Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering
K. Murali V. Sriram
Abdus Samad
Nilanjan Saha Editors
Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference in
Ocean Engineering (ICOE2018)
Volume 2
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering
Volume 23
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K. Murali
•V. Sriram
•Abdus Samad Nilanjan Saha
Editors
Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference in Ocean Engineering (ICOE2018)
Volume 2
123
Editors K. Murali
Department of Ocean Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
V. Sriram
Department of Ocean Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Abdus Samad
Department of Ocean Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Nilanjan Saha
Department of Ocean Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
ISSN 2366-2557 ISSN 2366-2565 (electronic) Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering
ISBN 978-981-13-3133-6 ISBN 978-981-13-3134-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3134-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018960240
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019
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Organising Committee
Advisory Committee
B. Ramamurthi, Director, IITM Patron and Chairman
The Head, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITM Vice Chairman Director, CWPRS Member
Chairman, CWC Member
Chairman, Chennai Port Trust Member Chairman, Ennore Port Limited Member
Vice Chancellor, Indian Maritime University Member Director, INCOIS and NIOT Member
Director, NIO Member CMD, DCI Member
Organizing Secretary, ICOE2018, Convener
Scienti fic Committee
Shinji Sato, Japan
Tomoya Shibayama, Japan Hitoshi Tanaka, Japan Kyung-Duck Suh, Korea Holger Schüttrumpf, Germany Peter Fröhle, Germany Qingwei Ma, UK Perumal Nithiarasu, UK M. R. Dhanak, USA Krish Thiagarajan, USA Zhenhua Huang, USA Felice Arena, Italy
v
Roberto Tomasicchio, Italy P. Ferrant, France
Ioan Nistor, Canada P. Lin, China Decheng Wan, China Adrian Law, Singapore Inigo-Losada, Spain T. E. Baldock, Australia Ron Cox, Australia
Enrique Alvarez Del Rio, Mexico Janaka Wijetunga, Sri Lanka K. H. Kim, Korea
Shin Hyung Rhee, Korea Richard Manasseh, Australia M. C. Deo, India
R. Sundaravadivelu, India V. Sundar, India
A. D. Rao, India P. K. Bhaskaran, India D. Sen, India
Ira Didenkulova, Russia Efim Pelinovsky, Russia
Local Organizing Committee
S. A. Sannasiraj, IITM, Chennai K. Murali, IITM, Chennai V. Sundar, IITM, Chennai
R. Sundaravadivelu, IITM, Chennai V. Anantha Subramaniam, IITM, Chennai S. K. Bhattacharya, IITM, Chennai S. Nallayarasu, IITM, Chennai P. Ananthakrishnan, IITM, Chennai P. Krishnankutty, IITM, Chennai S. Surendran, IITM, Chennai R. Panneer Selvam, IITM, Chennai Srinivasan Chandrasekaran, IITM, Chennai G. Suresh Kumar, IITM, Chennai
P. Shanmugam, IITM, Chennai Nilanjan Saha, IITM, Chennai Rajiv Sharma, IITM, Chennai Jitendra Sangwai, IITM, Chennai Rajesh Nair, IITM, Chennai
vi Organising Committee
Abdus Samad, IITM, Chennai Deepak Kumar, IITM, Chennai V. Sriram, IITM, Chennai
Tarun K. Chandrayadula, IITM, Chennai R. Vijayakumar, IITM, Chennai
Suresh Rajendran, IITM, Chennai J. Purnima, NIOT, Chennai
Organising Committee vii
Preface
The Fourth International Conference in Ocean Engineering (ICOE2018) is orga- nized by the Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM). The Department of Ocean Engineering has achieved significant success with a dynamic profile in terms of training graduate and postgraduate professionals for careers across the globe. The department is a centre of excellence in disciplines spanning across the areas of ship design, coastal and harbour struc- tures, deep-water technologies, marine geo-techniques, energy and areas in oil and gas. The department organized its flagship conference ICOE in 1996, 2001 and 2009. This conference is aimed at bringing experts in the field to interact with young researchers. The main theme of the conference is“Emerging Opportunities and Challenges in Ocean Engineering”. It is aimed at addressing the upstream challenges in ocean engineering. Thus, the Fourth International Conference in Ocean Engineering 2018 (ICOE2018) offers an exciting platform for academicians, engineers from industry, policymakers and administrators from all over the globe to deliberate on various conference themes.
The technical programme of the conference has been carefully planned with eight keynote addresses from experts from USA, UK, Norway, South Korea, India and Italy, 149 contributed papers and special sessions in the modernization of ports, hydrodynamics, ocean energy and naval architecture with invited speakers. All the papers accepted in this conference have been reviewed by experts in the procedure of blind peer review and subsequently revised by the authors incorporating the remarks and suggestions of the reviewers and thus improving the quality of the contributions. These papers will be published in two volumes in Springer book series“Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering”. The present second volume consists of papers in the areas of coastal, sediment and hydrodynamics; port, harbour and coastal structures; offshore structures and deep-water technology and ocean renewable energy.
We would like to thank the members of the Advisory Committee, International Steering Committee, Local Organizing Committee and the reviewers, who have greatly contributed to the improvement of the quality of papers, providing con- structive critical comments, corrections and suggestions to the authors. Finally, we
ix
wish to thank all the authors who submitted papers, making this conference pos- sible. It is the quality of their contributions and presentations that really has made this conference a success and come up as a book volume.
Chennai, India Prof. K. Murali
Dr. V. Sriram Dr. Nilanjan Saha Dr. Abdus Samad
x Preface
Contents
Part I Coastal, Sediment and Hydrodynamics
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Some Coastal Water Parameters
at Selected Locations on the East Coast of India. . . 3 R. Gayathri, V. Ranga Rao, P. Madeswaran, V. Padmavathi,
R. ManjuPriya, M. Arunvel and S. R. Kishore Baabu Laboratory Investigations on the Effect of Fragmentation and Heterogeneity of Coastal Vegetation in Wave Height
Attenuation. . . 13 Kiran G. Shirlal, Beena Mary John and Subba Rao
Measurement of Surf Zone Hydrodynamics Along the Coastline
of Pondicherry, India. . . 25 R. Balaji, M. V. Ramana Murthy and J. Satheeshkumar
Beach Morphology Near the Inlet of Chilika Lagoon. . . 35 Subhasis Pradhan, Pratap K. Mohanty, Rabindro N. Samal,
Rabindra K. Sahoo, Rakesh Baral, Shraban K. Barik, Madan M. Mahanty and Sujit Mishra
Study of Bamboo Bandalling Structures in the Tidal River for River
Bank Erosion. . . 49 Md. Lutfor Rahman
Development of Predictive Tool for Coastal Erosion
in Arctic—A Review. . . 59 Mohammad Saud Afzal and Raed Lubbad
Evaluation of Hydrodynamic Performance of Quarter Circular
Breakwater Using Soft Computing Techniques . . . 71 N. Ramesh, A. V. Hegde and Subba Rao
xi
Statistical Analysis of Coastal Currents from HF Radar Along
the North-Western Bay of Bengal . . . 89 Samiran Mandal, Saikat Pramanik, Subrota Halder and Sourav Sil
Numerical Modelling and Experimental Investigation on the Effect
of Wave Attenuation Due to Coastal Vegetation . . . 99 S. Hemavathi, R. Manjula and N. Ponmani
Studies on the Morphological Changes by Numerical Modeling
Along Kakinada Coasts . . . 111 N. Sharmila, R. Venkatachalapathy and M. Mugilarasan
Desk Studies and Modelling Sedimentation Pattern in Gulf
of Khambhat . . . 139 L. R. Ranganath, A. V. Sriram and M. Karthikeyan
Wave Climate and Nearshore Sediment Transport Pattern
Along the SE Coast of India. . . 159 V. Ranga Rao, Akhil Kolli, K. Stephen Raju and D. Kumaresan
Nondimensional Methods to Classify the Tidal Inlets Along
the Karnataka Coastline, West Coast of India. . . 173 N. Amaranatha Reddy, Vikas Mendi, Jaya Kumar Seelam and Subba Rao
Study of Dynamic Changes Through Geoinformatics Technique:
A Case Study of Karwar Coast, West Coast of India. . . 185 Arunkumar Yadav, Basavanand M. Dodamani and G. S. Dwarakish
An Experimental Study on Surface Wave Modulation
Due to Viscoelastic Bottom. . . 199 Dharma Sree, Adrian Wing-Keung Law and Hayley H. Shen
Spectral AB Simulations for Coastal and Ocean Engineering
Applications. . . 207 R. Kurnia, P. Turnip and E. van Groesen
Nearshore Hydrodynamics Near an Open Coast Harbour
at Gopalpur, Central East Coast of India . . . 219 U. K. Pradhan, P. Mishra, P. K. Mohanty, U. S. Panda
and M. V. Ramana Murthy
Improving Hydraulic Conditions to Preserve Mangroves at Hazira. . . . 239 V. B. Sharma, A. K. Singh and Prabhat Chandra
Hydrodynamic Modelling for Development of a Port
in an Estuary . . . 251 A. K. Singh, L. R. Ranganath and M. Karthikeyan
Wave Interaction with Multiple Submerged Porous Structures . . . 265 V. Venkateswarlu and D. Karmakar
xii Contents
Beyond the Data Range Approach to Soft Compute the Reflection
Coefficient for Emerged Perforated Semicircular Breakwater . . . 281 Suman Kundapura, Arkal Vittal Hegde and Amit Vijay Wazerkar
Design of a Reef for Coastal Protection . . . 293 P. V. Chandramohan
Assessment of Littoral Drift and Shoreline Changes for Fisheries
Harbour on East Coast of India. . . 303 S. N. Jha and J. Sinha
Impact of Flow-Driven Debris on Coastal Structure
During Tsunami Bore . . . 315 S. Harish, V. Sriram, V. Sundar, S. A. Sannasiraj and I. Didenkulova
Wave Transformation Around Submerged Breakwaters Made of Rubble Mound and Those Made of Geosynthetic Tubes—A
Comparison Study for Kadalur Periyakuppam Coast . . . 327 M. Kalyani, A. S. Kiran, Vijaya Ravichandran, V. Suseentharan,
Basanta Kumar Jena and M. V. Ramana Murthy
Study on Stability of Eden Navigational Channel in Hooghly
River Estuary. . . 337 N. Saichenthur, K. Murali and V. Sundar
Study on Maintenance Dredging for Navigable Depth Assurance
in the Macro-tidal Hooghly Estuary. . . 353 V. Maheshvaran, K. Murali, V. Sundar and K. Chitra
Migration of Chilika Lake Mouth . . . 369 R. Sundaravadivelu, P. Shanmugam, A. K. Patnaik and P. K. Suresh
Part II Offshore Structures and Deepwater Technology Coupled Dynamics of Deep Water Tension Leg Platforms
Under Steep Regular Waves. . . 383 R. Jayalekshmi, R. Sundaravadivelu and V. G. Idichandy
Residual Strength of Cracked Tubular Joint Using Nonlinear
Finite Element Analysis . . . 395 Natarajan Vignesh Chellappan and Seeninaidu Nallayarasu
Wave Transformation Due to Floating Elastic Thick Plate over
Changing Bottom Topography. . . 417 K. M. Praveen and D. Karmakar
Installation Analysis of Monopile for Offshore Wind Data
Collection Platform in High Tidal Environment. . . 431 Devender Gujjula, Satya Kiran Raju Alluri, G. Dhinesh, R. Panneer
Selvam and M. V. Ramana Murthy
Contents xiii
Analysis and Design of Guyed 120 m-Long Offshore Met Mast
Supported on Suction Piles. . . 441 Mallela Mounika, C. R. Suribabu, Satya Kiran Raju Alluri
and M. V. Ramana Murthy
Reliability-Based Multi-objective Optimization of Offshore Jacket
Structures. . . 451 Vishnu Murali
Dynamic Behaviour of Inverted Catenary Cold Water Pipelines
for Seawater Desalination Project . . . 463 R. Saravanan, S. K. Bhattacharya and M. V. Ramana Murthy
Optimization Study of Eight-Legged Fixed Offshore
Jacket Platform . . . 479 V. Suryaprakash and N. Sunil Kumar
Part III Port, Harbour and Coastal Structures
Comparative Study of Breaking Wave Forces on a Quasi-Prototype
Recurved Seawall. . . 489 R. Ravindar, V. Sriram, Stefan Schimmels and Dimitris Stagonas
Optimisation of Layout of Semi-enclosed Basin in Micro Tidal Region
to Minimise Siltation for Mega Ship by FEM . . . 503 Anil Anant Purohit and Mandar Mohan Vaidya
Evolving Fishing Harbour Layout by Wave Tranquility Study
Using Mathematical Model—A Case Study . . . 521 J. D. Agrawal, H. C. Patil, Sagar Chanda and T. Nagendra
Shoreline Change Associated with Coastal Structures at Gopalpur
Port, Odisha, East Coast of India. . . 535 Prabin Kumar Kar, Pratap Kumar Mohanty and Balaji Behera
Experimental Studies on Hydrodynamic Performance
of an Artificial Reef . . . 549 Lokesha, S. A. Sannasiraj and V. Sundar
Prediction of Wave Transmission over an Outer Submerged Reef of Tandem Breakwater Using RBF-Based Support Vector
Regression Technique. . . 559 Geetha Kuntoji, Subba Rao and Manu
Assisting Pumps for Dredging . . . 571 Mridul K. Sarkar and Sritama Sarkar
A Study to Identify Locations Suitable of Deep Sea Port Operations
in the State of West Bengal . . . 581 Bal Krishna, B. Chaudhuri and P. K. Bhaskaran
xiv Contents
Interaction of Wave with an Open Caisson . . . 599 Yan-Xiang Lin, Da-Wei Chen and Jiahn-Horng Chen
Layout, Foundation Design, and Dredging Methodology
of Multipurpose Terminal . . . 615 R. Sundaravadivelu, M. Sasirekha, S. Kreesa Kumaran
and S. M. Madhumathy
Part IV Ocean Renewable Energy
Study on Suitable Electrode for Energy Harvesting Using Galvanic
Cell in Seawater. . . 629 G. Nithya Sivakami, V. T. Perarasu and S. Sakthivel Murugan
Surrogate-Based Optimization of a Biplane Wells Turbine . . . 639 Tapas K. Das and Abdus Samad
Tidal Energy Estimation of Potential Tidal Inlets Along the East
Coast of India . . . 649 Vikas Mendi, N. Amaranatha Reddy, Jaya Kumar Seelam and Subba Rao
Optimal Design of a Marine Current Turbine Using CFD
and FEA. . . 675 Thandayutham Karthikeyan, Lava Kush Mishra and Abdus Samad
Offshore Energy for the Remote Islands of Lakshadweep . . . 691 K. Srilakshmi, Satya Kiran Raju Alluri and Manu
Control-Oriented Wave to Wire Model of Oscillating
Water Column . . . 705 R. Suchithra and Abdus Samad
Hysteresis Behavior for Wave Energy Conversion Device
Under Alternative Axial Flow Conditions. . . 717 Paresh Halder, Tapas K. Das, Abdus Samad and Mohaned H. Mohamed
Ocean Current Measurements and Energy Potential
in the Islands of Andaman. . . 725 Biren Pattanaik, D. Nagasamy, YVN Rao, Balaji Chandrakanth,
Nitinesh Awasthi, Abhijeet Sajjan, D. Leo, Prasad Dudhgaonkar and Purnima Jalihal
Explicit Structural Response-Based Methodology for Assessment of Operational Limits for Single Blade Installation for Offshore
Wind Turbines. . . 737 Amrit Shankar Verma, Yuna Zhao, Zhen Gao and Nils Petter Vedvik
Influence of Harbour Wall on Pressure Variation in an Oscillating
Water Column . . . 751 D. Daniel Raj, V. Sundar and S. A. Sannasiraj
Contents xv
Evaluation of Natural Period of Offshore Tension Leg Platform Wind
Turbine Experimental Studies . . . 765 Madhuri Seeram, G. Satya Sravya and K. Venkateswara Rao
Open Sea Trials on Floating Wave Energy Device Backward Bent
Ducted Buoy and Its Performance Optimization . . . 775 Biren Pattanaik, D. Nagasamy, A. Karthikeyan, D. Leo,
Y. V. Narasimha Rao, K. S. Sajeev, Prasad V. Dudhgaonkar and Purnima Jalihal
Numerical Investigation of Semi-submersible Floating Wind
Turbine Combined with Flap-Type WECs. . . 793 A. K. Kumawat, D. Karmakar and C. Guedes Soares
Effects of Power Take-Off Damping and Model Scaling on the Hydrodynamic Performance of Oscillating Water
Column Device. . . 807 S. John Ashlin, S. A. Sannasiraj, V. Sundar, Arun Kamath and Hans Bihs
Offshore Wind Energy Potential Assessment of India Based on the Synergetic Use of QuikSCAT, OSCAT and ASCAT
Scatterometers Data. . . 823 Surisetty V. V. Arun Kumar, Jagdish Prajapati and Raj Kumar
Hydrodynamic Study of Flow Past Cylinders with Different Diameters
at High Reynolds Number . . . 835 Kumar Narendran, Kumar Varma Kolahalam Vinay, Kantharaj Murali
and Salem Kaushik
Experimental Study on Heave and Yaw Motions of a 1:30 Spar
Support for Offshore Wind Turbines. . . 857 Carlo Ruzzo, Nilanjan Saha and Felice Arena
Performance Simulation of Wave-Powered Navigational Buoy
Using CFD and Experimental Study . . . 869 Ashwani Vishwanath, Nitinesh Awasthi, Purnima Jalihal
and Prasad Dudhgaonkar
Performance Evaluation of Floating Two-Body Wave Energy
Converter with Hydraulic Power Take-Off System . . . 883 Sudharsan Kalidoss and Arindam Banerjee
Pitch Motion Studies of Barge Supporting 5-MW-NREL Offshore
Floating Wind Turbine with Gyrostabilizer. . . 899 P. Manmathakrishnan and R. Panneer Selvam
Wave Energy Conversion by Multiple Bottom-Hinged
Surging WEC. . . 913 A. K. Kumawat, D. Karmakar and C. Guedes Soares
xvi Contents
About the Editors
Prof. K. Murali is Professor in the Department of Ocean Engineering, IITM. He has authored about 100 publications in international conferences and journals and is the recipient of the Endeavour Research Fellowship from the Australian Government. He received a major research grant from ISRO for developing coastal research models after the Indian Ocean Tsunami. Hisfield of research specialization is computational hydrodynamics. He has more than 20 years of consultancy experience in coastal and port engineering. He has completed 50 coastal protection design works in and around India.
Dr. V. Sriram is Associate Professor in the Department of Ocean Engineering, IITM. He received the prestigious Newton International Fellowship (from the Royal Society, UK) in 2009, Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship (from AvH foundation, Germany) in 2011, DST INSPIRE Faculty Award (from DST) and RJ Garde Research Award (from Indian Society of Hydraulics). He is Visiting Researcher at City, University of London and Visiting Professor at Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany. He has published more than 60 papers in international journals and conferences. His research work focuses on computational hydrodynamics. He has developed state-of-the-art numerical models applied to ocean engineering, partic- ularly coastal and offshore engineering.
Dr. Abdus Samad is Associate Professor in the Department of Ocean Engineering, IITM, working in the areas of marine energy, fluid mechanics and optimization. He has received several awards from various bodies, has published more than 100 articles in a number of journals and conferences and hasfiled several patents. He was Knowledge Transfer Associate in the UK from 2008 to 2010 and was a Brainpool Invited Scientist in South Korea during his sabbatical leave in 2016.
xvii
Dr. Nilanjan Saha is Associate Professor in the Department of Ocean Engineering, IITM. He has published 20 papers in international journals and is the recipient of the IEI Young Engineer Award—Marine 2013 from the Institution of Engineers, India; Young Researcher Award—2013 from Ministry of Earth Sciences; and Hari Om Ashram Prerit Research Award. His interest includes stochastic analysis of marine structures. He is currently applying his knowledge in offshore renewable energy with an emphasis on extremes.
xviii About the Editors
Part I
Coastal, Sediment and Hydrodynamics
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Some Coastal Water Parameters at Selected Locations on the East Coast of India
R. Gayathri, V. Ranga Rao, P. Madeswaran, V. Padmavathi, R. ManjuPriya, M. Arunvel and S. R. Kishore Baabu
Abstract Seawater quality status of shore and offshore areas of four selected locations (Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, Ennore, and Pondicherry) along the east coast of India were studied based on the analysis of various water quality parameters (Tem- perature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, Suspended Sediment Concentration, Nitrate, Phosphate, and Fecal Coliforms collected during 1993–2014 under the COMAPS program of ICMAM-PD, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India. The National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index was used to estimate the indices for different seasons. The water quality parameters have strong seasonal and spatial variability along the coast. Higher concentration of BOD and SSC toward shore waters and lower concentration toward offshore is noticed. In Visakhapatnam and Kakinada, the nitrate and phosphate concentration was comparatively higher than Ennore and Pondicherry. The Fecal Coliform counts in the shore waters were significantly high for all the four locations. Computation of Water Quality Index based on different water quality parameters reveals that the water quality along these sites varied from ‘medium’ to ‘good’ depending on the location and the season. The analysis of the data clearly emphasize the need for continuous monitoring of these water quality parameters to maintain and preserve the water quality as well as the related coastal ecosystem productivity of the Indian coast. Further, comprehensive studies are required for the Indian coastal water to determine the relative weigh- tages of various water quality parameters and to develop an optimum WQI index methodology.
Keywords Temperature
·
Dissolved oxygen·
Nitrates·
Water quality indexR. Gayathri (
B
)· V. Ranga Rao · P. MadeswaranICMAM-PD, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600100, India e-mail:gayathri@icmam.gov.in
V. Padmavathi· R. ManjuPriya · M. Arunvel · S. R. Kishore Baabu
Institute of Ocean Management, Anna University, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai 600025, India
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019
K. Murali et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference in Ocean Engineering (ICOE2018), Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 23, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3134-3_1
3
4 R. Gayathri et al.
1 Introduction
Degradation of coastal water quality due to sewage runoff from land is a raising concern in the emerging scenario of urbanization and industrialization. The increase in temperature due to global warming, the excess nutrients from the sewage and fertilizers, and the chemicals from industries could adversely affect the water quality which, in turn, affects the health and wealth of marine biological production. There- fore, to achieve a sustainable management solution for improving the productivity of coastal and marine ecosystems, the assessment of coastal water quality is essential.
As an initiation in this direction, ICMAM-PD, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Chennai is monitoring the coastal water quality parameters at regular monthly intervals along the Indian coast since 1993 under its COMAPS (Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Pre- diction System) and SWQM (Sea Water Quality Monitoring) programs. Extensive field data on various water quality parameters as per the standard COMAPS proto- col [1] is being collected at selected locations along the Indian coast. In the present study, some of these data for selected coastal stations (Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, Ennore, and Pondicherry) was utilized to study the spatial and temporal variability of water quality along the east coast of India. A comparative study of these coastal water parameters for the four sites was carried out and presented in this paper.
2 Study Locations
The four study locations (Fig.1) chosen for the present study have different anthro- pogenic and natural influences due to urbanization and industrialization. Sewage is a major influence on coastal waters along all of these four locations. The Kakinada city located on the deltaic coast with major river influence and mangrove forest, which is rich in small water bodies and most of the adjacent agricultural lands are dependent on these water sources. Ennore is located on the northeast of Chennai and consists of alluvial tracts, beach dunes, tidal flats, and creeks. Ennore comprises lagoons, with salt marshes and backwaters, which are submerged under water during high tide and forms an arm of the sea opening into the Bay of Bengal. Puducherry historically known as Pondicherry is a tourist spot with intense urbanization facing various environmental problems especially erosion and sewage.
3 Data and Methodology
The data for the present study was extracted from the COMAPS database, collected during the period 1993–2014, covering the shore and offshore areas of the selected locations of the Indian coast. In order to study the seasonal variability, all the collected data over different years have been segregated month wise and finally made into four
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Some Coastal Water … 5
Fig. 1 Study area and station locations
subdivisions of a year, i.e., (i) Pre monsoon (March, April, and May), (ii) Southwest monsoon (June, July, August, and September), (iii) Post monsoon (October and November), and (iv) Northeast monsoon (December, January, and February). The data of each parameter was seasonally averaged based on the available data period to obtain a representative value for each season. Based on this data, a detailed analysis of the seasonal variability of water quality parameters including temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC), Nitrate, Phosphate, and Fecal Coliforms (FC) was carried out.
Further, the Water Quality Index (WQI) based on these parameters was computed by adopting the methodology of National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) [2,3].
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 Spatial and Temporal Variations
The seasonal variation in the mean values of various water quality parameter is pre- sented elaborately in this section. Comparison of various sea water quality parameters of shore and offshore regions at the four selected stations on the east coast of India for different seasons are shown in Fig.2a–i. In general, it is observed that BOD, SSC, Nitrate, Phosphate, and FC have higher concentrations inshore compared to that of the offshore region at all the four locations. This is a clear indication of the influence
6 R. Gayathri et al.
Fig. 2 2a–c—Distribution of water quality parameters (water temperature, salinity and pH) at shore and offshore areas of selected locations (Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, Ennore, and Puducherry) along the east coast of India; 2d–f—Distribution of water quality parameters (DO, BOD, and SSC) at shore and offshore areas of selected locations (Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, Ennore, and Puducherry) along the east coast of India; 2g–i—Distribution of water quality parameters (Nitrate, Phosphate, and FC) at shore and offshore areas of selected locations (Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, Ennore, and Puducherry) along the east coast of India
of land-derived material and their dispersion in the coastal waters. Along the shore, the comparatively higher temperature was observed. The variability in temperature (Fig.2a–c) between shore and offshore peaked to about 1.5 °C during pre monsoon due to hot weather conditions. During winter, the lowest temperature was noticed
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Some Coastal Water … 7
Fig. 2 (continued)
in Kakinada and one of the possible reasons for this can be the advection of the freshwater from the rivers north of the location. As heat influences the chemical process and consequent life cycle of organisms, the water temperature controls the distribution of marine organisms and fishes [4], and therefore seasonal variations of water temperature may play a major role in biological production along the coast.
However, the parameters such as salinity, pH exhibits relatively higher values in offshore waters compared to that inshore waters and hence they are influenced mostly by neritic waters. Visakhapatnam and Kakinada coastal waters show higher variability in pH between shore and offshore waters and thus it clearly indicates the impact of land-derived pollutants have an influence on water quality along these two
8 R. Gayathri et al.
Fig. 2 (continued)
coastal sites. However, at Ennore and Pondicherry, there is no significant variation in pH between shore and offshore waters. In general, the pH range at the four stations is within the range of 7.6–8.6 with a highest offshore value of 8.6 at Visakhapatnam.
The DO concentration along the coastal water was within a range of 3–7 mg/l with no significant variability in the shore and offshore waters. The highest DO con- centration was noted in the offshore waters during SW Monsoon and Post Monsoon.
Similar to DO, the higher concentration of BOD was also observed during the SW Monsoon and Post Monsoon. The BOD values peaked to nearly 8 mg/l in the shore waters of Visakhapatnam, whereas the values were less than 3 mg/l for the rest of the locations. The nutrient distribution also indicated a higher concentration in Visakha-
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Some Coastal Water … 9
patnam and Kakinada. Compared to the Pondicherry and Ennore, the nitrate and phosphate values are several folds higher at these locations. This is undoubtedly the effect of the land runoff. Further, the effect of land runoff can be noted in the FC concentrations also.
4.2 Water Quality Status
In order to study the status of water quality along the four locations, the data discussed above was utilized to calculate WQI. The index provides a single number (like a grade) that expresses overall water quality at a certain location and time based on several water quality parameters. WQI based on a few very important parameters can provide a simple indicator of water quality. It gives the public a general idea about the possible problems with the water in the region. Total Eight water quality parameters (DO, FC, pH, BOD, temperature change, total phosphate, nitrate, and total solids) were utilized to derive the index. The FC concentration of the coastal water was quite higher and hence the computed sub-index values were very low.
Therefore separate calculation of WQI with and without FC was carried out. This type of WQI derived for the four locations Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, Ennore, and Pondicherry is shown in Fig.3. The results indicate that without FC sub-index, except Visakhapatnam all the other three locations (Kakinada, Ennore, and Puducherry) showed good water quality along their respected coasts both inshore and offshore regions. However, Visakhapatnam coast showed medium water quality especially in the shore region which indicates clearly the influence of land-derived material along the coast. It can be expected as Visakhapatnam is one of the fast developing cities with most anthropogenic influence both in terms of urbanization and industrialization when compared to other three locations. The water quality status showed evident variations FC index was considered. The shore water quality shifted to medium from good water quality. This variability showed the importance of each parameter and their relative weightage in affecting the water quality. Therefore, the choice of water quality index method, the parameters and their relative weightage for a location need further investigation.
5 Conclusion
Significant spatial and seasonal variability was noticed among various water quality parameters at Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, Ennore, and Pondicherry coastal waters.
The variation of the parameters in the shore, and offshore locations clearly indicate that for parameters like temperature, suspended sediment concentration, and oxy- gen, the spatial variability for post monsoon was found negligible, however, there is a strong spatial variability for pH and BOD. The spatial distribution of nitrate throughout the season clearly indicated a higher concentration in the shore water and
10 R. Gayathri et al.
Fig. 3 Water quality index without FC(left panel) and with FC(right panel) for four seasons (Pre monsoon, SW monsoon, Post monsoon, and NE monsoon) along the four selected locations (Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, Ennore, and Pondicherry) along the east coast of India (dashed lines in the figure indicate the limits of appropriate water quality status, i.e., GOOD or MEDIUM)
it gradually decreased towards the offshore. An average value was computed from the shore, and offshore values and then the water quality index (WQI) was determined.
The WQI based on the different parameters falls within a range of 60–90 indicating MEDIUM to GOOD coastal water quality. Without considering the FC, only the shore waters of Visakhapatnam showed MEDIUM water quality unlike the GOOD water quality of other locations. Though the present study indicated a good WQI, a regular assessment of the water quality is mandatory to maintain and preserve the coastal water quality and related ecosystem.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to express their sincere thanks to Dr. M. Rajeevan, Secretary, Ministry of Earth Sciences, and Dr. M. V. Ramana Murthy, Head, ICMAM, for their keen interest and encouragement. The four authors (V. Padmavathi, R. ManjuPriya, M. Arunvel and S. R. Kishore Baabu) express their gratitude to Prof. S. Srinivasalu, Director, IOM (Anna University) and to Dr. P.
Madeswaran, and Dr. V. Ranga Rao for providing the necessary permissions and facilities to do an internship at ICMAM for a period of 2 months in the field of seawater quality studies. The authors are thankful to ICMAM for providing the required data for the present study.
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Some Coastal Water … 11
References
1. ICMAM (2012) COMAPS water quality measurement protocol. Accessed on Sept 2017.http://
www.icmam.gov.in/pub.htm
2. Brown RM, McClelland NI, Deininger RA, Tozer RG (1970) A water quality index—do we dare
3. Mitchell MK, Stapp William B (2000) Field manual for water quality monitoring 4. Reddy MPM (2001) Descriptive physical oceanography
5. Calculating NSF water quality index. Des Moines River Water Quality Network: Annual Reports, 26 April 2011.home.eng.iastate.edu/~dslutz/dmrwqn/water_quality_index_calc.htm
Laboratory Investigations on the Effect of Fragmentation and Heterogeneity of Coastal Vegetation in Wave Height Attenuation
Kiran G. Shirlal, Beena Mary John and Subba Rao
Abstract It has long been known that “bio-shields” do function as a sustainable solution for preserving our coasts. The presence of gaps in the “bio-shield”, that is, the forest cover, referred to as patchiness, is a common phenomenon in natural habitats. Various anthropogenic and natural causes can result in such gaps in coastal forests. This paper presents the results of a physical model investigation carried out with a fragmented heterogeneous vegetation model in a wave flume 50 m long, 0.71 m wide and 1.1 m deep. The heterogeneous meadow is modelled as a combined body of artificial submerged seagrass, rigid vegetation and emergent vegetation. To study the effect of fragmentation in vegetation, transverse gaps of varying widths are introduced in the heterogeneous model. The material used for modelling is polyethy- lene and nylon. The test runs were carried out with monochromatic waves of heights ranging from 0.08 to 0.16 m in water depths of 0.40 and 0.45 m, and wave periods 1.8 and 2 s. The wave height measurements at different locations within the vege- tated meadow exhibit an exponential decay of wave heights. The presence of gaps in vegetation does not have a significant effect on wave height reduction. However, the experimental study revealed that heterogeneous vegetation showed a great promise leading to considerable wave attenuation, thus offering a good level of protection to life and property on the leeside.
Keywords Coastal vegetation
·
Heterogeneity·
Fragmentation·
GapWave attenuation
K. G. Shirlal (
B
)· B. M. John · S. RaoNational Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore 575025, Karnataka, India e-mail:kshirlal@gmail.com
S. Rao
e-mail:surakrec@gmail.com
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019
K. Murali et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference in Ocean Engineering (ICOE2018), Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 23, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3134-3_2
13
14 K. G. Shirlal et al.
1 Introduction
In the past decades, the world has witnessed a series of disasters in the form of storm surges, erosion, cyclones and tsunamis. Reports of coastal bio-shields protecting lives and settlements from the 1999 Odisha super cyclone [1] and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami [2–4], led to the widespread acceptance of ecosystem-based coastal protection measures to reduce the vulnerability of coastal communities from natural hazards.
Coastal ecosystems such as seagrasses, mangroves, kelp forests, dune vegetation, coral reefs and many others do play a significant role in protecting the shoreline from intense wave activity, erosion and other hazards. Numerous theoretical, experimental and field studies have established the role of seagrasses and mangroves in attenuating the incident wave heights [5–10]. Seagrasses and mangroves are two different species of angiosperms which have colonized the sea, despite the hostile environments they live in; high salinity, wave action and fluctuating water levels [11].
Seagrass beds and mangrove habitats may be closely linked: “seagrass beds often grow in close proximity to mangroves and coral reefs, and the ecosystems are often closely linked through fluxes of carbon and other materials” [11]. They also share some of the fauna and these faunal movements provide an important functional link between these ecosystems.
The ability of individual natural habitats such as seagrasses, coral reefs, salt marshes and mangroves to protect the shoreline against the fury of intense wave activity and storm surges is well known, but it is still uncertain how these habitats can complement each other in containing these impacts on the shoreline [12]. This study attempts to quantify the wave height attenuation due to the heterogeneous vegetation.
Another noticeable phenomenon in natural coastal habitats is the presence of gaps in the forest cover. This may be due to the impacts of climate change scenarios or increased anthropogenic activities. These fragmented vegetated meadows may alter its hydrodynamics. Fragmentation and heterogeneity of the vegetated meadow results in wave height attenuation, which is investigated in this study.
2 Objective
The present experimental investigation aims to determine the wave height atten- uation, expressed in terms of percentage reduction in wave heights, through the fragmented heterogeneous vegetation models of varying gap widths.