; U+ `566#+ %
in Candida albicans
Eukaryotic Cell6["6#"!E
@ G G !""6Neurospora crassa .
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA
87[7"!#7"5!
V%.9O U/ U|O > @.+ ` 566"
Branchiomma bairdi[
. ]GPolychaeta[SabellidaeMarine Biodiversity Records2[7_
V+]Q5666;
Fungal Genetics and Biology
31[!4
Z ` W 9 !"E_ 9
Sclerotinia trifoliorumPhytopathology73[4F"J4#5
G.* @ .+ @ +< 56!6 Aspergillus nidulans
@ @ / $ % O
Fungal Genetics and Biology 47[
#E"#""
+ S !"F# V . . " Mycologia
59[5!555!
9 !"46 ] Glomerella XNNN/ American Journal of Botany
37[_67_!5
9!"7"9 $ Biological Reviews24[7!!77#
+*UUSSZS`G!""F<
Cryptococcus neoformans[
Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences, USA93[#_5##__!
;U @ SV U` < + +< 56!7 <>/ "
. PloS One9["5!E6
/] V%> U/;UU`
et al. 56!4 Z$ Huntiella moniliformis
Fungal Genetics and Biology80[!"
Q * Q !"_# Q Saccharomyces
. Comptes Rendus des Travaux du
Laboratoire Carlsberg22[""!!#
G 9 VG +< @ `; U` 5666 < MAT-2 . . . CeratocystisCurrent Genetics38[7E45
@.9 + U* Q V +] !""" S% . % .