Cerebral Blood Flow Is Independent of Mean Arterial Blood Pressure in
Preterm Infants Undergoing Intensive Care
Lidia Tyszczuk, MBBS, MRCP*; Judith Meek, PhD, MBBS, MRCP*; Clare Elwell, PhD‡; and J. S. Wyatt, MBBS, FRCP*
ABSTRACT. Objective. Preterm infants are often pre-sumed to have a pressure passive cerebral circulation implying that a low mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) results in reduced cerebral perfusion. The aim of this study was to determine whether cerebral blood flow (CBF) was compromised in preterm infants whose MABP fell below 30 mm Hg (4 kPa).
Methods. Thirty preterm infants undergoing inten-sive care were studied within the first 24 hours of life. CBF was measured using near infrared spectroscopy. The infants were analyzed in two groups on the basis of their MABP at the time of study: group 1 had a MABP below 30 mm Hg and group 2 more than 30 mm Hg. CBF in the two groups was compared.
Results. There was no significant difference in the mean CBF between the two groups. In group 1 the me-dian MABP was 27.2 mm Hg (range, 23.7–29.9 mm Hg) and CBF was 13.9 (standard deviation, 66.9) mL•100 g21•min21. In group 2 the median MABP was 35.3 mm
Hg (range, 30.1–39.3 mm Hg) and CBF was 12.3 (standard deviation,66.4) mL•100 g21•min21. Mortality and
inci-dence of cranial ultrasound scan abnormalities were also not significantly different.
Conclusion. These results indicate that preterm in-fants undergoing intensive care are able to maintain ad-equate cerebral perfusion at a MABP in the range of 23.7 to 39.3 mm Hg.Pediatrics1998;102:337–341;near infrared spectroscopy, cerebral blood flow, cerebral autoregulation, blood pressure, preterm infant.
ABBREVIATIONS. CBF, cerebral blood flow; MABP, mean arte-rial blood pressure; NIRS, near infrared spectroscopy; Hbo2,
oxy-hemoglobin; Sao2, arterial oxygen saturation; TcPco2,
transcuta-neous partial pressure of carbon dioxide; SD, standard deviation.
S
everal studies of cerebral perfusion in sick pre-term infants undergoing intensive care have provided evidence of a failure of cerebral auto-regulation leading to a pressure-passive circula-tion.1,2 In these circumstances cerebral blood flow (CBF) has a direct linear relationship with mean ar-terial blood pressure (MABP). Failure of cerebral autoregulation combined with hypotension has been implicated in the pathogenesis of both ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebral lesions.3,4As it is not possiblein routine clinical practice to determine CBF directly, it has become standard practice to maintain MABP at more than an arbitrary level to minimize the risk of cerebral hypoperfusion. Several authorities have suggested that MABP should not be allowed to fall below 30 mm Hg (4 kPa) in sick infants undergoing intensive care,4 – 6 although there is little published evidence to support this. By contrast, the policy on the neonatal intensive care unit at University College London Hospital has been to tolerate a MABP in the range of 20 to 30 mm Hg (2.7– 4.0 kPa), provided the infant was clinically well with no signs of hypovole-mia or evidence of reduced perfusion of vital organs. The aim of this study was to investigate the rela-tion between MABP and CBF during the first 24 hours of life in preterm infants undergoing intensive care, especially at low values of MABP. To investi-gate the validity of applying a cutoff value of 30 mm Hg, we divided infants into two groups: those with a MABP less than 30 mm Hg (group 1), and those with a MABP greater than 30 mm Hg (group 2).
METHODS
The study was approved by the University College London Hospital’s committee on the ethics of human research, and in-formed parental consent was obtained before each study.
Study Participants
Thirty preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at University College London Hospital were studied (clinical details in Table 1). The only exclusion criterion was an abnormal cranial ultrasound scan at the time of the study. The median gestational age of the infants was 27.5 weeks (range, 24 –34 weeks) and median birth weight was 862 g (range, 460 –2100 g). All of the infants were studied within the first 24 hours after delivery and after initial stabilization in intensive care. They were all receiving intermittent positive pressure ventilation with increased levels of inspired oxygen. They were all clinically stable with normal arte-rial oxygen tensions and no clinical signs of hypovolemia at the time of study. Four infants were receiving dopamine infusions for the treatment of hypotension; 3 at a rate of#5mg•kg21•min21
and 1 at 10mg•kg21•min21, and in all cases this resulted in an
increase in MABP, although only 1 infant receiving dopamine had a MABP more than 30 mm Hg. Twenty-two infants were normally grown for gestational age and 8 had evidence of antenatal placen-tal dysfunction, on the basis of either a birth weight below the 3rd centile or abnormal antenatal umbilical artery Doppler wave-forms.
Decisions about the treatment of each infant were made by the attending physician on clinical grounds. The study protocol did not require any modification of existing treatment.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)
CBF was measured by NIRS using the oxyhemoglobin (Hbo2)
method that has been described in detail elsewhere.7,8In brief, a
rapid rise in arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2) is induced by an From the *Department of Paediatrics, University College London School of
Medicine; and the ‡Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, London, England.
Received for publication Oct 28, 1997; accepted Mar 13, 1998.
increase of the inspired oxygen concentration. The resulting rise in cerebral Hbo2concentration is measured by NIRS and CBF is
obtained from a modification of the Fick principle. To account for the light scattering properties of the tissue a differential path-length factor is incorporated into the calculations. A value of 5.13 was used in this study.9
Changes in cerebral chromophore concentrations were moni-tored using a NIRO500 spectrophotometer (Hamamatsu Photon-ics KK, Hamamatsu City, Japan). Transmitting and receiving op-todes were placed on the infant’s head in the temporoparietal or frontal region;4 cm apart. The interoptode distance was mea-sured using calipers. Near infrared light at four different frequen-cies was transmitted via fiber optic bundles to the emitter optode and thereby through the infant’s head. Emergent light was col-lected through the detector optode and transmitted to the photo-multiplier tube of the spectrophotometer. Changes in optical den-sities were measured continuously and recorded for later analysis. Simultaneous measurements were made of MABP through an indwelling arterial catheter connected to a pressure transducer (HP 78834A, Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, CA) and transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (TcPco2) that was calibrated against an
arterial blood sample taken at the time of study. Sao2was
mea-sured with a pulse oximeter (Nellcor N200, Nellcor Inc, Hayward, CA) modified to provide beat-to-beat measurements. TcPco2,
Sao2, MABP, and heart rate measurements were obtained
simul-taneously with the NIRS measurements once every second, and stored by computer.
CBF (mL•100 g21•min21) was calculated from the equation:
CBF5 KzD[Hbo2](t) [Hb]z*0t(DSao2)dt
(1)
whereKis a constant (0.614) incorporating the molecular weight of hemoglobin and the tissue density and [Hb] is the hemoglobin concentration in g•100 mL21. Two to 6 measurements of CBF
were made from each infant during a period of 2 to 3 hours and the mean value was calculated. The mean MABP was calculated from recordings collected at the time of each CBF measurement, and the mean value for all measurements was obtained.
Cranial ultrasound scans were performed daily for the first week of life and then weekly until discharge or death. The cranial ultrasound appearance at a corrected gestational age of 40 weeks or at the time of death was recorded.
Statistics
The infants were divided into two groups on the basis of their MABP at the time of study. For those infants whose MABP fluc-tuated around 30 mm Hg, the group was assigned according to whether the MABP was more than or less than 30 mm Hg for the majority of the study. The data were tested for normal distribution and for equality of variance and the two groups were compared using an unpaired t test. A power calculation showed that a sample size of 14 in one group and 16 in the other group was sufficient to detect a difference in CBF of 7.5 mL•100 g21•min21
between the two groups with a power of 80% and a confidence level ofP,.05. Multiple linear regression analysis and Spearman rank order correlation were used to determine the dependence of CBF on MABP, TcPco2, time of study, gestational age, birth
weight, and the presence of placental compromise (Jandel Scien-tific Sigmastat 2.0, Jandel ScienScien-tific, San Rafael, CA).
RESULTS
Values for CBF for each infant are displayed in Table 1. Fourteen of the 30 infants had a MABP less than 30 mm Hg (group 1), their median MABP was 27.2 mm Hg (range, 23.7–29.9 mm Hg). The remain-ing 16 infants (group 2) had a median MABP of 35.3
TABLE 1. Clinical Details, MABP, and CBF of Study Infants
No. Birth
Weight (g)
Gestational Age (wk)
Diagnosis MABP (6SD) (mm Hg)
Cranial USS
CBF (6SD) (mLz100 g21•min21)
1 1460 30 Mild HMD 30.1 (0.4) N 5.6 (1.7)
2 642 24 Renal failure 33.5 (0.6) HPI† 7.5 (1.8)
3 650 25 HMD 27.1 (2.0)* HPI 11.2 (4.0)
4 796 24 Severe HMD 28.4 (1.6) N† 7.4 (1.3)
5 1443 31 HMD 39.3 (0.5) N 6.3 (1.9)
6 637 24 HMD 30.3 (1.0) N 12.1 (1.7)
7 990 27 Mild HMD 35.4 (0.9) N 8.2 (1.6)
8 531 26 HMD, PDA 34.8 (1.1) N† 8.8 (2.0)
9 1050 29 Mild HMD 38.6 (1.7) N 12.5 (7.1)
10 998 28 HMD 37.5 (0.2) N 15.8 (0.9)
11 767 25 HMD 29.0 (0.9) N 10.4 (2.9)
12 1470 28 Mild HMD 37.2 (2.5) N 15.1 (4.9)
13 1347 28 HMD 28.4 (2.1) N 17.3 (4.1)
14 1313 31 HMD 26.3 (1.2) N 9.9 (3.7)
15 2100 34 HMD 31.1 (1.9) N 14.8 (2.5)
16 1448 29 Mild HMD 37.1 (1.1) PHH 7.0 (2.6)
17 810 24 Mild HMD 31.3 (0.7) N 25.4 (1.1)
18 864 25 HMD, congenital candidiasis 27.2 (1.3) N 13.8 (0.6)
19 860 25 HMD 24.4 (1.1) N 18.4 (3.9)
20 1500 30 HMD 24.0 (2.3) N 18.0 (6.4)
21 1300 30 Mild HMD 31.4 (1.5) N 27.6 (4.5)
22 2000 34 Mild HMD 29.9 (0.6) N 17.3 (1.9)
23‡ 681 27 HMD 28.0 (0.3) HPI† 10.1 (4.2)
24‡ 708 27 HMD 35.1 (1.3)* IVH† 8.0 (2.5)
25‡ 602 27 HMD 37.2 (2.1) N† 12.1 (2.1)
26‡ 896 29 Cytomegalovirus pneumonitis 28.0 (1.7)* N† 10.0 (1.5)
27‡ 663 28 HMD 24.5 (1.1) N 4.9 (3.4)
28‡ 630 26 Severe HMD 37.4 (1.5) N† 10.6 (4.6)
29‡ 460 27 HMD 23.7 (1.2) N† 10.4 (5.4)
30‡ 537 28 HMD, renal failure 26.4 (0.3)* PVL† 33.1 (5.5)
Abbreviations: MABP, mean arterial blood pressure; USS, ultrasound scan; N, normal; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; PHH, posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus; HPI, hemorrhagic parenchymal infarction; PVL, periventricular leucomalacia; HMD, hyaline membrane disease; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus.
* Inotropic support. † Died.
mm Hg (range, 30.1–39.3 mm Hg). There was no significant difference in gestational age, birth weight, or TcPco2between the two groups, but there was a significant difference in the age at the time of study, with a mean of 13.5 hours [6standard deviation (SD), 66.6 hours] in group 1, and 20.8 (SD, 67.9) hours in group 2 (P , .01, unpaired ttest). Results are summarized in Table 2.
The mean CBF in group 1 was 13.9 (SD, 66.9) mL•100 g21•min21 and in group 2 was 12.3 (SD, 66.4) mL•100 g21•min21. The SD of CBF measure-ments from individual infants ranged from 0.6 to 7.1 mL•100 g21•min21. There was no significant differ-ence in CBF between the two groups (unpairedttest, 29 degrees of freedom). No correlation was found between CBF and MABP (see Fig 1). There was no correlation between CBF and time of study, gesta-tional age, birth weight, or the presence of placental dysfunction, but there was a positive correlation of CBF with TcPco2(P, .02). Figure 1 shows the rela-tionship of CBF with MABP and Fig 2 with TcPco2. Five infants in each group died before discharge. There was no significant difference between the two groups when compared for the incidence of subse-quent cranial ultrasound scan abnormalities.
DISCUSSION
This study found no significant difference in CBF between infants with MABP$30 mm Hg and those with MABP in the range 23.7 to 29.9 mm Hg.
The Hbo2 technique for measuring CBF in the newborn has been validated against the intravenous 133Xenon clearance method.10,11The assumptions un-derlying the method have been discussed else-where.12 All methods for CBF measurement in new-borns have limitations in accuracy, which is reflected in the intraindividual variability. However, the range of CBF values we obtained was similar to those measured in very preterm infants using both 133 Xe-non clearance13and positron emission tomography.14 Our results indicate that infants with MABP in the lower range are able to maintain a satisfactory CBF, suggesting that autoregulation was intact. We did, however, demonstrate a positive correlation with TcPco2. These findings are consistent with previ-ously published studies of CBF measured shortly after birth in spontaneously-breathing and mechan-ically-ventilated preterm infants using 133Xenon clearance.13,15This was a cross-sectional rather than a
longitudinal study, which was not designed to detect whether a small subgroup of the sickest infants had a pressure passive circulation. Although the power of the study was insufficient to detect a difference in CBF between the two groups of less than 7.5 mL•100 g21•min21(P,.05), there was no trend for a lower CBF in the low MABP group. By contrast the study was able to demonstrate the expected correlation of CBF with Paco2.
Animal models used to study the effects of hypo-tension on CBF have shown that although autoreg-ulation may be intact, preterm animals have a re-duced range during which autoregulation occurs. The lower limit of autoregulation is the same in the term and the preterm fetal lamb;16,17 however, the resting MABP in the preterm lamb lies closer to the lower limit of autoregulation, making it more sus-ceptible to cerebral ischemia. Similar studies in hu-man infants are not possible and the limits of auto-regulation in the preterm neonate have not been determined. CBF velocity measurements using Doppler ultrasound have suggested loss of autoreg-ulation in the preterm infant,2,18although such stud-ies are difficult to interpret because of changes in the diameter of insonated vessels.19
It is generally assumed that there must be a critical
TABLE 2. Comparison of Results and Clinical Course Outcome in Groups 1 and 2
Group 1 Group 2
Number of infants 14 16
Number of PD infants 5 3
Gestational age, weeks median (range) 27.5 (24–34) 27.5 (24–34)
Birth weight, g median (range) 828 (537–2000) 994 (531–2100)
TcPco2, kPa mean (SD) 5.7 (61.1) 6.2 (61.2)
MABP, mm Hg median (range) 27.2 (23.7–29.9) 35.3 (30.1–39.3)*
CBF (ml•100 g21•min21) mean (6SD) 13.9 (66.9) 12.3 (66.4)
Cranial USS abnormalities 3 (1 IVH, 1 HPI, 1 PVL) 3 (2 IVH, 1 HPI)
Died (n) 5 (4 PD) 5 (3 PD)
Abbreviations: PD, placental dysfunction; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; PHH, posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus; HPI, hemorrhagic parenchymal infarction; PVL, periventricular leukomalacia; USS, ultrasound scan.
*P,.001.
level of CBF required to maintain cellular integrity and homeostasis, but this level has not yet been established in preterm infants. Initial reports sug-gested that a CBF of less than 10 mL•100 g21•min21 was associated with neurologic impairment.20 How-ever more recent studies have shown that a CBF as low as 5 mL•100 g21•min21can be compatible with a normal neurologic and cognitive outcome.14,21 Visual evoked potentials have been shown to be preserved in infants with CBF as low as 4.3 mL•100 g21•min21.15In our study 11 infants had a CBF mea-surement below 10 mL•100 g21•min21. Of these, only 4 were in the group with lower blood pressure; 5 died and 3 developed ultrasound evidence of cere-bral injury.
Blood pressure nomograms as a function of birth weight have been published for term and preterm infants.6,22–25 However there are discrepancies be-tween different studies, probably because of differ-ences in the clinical treatment of preterm infants. Some studies of infants with a birth weight of,1500 g have shown that a MABP of less than 30 mm Hg was more than 2 SD below the mean MABP,6,25 but the concept of a normal range for MABP in preterm infants undergoing intensive care is problematic. A MABP lower than 30 mm Hg for any significant period has been associated with periventricular hem-orrhage,4,6,22 cerebral ischemic lesions, and death.4 Although there is evidence of a statistical association between low MABP and adverse outcome, there may not be a causal link. The statistical association may simply reflect the fact that the sickest infants tend to have the lowest blood pressures. It is therefore not surprising that the treatment of blood pressure in preterm infants varies widely. It is common practice in many neonatal intensive care units to maintain the MABP more than 30 mm Hg using plasma expanders or pressor agents to ensure adequate perfusion to vital organs, particularly the brain.
An alternative recommendation from the Joint Working Group of the British Association of
Perina-tal Medicine was that the MABP in mm Hg should not fall below the gestational age of the infant in weeks.26This recommendation was based on a con-sensus decision and there are no studies to confirm these lower limits of MABP. In our study 9 infants had a MABP lower than their gestational age. The mean CBF (6SD) in this group was 15.2 6 7.7 mL•100 g21•min21 compared with 14.6 6 7.0 mL•100 g21•min21 in the remainder. Our study does not support the assumption that a MABP in the range of 23.7 to 29.9 mm Hg is necessarily associated with a reduction in cerebral perfusion. Fluid over-load and edema are frequent results of excessive use of plasma expanders. The direct effects of pressor agents such as dopamine on cerebral vasculature in preterm infants have not been fully investigated. Recent evidence has demonstrated that these agents may have a vasoconstrictive action27 and may even reduce cerebral perfusion.28,29 Although dopamine causes a rise in MABP this may be a result of either improved left ventricular output30 or of increased systemic vascular resistance. Hence, therapeutic measures such as inotrope infusions to maintain MABP more than arbitrary levels may be inappro-priate and even harmful.
Our data show a strong dependence of CBF on Paco2 and emphasize the need to monitor Paco2 continuously and to use ventilatory strategies that minimize the risk of hypocarbia.
CONCLUSION
We found no relationship between CBF and MABP in very preterm infants with MABP in the range of 23.7 to 39.3 mm Hg. By contrast, there was a positive relationship between CBF and TcPco2. These data suggest that cerebral hypoperfusion is more likely to be associated with hypocarbia than with hypoten-sion, and that the use of pharmacologic interventions to maintain MABP more than an arbitrary limit has little proven basis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was funded by the United Kingdom Medical Re-search Council and a personal donation in memory of Filippo Galassi (1972–1992).
The authors acknowledge the contribution to this work of Dr Ann Stewart, Prof David Edwards, and Dr David McCormick, as well as colleagues in the Departments of Paediatrics and Medical Physics, and the staff of the Neonatal Unit at University College London Hospital Trust. We would also like to thank Prof E. O. R. Reynolds, Dr Jane Hawdon, and Dr Nick Evans for valuable discussions.
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DOI: 10.1542/peds.102.2.337
1998;102;337
Pediatrics
Lidia Tyszczuk, Judith Meek, Clare Elwell and J. S. Wyatt
Infants Undergoing Intensive Care
Cerebral Blood Flow Is Independent of Mean Arterial Blood Pressure in Preterm
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DOI: 10.1542/peds.102.2.337
1998;102;337
Pediatrics
Lidia Tyszczuk, Judith Meek, Clare Elwell and J. S. Wyatt
Infants Undergoing Intensive Care
Cerebral Blood Flow Is Independent of Mean Arterial Blood Pressure in Preterm
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