Centre of Excellence for Nuclear Materials
Workshop
Materials
Innovation
for
Nuclear Optimized
Systems
December 5-7, 2012, CEA – INSTN Saclay, France
Lucile BECK
CEA (France)
CEA Charged Particle Irradiation Facilities for Nuclear
Material studies
Workshop
organized
by:
Christophe
GALLÉ,
CEA/MINOS,
Saclay
–
christophe.galle@cea.fr
Constantin
MEIS,
CEA/INSTN,
Saclay
–
constantin.meis@cea.fr
Workshop
Materials Innovation for Nuclear Optimized Systems
December 5-7, 2012, CEA – INSTN Saclay, France
CEA Charged Particle Irradiation Facilities for Nuclear Material Studies
Lucile BECK
11
CEA-DEN-DMN, JANNUS Saclay laboratory (Saclay, FRANCE)
To study the effects of radiation on nuclear materials, the CEA uses various irradiation facilities
producing neutrons or charges particles. Neutron facilities have the great advantage to directly
produce neutron damages, but have also some drawbacks. The samples are activated and
consequently their characterizations need dedicated hot cells, the reactors have fixed experimental
parameters and the experiments are long and costly.
In order to better understand the mechanisms of radiation damage, experimental simulation can be
also conducted with charged particles. In this case, experimental irradiation conditions (temperature,
dose, flux, energy) are well controlled and the irradiated samples can be characterized with
conventional analytical methods. This presentation will describe the CEA facilities devoted to ion or
electron irradiations for material studies. Examples of irradiations performed at JANNUS (Joint
Accelerators for Nano-science and NUclear Simulation) will be detailed (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1: Schematic view of the JANNUS platform at Saclay.
EPJ Web of Conferences 51, 02002 (2013)DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20135102002
CEA charged particle irradiation
facilities for nuclear material
studies
MINOS Workshop, Materials Innovation for Nuclear Optimized Systems December 5-7, 2012, CEA – INSTN Saclay, France
Lucile Beck
CEA/DMN/SRMP/Jannus Laboratory - Saclay
with the contributions of
B. Boizot (LSI), S. Bouffard & M. Toulemonde (CIMAP)
J. Henry & A. Jankowiak (SRMA)
PART 1 : CEA charged particle irradiation facilities
Ions
Electrons
•
JANNUS
JANNUS – Saclay (CEA/DEN/DMN/SRMP)
[GIS with JANNUS
JANNUS – Orsay (CNRS, Orsay University)]
•
THT
THT – Saclay
(CEA/DEN/DMN/SRMA)
within
• Located near Paris and in Caen
• Two CEA divisions :
Materials Sciences Division (DSM)
CEA – DEN MINOS Workshop - December 5-7, 2012, CEA – INSTN Saclay, France 3
A call for proposal of experiment every year :
http://emir.in2p3.fr/EMIR-network
Large choice of particles and energies for different
interactions
/
electrons in matter
MeV electrons
mm
(© M. Toulemonde)
Inelastic
interactions with
electrons
st
o
p
p
in
g
Elastic
interactions
Access to the CEA charged particle irradiation facilities
+ TEM
CEA – DEN MINOS Workshop - December 5-7, 2012, CEA – INSTN Saclay, France 5
Cimap-Caen: medium to heavy ions – MeV energy range
C02
C01
CSS1
CSS2
SPIRAL
JANNUS-Saclay: 3 joint accelerators
Low to heavy ions – MeV energy range
SRMA-Saclay: MeV energy electrons
PART 2: examples
ENERGY
CO
UNT
Example 1: Mesoporous silica gels for applications in
the field of nuclear waste
CEA – DEN MINOS Workshop - December 5-7, 2012, CEA – INSTN Saclay, France 11
X. Deschanels, S. Dourdain and coll.
ICSM, Marcoule
Example 1: Mesoporous SiO
2
gel
X. Deschanels, S. Dourdain and coll.
ICSM, Marcoule
20 MeV Ar (S
e
=3,4 keV/nm)
Example 1: Mesoporous SiO
2
gel
@ GANIL
d
p= 5 nm
e~100nm
d
empty
Example 1: Mesoporous SiO
2
gel
0.5 MeV He, 20 MeV Ar @ JANNUS
0.5MeV-He, 10
16cm
-220MeV-Ar, 10
15cm
-2He irradiation
Shrinkage of the film
Slight organisation of the film
Ar irradiation
Example 2: In-situ mechanical test
Épiméthée E3 line JANNUS Saclay
IRRSUD line GANIL Caen
⇒
Damage effect for both electronic and nuclear slowing down regimes
CEA – DEN MINOS Workshop - December 5-7, 2012, CEA – INSTN Saclay, France 15
Development of a in-situ tensile test device
Tensile test on single SiC fiber up to 5N;
Usable for other type of materials;
Gauge length: 25 mm;
In-situ measurements of the fiber diameter possible;
Example 2: In-situ mechanical test
Operated in vacuum: 10
-6to 10
-7mbar;
Tensile tests (creep tests) from 25
°
C à 1800
°
C;
Graphite-grip method: cold grips and uniform temperature
In situ tensile tests
on SiC fibers
under ion beam
IRRSUD line GANIL Caen
Xe
23+92 MeV
Épiméthée E3 line JANNUS Saclay
C
+9 and 12 MeV
1E+09 1E+10 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,09 F lu x ( io n s /c m ²/ s ) S tr a in ( % )
Xe23+92MeV
Example 2: In-situ mechanical test
Fiber at 1000 °C and 300MPa
CEA – DEN MINOS Workshop - December 5-7, 2012, CEA – INSTN Saclay, France 17
1E+07 1E+08 0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05
0,0E+00 2,0E+04 4,0E+04 6,0E+04 8,0E+04
F lu x ( io n s /c m ²/ s ) S tr a in ( % ) Time (s)
Fiber at 1000 °C and 300MPa (irradiation-enhanced c reep study)
- Strain rate variation with flux intensity;
- Residual stain at 1000 °C < 0.1 % for 2.10
1292 MeV Xe
23+ions/cm
2and 3.10
1612 MeV C
4+ions/cm
2Previous works carried out at RT (irradiation-induced swelling study)
- Residual strain at RT ~ 0,50% % for 5.10
1492 MeV Xe
23+ions/cm
2and ~0.45 % for 10
1712 MeV C
4+ions/cm
2Example 3: STUDY OF RADIATION EFFECTS IN
CARBIDES (SiC, TiC, ZrC)
PhD thesis of S. Pellegrino (JANNUS): “Irradiation effects in carbides (SiC, TiC
and ZrC) and synergetic effects of electronic and nuclear energy losses.”
JANNUS
Au 1,2 MeV
Low Energy
(dE/dx)
nucl.
> (dE/dx)
elec.
GANIL-SME
Pb 900 MeV
High Energy
(dE/dx)
nucl.
<< (dE/dx)
elec.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Pb+ 900MeV dans SiC
d E /d x ( k e V /µ m ) Range (µm) dE/dx élec. dE/dx nuc.
0 50 100 150 200
30 40
SiC Au - 1.2 MeV
virgin 1e13 2e13 3e13 4e13 5e13 1.7e14 2.5e14 4e14 3.5e15
DAMAGE CHARACTERIZATION WITH RBS in
CHANNELING conditions (CSNSM-Orsay)
60
TiC
Au-1.2 MeV
8.4x1015
virgin 1.7e14 3.5e15 8.4e15 3.2e15 1.6e15 100 120 140 160 ZrC Au-1.2 MeV virgin 1,7.1014 4.1015
1,6.103,2.1015 15
8,4.1015
8.4x1015
ENERGY
CO
UN
T
S
single crystal (oriented)
single crystal with damage
Amorphization
(single crystal in random orientation)
Damage
CEA – DEN MINOS Workshop - December 5-7, 2012, CEA – INSTN Saclay, France 19
ENERGY (keV)
300 400 500 600 700 800
Y IE L D 0 10 20 30 40
SiC 2e13 Pb - 900 MeV (SME)
ENERGY (keV)
300 400 500 600 700 800
Y IE L D 0 10 20 3.5e15
Au 1.2 MeV
ENERGY (keV)
400 600 800 1000
Y IE L D 0 20 40
1.7x1014
1.6x1015
3.2x1015
3.5x1015
ENERGY (keV)
600 800 1000 1200
Y IE L D 0 20 40 60 80 100
1.7x1014
1.6x1015
3.2x1015
4x1015
virgen
ENERGY (keV)
400 600 800 1000
Y IE L D 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 TiC virgin 2e13 SME ENERGY (keV)
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Y IE L D 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
140 ZrC 2e13 Pb SME
Pb 900 MeV
SiC
ZrC
TiC
Weak effect of
electronic energy loss in SiC
Almost
no effect
in ZrC and TiC
until 1.7*10
14
M. J. Fluss, S. Tumey, L. Hsiung (LLNL) and A. Kimura (Kyoto University)
ODS (K3 and MA957) Fe
ODS (K3 and MA957) Fe--Cr 14%
Cr 14%
56
56
Fe
Fe
8+
8+
24 MeV
24 MeV
4
4
He
He
+
+
1.7 MeV (
1.7 MeV (
degraded with carbon foils
degraded with carbon foils
))
Dose
Dose ~
~ 30 dpa
30 dpa
[He] ~ 25 appm/dpa
[He] ~ 25 appm/dpa
Dual beam
irradiation
EXAMPLE 4: ODS (
OXIDE DISPERSED STRENGTHENED
) STEELS
A comparison of a steel with nano-particles (right) and a steel without the nano-particles (left).
The specimen with particles exhibits small bubbles all below the critical size.
EXAMPLE 4: ODS (
OXIDE DISPERSED STRENGTHENED
) STEELS
M. J. Fluss, S. Tumey, L. Hsiung (LLNL) and A. Kimura (Kyoto University)
Dual beam irradiation, details
CEA – DEN MINOS Workshop - December 5-7, 2012, CEA – INSTN Saclay, France 21
Oxides nano-particles (labeled A thru F)
By varying the focusing condition on the right we see the small He bubbles (red arrows)
trapped at the interface between the particles and the steel matrix.
Triple beam
irradiation
56
56
Fe
Fe
8+
8+
4
4
He
He
+
+
H
H
+
+
24 MeV
24 MeV
((
degraded with carbon
degraded with carbon
1.7 MeV
1.7 MeV
foils
foils
))
562 keV
((
degraded with carbon
degraded with carbon
foils
foils
))
Dose
Dose ~
~ 30
30
dpa
dpa
[He] ~ 25 appm/dpa
[He] ~ 25 appm/dpa
[H] ~ 70 appm/dpa
[H] ~ 70 appm/dpa
T = 425
T = 425 °
°C
C
ODS (K3 and MA957), Fe and Fe
ODS (K3 and MA957), Fe and Fe--Cr 14%
Cr 14%
Fe-14Cr
Fresnel fringes
EXAMPLE 4: ODS (
OXIDE DISPERSED STRENGTHENED
)STEELS
M. J. Fluss, S. Tumey, L. Hsiung (LLNL) and A. Kimura (Kyoto University)
K3-ODS (3-beam)
Defocus: -150
nm
Fresnel fringes
The cavities exhibit a
double shell structure
Summary
Electron and ion irradiation experiments
Electron: 0.15 – 2.5 MeV
Ions: H to U, 0.3 – 1000 MeV
Combined with in situ or ex situ instrumentations:
• Low to high temperature: 8 K – 1200 K
CEA – DEN MINOS Workshop - December 5-7, 2012, CEA – INSTN Saclay, France 23