Spoken Russian 1

1. M.

_{Lesnin and Luba Petrova}

,vi th lingui stic analysis by

Leo

_na

_r

d Bloolnfield

SPOKEN

RUSSIAN

BOOK ONE

This is one of a series of self-teaching textbooks in more than thirty languages prepared under aegis of the American Council of Learned Societies and the Linguistic Society of America. There are four hours of recordings keyed to the printed text.

© _{1945 Linguistic Society of America} © 1981, 1990, 1992 Spoken Language Services, Inc.

ISBN 0-87950-190-1 Published by

Spoken Language Services, Inc. P.O. Box 783

Ithaca, N.Y. ₁₄₈₅₁

No part of this book may be reproduced in any f()rm or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher.

INTRODUCTION 1. What We Are Trying to Do. This course in spo­

ken Russian is designed as a general introduction to the Russian language. It contains all the essential gram­ matical materials for learning to speak everyday Rus­ sian, and its vocabulary, though small, is built around a number of the most useful common situations and cur­ rent topics. It is based on the principle that you must hear a language if you are to understand it when spo­ ken, and that you must practice speaking it in order to master its sounds and its forms.

A teacher of Russian will not always be available for those for whom this book is written. So the course has been made as nearly self-teaching as possible. This manual covers the course completely and requires the use of no other reference material. It explains in detail, step by step, how the work is to proceed, and sets the stage for the listening and talking which you are to do.

2. The Russian Language is spoken natively by about

200 million people in the constituent countries of the former Soviet Union. In addition, there are about 40 mil­ lion speakers of Ukrainian and 10 million speakers of Byelorussian. These two languages are closely related to

Russian; the people who speak them understand Russian when it is spoken to them, and learn the standard Russian language in school. Furthermore, there are some 20 mil­ lion people whose native languages (Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian, and various Finnish, Caucasian, and Turkic dialects) are velY different from Russian who learn Russian as a second language. Altogether then, about 270

million people use Russian as their only language or as their most useful second language. Russian is also widely used as a commercial language in Mongolia and parts of Afghanistan, Persia and Sinkiang.

Russian is one of the Slavic languages; the others are Ukrainian, Byelorussian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Serbo­ Croatian, Slovene, and Bulgarian. These languages are all very much alike, and a knowledge of Russian makes their acquisition relatively easy.

Russian is also distantly related to English and most of the other languages of Europe, and you will find, after you have overcome its first apparent strangeness, that its general structure is not very different from that of English.

Variations in language are perfectly. natural and are

found in every language in the world. Americans from New England don't speak exactly like Americans from California, and Englishmen and Australians speak dif­ ferently from all Americans and from each other. In Russian the differences between different regions are much less than in English and to a foreigner are barely noticeable. All the people you meet in Russia will under­ stand the kind of Russian presented in this manual, and a great many of them, especially in the larger towns and cities and among the fairly well educated, will speak it exactly as you fmd it here. The people in the country areas and even some of the people in the cities may, however, speak a slightly different kind of Russian. So do not be surprised if the pronunciation you hear does not quite match what is given to you in this manual or what you hear in this course. Imitate the person with whom you are speaking. He, in turn, will do his best to pronounce so that he can be understood. Likewise, do not be surprised at the use of gestures; they are a normal accompaniment to the language; use the gestures

your-self, if you can imitate them. .

3. How to Use This Manual. To help you in learn­ ing to speak Russian, this course makes use of two tools: a native speaker of the language, and this book. The two must be used together, as neither one is of any use without the other.

This manual has been so organized that it can be

used to study by yourself or in a group. The group may

or may not have a regular teacher; if you have no

regu-iv

lar teacher choose one of your own number (caUed th. GroupLeader) to lead the oth:ef�"and to di:recftheir'work.

4. A Native Speaker is the only good source of first­ hand knowledge of the pronunciation and usage of any language. The method used in this manual requires the use of a native speaker of Russian, preferably a person who can be on hand through the course, or next best the voice of a native speaker recorded on cassettes that were prepared to accompany this manual. But even when a native speaker is present during the course, the cassettes can always be used for additional study. The native speaker of Russian is referred to as the Guide. The Guide's job is to act as a model for you to imitate, and as a check on your pronunciation; it is not his busi­ ness to be a teacher or to "explain" the language to you. The Guide should be, if possible, a person who speaks more or less the type of Russian found in this manual, not merely the dialect of a particular region; but he should speak this type of Russian naturally and without affectation. He should be neither overeducated nor too uncultured.

5. The Book is divided into two major parts, each containing five learning units and one unit devoted to reyiew. Each unit contains several sections, usually the following:

A. Basic Sentences (with Hints on Pronunciation)

B. Word Study and Review of Basic Sentences

D. Listening In E. Conversation

F. Conversation (Cont.)

These six sections are followed in each learning unit by a Finder List containing all the new words in the particular unit. At the end of the manual is included a summary of all word study material. All the words in the manual are included in two complete vocabu� larief>, Russian-English and English-Russian.

6. The Basic Sentences in each unit are arranged so as to give you a number of new words and a number of new ways of saying things; first broken up into words or short phrases, and then combined in complete sen­ tences. On the printed page, they are presented in parallel columns, which contain on the left the English equivalent, in the center and on the right the Russian material. The Russian material is given both in the

Aids to Listening in the second column and in the Con­ ventional SPelling in the third column.

When you have your book open at whatever unit you are going to study, and when the Guide is ready to begin speaking the words for you, or the Group Leader is ready to start th� cassette; records, you can start working on the Basic Sentences for that unit. If the Group Leader is working with the Guide, the Leader will read the English out loud, and the Guide will pro­ nounce the Russian twice, each time allowing enough time for you to repeat the Russian after him. If you

are using the cassette records, two voices on the records will act as Leader and Guide for you. While you are listening to Guide, follow with your eyes the Aids to Listening. When you repeat the words and sentences after the Guide or cassette records, repeat them loud-good ,and loud. Never mumble. It is ab­ solutely essential that you repeat after the Guide or cassette record each time, and that you imitate as closely as you can, and learn by heart what you have imitated.

7. The Aids to Listening which are given in the first twelve units, presenta simplified spelling, which is design­ ed to help you in; remembering the Russian words as they sound. In the Aids to Listening, each Russian sound is represented by one letter or group of letters. Every letter (or group of letters) always stands for the same sound. Concentrate your attention first on the Aids to Listen­ ing, especially through Part I; in Part II you should pay more attention to the Conventual Russian Spelling.

S. The Hints on Pronunciation are given you to help you improve your speech in Russian. No language has sounds exactly like those of any other; and in Russian you will find some sounds which are quite absent from English, and others which are somewhat but not exactly like English sounds. After you have been through the Basic Sentences of the unit at least once, read through the Hints on Pronunciation carefully, having the Guide repeat or playing on the cassettes the words and sounds which are being discussed. Then go back and

listen again to the Basic Sentences, always repeating them after the Guide or cassette as you did before. Try to hear and imitate more precisely the sounds to which your attention has been called.

9. Pronouncing to Be Understood. Pronunciation is important for a number of reasons: if you expect to be understood when you speak a foreign language, you will have to pronounce it more or less the way the people .are used to hearing it. If you are too far off from the usual way of talking the language, people won't be able to understand you at all. Furthermore, the nearer you get to pronouncing the precise sounds, the easier it will be for your ear to catch the sound as spoken by a native, and the more rapidly you will pick up new words and phrases and make progress in learning the language.

Learning to pronounce is really not hard, if you go about it in the right way. If you follow the suggestions and instructions given in this manual, and work care­ fully through all the hints, practices, and drills, you can expect to acquire the kind of pronunciation you need. Many students who are good mimics and who get into the spirit of speaking Russian will learn to talk like na­ tives.

The only way to learn to pronounce like a native is to imitate. You must get a native to pronounce the words, then say them right after him, mimicking everything, even to the tone of his voice. This manual will make it easier for you by pointing out the sounds you need to observe, and by describing their peculiarities.

vi

10. Each Word Study shows you new uses and new combinations of materials studied up to that point; you are taught how to take apart the words and phrases which you hear and how to make new words and phrases on the same model. Read each part of the Word Study carefully, and make sure you understand thoroughly everything which is said in them; then go back over the Basic Sentences with the Guide or cassettes, exactly as you did before. By this time you can start going through the Basic Sentences with your book closed, and you should now be able to understand the sentences without looking at the English equivalent.

11. The Listening In section gives you a number of conversations, anecdotes, or stories, which use the vo­ cabulary and constructions you have learned in each unit and in all those preceding. I ts. purpose is to give you practice in listening to and understanding the foreign language as you might overhear it in normal conversa­ tion among Russian-speaking people, and to furnish you with models for your own conversation practice.

12. The Conversation Practice represents the cen­ tral aim of the course. In order to converse well, you should know well everything that has been introduced in the unit you are working on, and everything that you have learned in previous units as well. When you take part in a conversation, do so as easily and naturally as you can. Don't try to bring in new words and phrases that you haven't learned in the material you have

studied in this course; stick to what you have learned and practice it thoroughly.

13. Talkin� Russian. In speaking Russian you should not first figure out what you want to say in English and then translate it into Russian, word for word. This will get you nowhere. You should apply, instead, the words and expressions you already know to the given situation. If you cannot immediately rattle off a word or expression to fit a particular situation, go on to another, or ask a question, but under no circum­ stances attempt to compose. As soon as you do, you lapse into English speech habits and stop learning Rus­ sia:-n and Russian speech habits.

When people speak to you, they will frequently use words and expressions you do not know. If you can't guess their meaning, try to find out by asking questions in Russian, or by asking them to repeat slowly, or to explain in simpler terms. If you (and they!) are "good natured, and reasonable about it, you won't have any trouble. On the contrary you will constantly learn more

and will practice the Russian you already know in the process.

Your learning of the language will not stop, therefore, when you have mastered this material. You will, rather, be able to get around among the people, practice what you know, and steadily pick up more and more words and phrases. Try to learn them thoroughly. Carry along

a _{notebook to jot down what you want to remember;}

you can then review this material from time to time. You should not wait until you have finished this manual before you start using the language. Start prac­ ticing at once. When you have done the first unit, try out the expressions on as many people as possible. When you try out your Russian at this early stage, make it slide off your tongue as smoothly as possible. Be careful not to slip back into a careless English-like pronuncia­ tion. Listen closely to what the person says in response, trying to catch as much as you can. The first few times it may be hard to catch even the words you know, but you will improve rapidly if you keep on practicing every chance you get.

CONTENTS

PART ONE

UNIT Page

1. GETTING AROUND. _{Greetings and general}

phrases. Places and directions. Comment on

Aids to Listening. Buying things. 1

2. THE FAMILY. _{Cases. Nominative case.}

Mas-culine, Feminine, Neuter. Singular, Plural. 29

3, MEETING PEOPLE. _{Genitive case.} 61

UNIT Page

4. WHERE ARE You FROM? _{Accusative case.}

Verb forms. 88

5. THE WEATHER. _{Locative case. Verbs.} 112

6. REVIEW. ₁₃₇

PART TWO

7. AT THE AIRPORT. _{Higher numbers. Time by}

the clock. 144

B. LAUNDRY AND BARBER. _{More numbers.}

Imperative form. Reflexive form. Compound

verbs. Dative case. 172

9. FINDING A ROOM. _{Short forms of adjectives.}

Instrumental case. 201

Viii

10. WRITING A LETTER. _{Regular verbs.}

Dura-tive and Punctual verbs. 229

11. EATING AND DRINKING. _{Ourative and}

Punctual verbs. Actual and Iterative verbs.

12. REVIEW.

SUMMARY _OF RUSSIAN GRAMMAR

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH WORD LIST ENGLISH-RUSSIAN INDEX KEY To EXERCISES AND TESTS

264

295 300 327 365

PART ONE

UNIT

U

GETTING AROUND

To the Group Leader: Each Unit of this course is divided into six Sections. It is suggested that the group spend not less than fifty minutes on each Section.

Before you get the group together to work on this first unit, read carefully the following material up to the heading Useful Words and Phrases on page 4. When the group meets, read the material aloud to them or have some other member of the group do the reading. The students will follow the reading with their books open. Be sure that your Guide, or the cassettes and player, are ready before the group meets for work on Section A.

You should look through all of the sections of the unit, reading the directions carefully, so that you will have in mind the general plan of the work. Always get clearly in mind the directions for a section before you take that section up in group meeting.

This unit gives you the most immediate and neces­ sary expressions that you will need in meeting people, asking your way, buying things, and counting. The amount of learning and memorizing required for the first unit is considerably greater than that for any later

unit. You are given such a large dose at the start be­ cause this unit is meant to be a kind of " language first aid" which gives you enough useful expressions to en­ able you to make ordinary wants known and to carry on a simple conversation in Russian from the very start.

SECTION A-USEFUL WORDS AND PHRASES In the list of Useful Words and Phrases which follows,

the English equivalent of these words and phrases is given at the left of the page. Opposite, in the middle column, is a simplified spelling of the Russian which will help you in getting the sounds. In the third column

is the ordinary or conventional Russian spelling. The Leader of the group will first read the English Equivalent and pause after the Guide to speak the Russian. Every member of the group then repeats after the Guide. The Guide will then say the Russian a second time and

everybody will repeat after him as before. The Leader will then read the next English equivalent and the Guide and group will follow the procedure indicated.

If no guide is available, the cassette recordings pro­ vided for the course should be used. When the group is ready, the Leader will begin playing the appropriate recording and the group will repeat right after the Rus­ sian speaker during the silences on the cassette. The cassette recordings can be used with profit even in cases where a Guide is available because they can be heard between meetings of the group, whenever it is conve­ nient to you; they furnish additional practice in hearing Russian; you may listen only to those portions which you have found difficult and the cassette may be played as often as you wish. In case the speaker on the cassette has a Russian pronunciation different from that of your Guide, use the cassette recordings only for listening and understanding and not for imitating.

Whether you are working with a Guide or only with the cassette Tecordings, you must repeat each Russian word and phrase in a loud, clear voice, trying at all times to imitate the pronunciation as closely as you can. Keep constantly in mind the meaning of the Russian you are about to hear, glancing at the English equivalent when­ ever you need to remind yourself. When you are hearing the Russian, keep your eyes on the Aids to Listening. But whenever the written form seems to you to differ from the spoken sound, follow the spoken sound always.

Learning to understand and pronounce a language is not really hard. Every one of us learned to do this as

2 [1-A]

a child, and all over the world children learn to speak all kinds of languages without any trouble. The diffi­ culty that an adult faces in learning a foreign language as you are now learning Russian, is that the adult al­ ready has a set of habits for pronouncing his own lan­ guage and this makes it harder for him to learn new ones than for a child who is starting from scratch. That is why it is so important that you should not be afraid of mimicking even when what you hear may sound strange to you. Don't be afraid to let yourself go. You will never learn to speak a language if you don't plunge right in as soon as you can. Never mind if you do make mistakes at first. The important thing is for you to try to say the words and phrases. Imitate your Guide with the same spirit and enthusiasm that you use in mimicking a person whose speech sounds peculiar to you. You will find that if you do this, your Guide will not think you are making fun of him; instead he will probably smile because what you have said to him sounds like Russian.

In the first five units, do not attempt under any cir­ cumstances to pronounce the Russian before you have heard it. You will only make trouble for yourself if you try to guess the pronunciation by "reading" the Aids to Listening.

If you are working with a Guide who does not under­ stand English, ask the Leader of your group to demon­ strate for you and the Guide what hand signals are to be used to let the Guide know when you want him to read more slowly or to repeat. They are as follows:

1. Index finger raised: BEGIN

2. Hand raised, palm toward the Guide: STOP

3. _{Palm down, hand moved slowly in}

semi-circle:

else. You will learn fastest if, when your book is open, you follow these steps

SLOWER REPEAT

1. Keep your eyes on the Aids to listening as you listen to the Russian being spoken.

4. Beckoning with index finger:

5. Hand held palm up and moved 2. Repeat immediately what you have heard.

quickly up and down: LOUDER

Remember that each phrase you say has a real mean­ ing in Russian and hence you should always act as though you were really saying something to someone

3. Keep in mind the meaning of what you are saying. Begin the words and phrases as soon as your Guide is ready or when the Leader of your group is ready to play the first cassette.

To the Group Leader: Give the members of the group a chance to ask questions about the instructions. Make sure that every one understands just what he is to do. Then have the students go through the list of Useful Words and Phrases once with the books open, repeating in unison after the Guide. Following this first practice, read with the group the Comment on the Aids to Listening on page 7. Make sure that everyone understands it.

Now go through the list a second time, much as you did before. And finally, go through it a third time, but let the students take turns repeating individually after the Guide-a sentence to a student. Indicate the order in which the repetitions are to go, who is first, who next, and so on. Continue this individual repetition as long as the fifty-minute period permits. Then, just before dismissing the group, read with them the paragraph headed Check Yourself on page 11.

Here are some hints that will make the work of the group more effective.

1. Insist that everyone speak up. Don't allow any mumbling! Each member of the group must be able to hear what is being said at all times.

2. _{Indicate to the Guide that he is to repeat whenever the pronunciation is bad and to keep on repeating until he}

gets a pronunciation that sounds like Russian.

3. Urge ,everyone to mimic to the limit every sound, every inflection, even the mannerisms of the Guide.

4. _{Keep the work moving. Don't let it drag at any time. See that everyone is listening, not only to the Guide, but}

to himself and to the others as they repeat after the Guide.

5. Go through all the work yourself. Repeat with the others and take your turn at the individual repetitions.

1. Useful Words and Phrases

Here is

а

list о! useful words and phrases уои wi1l need in Russian.

Уоu should 100rn these Ьу

_noort.

Greetings and General Phrases

НОТЕ: Words enclosed ln brackets [ ] are not expressed ln the Russian. Words enclosed.in parentheses ( ) help to explaln the meanin� of the Russlan but are not necessary ln English. Words enclosed ln sln�le quotation marks' 'are literal or word-for-word equlvalents.

�ENGL/SH E Q Ul VA L ENTS---, .----A IDS ТО L /STENING---.

Неl10!

(How do уои do?)

how

уои

(уои) are getting along

How are уои?

Fine

оу аl1

right.

Thanks.

And уои?

аlЭ0

well

[I'm] fine too, thanks.

Not [эо] v,rell.

comrade

оу

friend

Mr. lvanov.

4

[l-А] ZDRAstvuyji/ КАК VI pazhiV 4yiji КАК V$ pazhiVAyiji? xaraSHO. spa$Iba. а VI? TO zhi xaraSHO

ТО zhi xaraSHO , spa$Iba. 1ji xaraSHO.

taVAJishch ta VAJishch ivaNO P.

r--CON VENТlONAL SPEL LING--.

Здравствуйте

I RaR

вы

поживаете

RaR

вы поживаете?

Хорошо.

Спасибо.

А вы?

тоже

хорошо

Тоже хорошо, спасибо.

Нехорошо.

товарищ

Товарищ Иванов.

Mrs. оу Miss Ivanov. ta V Arishch ivaNOva.

Товарищ Иванова.

Mr. Smith. gaspaJ)IN SlJfIT.

Господин Смит.

Mr. Smith. grazhdalfIN SlJfIT.

Гражданин Смит.

Mrs. оу Miss Smith. graZHDANka SlJfIT.

Гражданка Смит.

Do уои uпdегstапd? pa1}iMAyiji?

Понимаете?

Do уои understand Russian? pa1}iMAyiji ра R Us�i?

Понимаете по-русски?

УеБ. DA.

Да.

No (оу There is

по.)

lfET.

Нет.

1

УА

я

1 uпdегstапd. УА pa1}iMAyи. Я

понимаю.

1 don't understand. уа 1}i pa1}iMAyи. Я

не понимаю.

[1]

don't understand. 1}i pa1}iMAyи. На

понимаю.

ЕхсиБе [те]. izyilflji.

Извините.

what SHTO

что

у

о

и VI

вы

(уои) said skaZAji

сказали

What did уои Бау? SHTO v$ skaZAli?

Что вы сказали?

please оу you're welcome paZHALsta

пожалуйста

(уоu) speak gаvаjПji

говорите

slowly lJfEdlina, lJfEdjinna

медленно

Please speak slowly. paZHALsta, gavaJUji lJfEdlinna.

Пожалуйста, говорите медленно.

[l-А]

5

(уои) !'epeat

Please repeat.

where

restaurant

Where [is the] restaurant?

о,

Where [is а] restaurant?

here is

hote!

Here's [the] hoteI

о,

Here's [а] hote!.

(railroad) station

toi1et

То [the] right.

То [the] left.

Here.

There.

ТЬе restaurant is to the right.

ТЬе hotel is to t!le left.

ТЬе toilet is here.

6

[1-А]

paftaJUji

paZHALsta, paftaJUji.

Places and Directions

С!)Е ristaRAN С!)Е JistaRAN? VOT ga$TI1Jica VOT ga$TI1Jica. vagZAL uBORnaya , na PRAva. па [.,Eva. г!)Е$. ТАМ. JistaRAN па РМм. ga$TI1Jica па [.,Ем. uBORnaya г!)Е$.

повторите

Пожалуйста, повторите.

где

ресторан

Где ресторан?

вот

гостиница

Вот гостиница.

воиэал

уборная.

Направо.

Налево.

Здесь.

Там.

Ресторан направо.

Гостиница налево.

Уборная эдесь.

what this What [iз] \Ыв? ТЫв [is the] station.

SHTO Еш SИТО Еta? Еш vagZAL. что это Что это? Это ВОRЗRЛ. After уои Ьауе gone through the Useful Words aпd Phrases опее, read the following:

2. Comment оп the Aids to Listening

ТЬе best way to learn апу language is to listen to а

native speaker of it, and then сору exactly what Ье зауз. That is why we ask уои to listen carefully to уош

Guide (ос the speaker оп the cassette) and imitate Ыт as exactly as уои сап. It would .Ье ideal if уои could сететЬес everything Ье says simply Ьу listening and repeating. However, most of из need to have зоте­

thing оп рарес to remind из of what we Ьауе heard.

ТЫз is what the Aids 'о Listening are meant for. ТЬеу асе simply ап attempt to put down systematicaOy оп рарес the sounds that уои hear оп the tapes or that уош

Guide will рсоЬаЫу зау. (Later оп, in Part 11, уои will learn to read the regular Russian spelling; рау по atten­ tion to it now.) Remember, however, that they are only

aids to listening. The listening itself is still the most important thing; the printed material is just а reminder.

In the Aids 'о Listening capital letters асе used to show which зуllаЫез in а word or phrase are most strongly accented, that is, spoken the loudest. For ех­ ample, we would write for English: mister JONES wi11

conD UCT the SERvice; ос: his CONduct is VERy BAD.

Notice tllat words like MISter, WILL, ТНЕ, HIS, IS

are strongly aecented iC they stand аН alone, but they are ивиаНу not accented in а sentence.

In the А ids to Listening уои will sometimes find ап

aecent mark over а втаН letter; for instance: а. ТЫэ

means that the sound is а little louder than the sound indicated Ьу other small letters, but less loud than that which is indicated Ьу capital letters. For example, we would write Cor English Mпd тв the Р EN cil,' or MADison

street (but MADison AVenue).

Also, in the A ids to Listening уои wШ вее that а good

тапу lettel's Ьауе соттав ul1der them ; for instance: j, Т. Уои Ьауе probably noticed that where we place these соттав the Russian Ьав а peculiar sound, тисЬ аэ if the sound of у in yes were mixed in. ТЫв will Ье

explained later in this Unit; уои will do best if уои try to get the soul1d Ьу 1istel1ing al1d imitating before уои

read the explanatiol1. ТЬе soul1ds which we mark with

а сотта are caHed palatal consonants. ТЬе soul1ds ch

al1d у, which are тисЬ the вате аз in English church

al1d yes, are also called palatal consonants. ТЬе remain.

[l-А]

7

ing consonant sounds are called plain consonants; for in­ stance: t, sh.

1. We сап begin with the vowels. Russian has five vowels. In the Aids to Listening we иве the five letters а, е, i, о, и to indicate the Russian vowels. The sounds of the Russian vowels are plainest when they are loud1y stressed; this is when the Aid to Listening writes them with capital 1etters: А, Е, 1, О, U.

Notice, first, that the Russian vowels are rather short; they are never drawled the way воте vowels are drawled in natural Eng1ish pronunciation. The Russian vowel sounds are quite different from ошв; уои will have to listen and imitate carefully. If уои have а chance to hear

а Russian speak Eng1ish with an imperfect pronuncia­ tion, уои тау find it helpful to mimic шв E nglish; рroЬ­

аЫу шв Eng1ish веетв queer in part Ьесаиве he is using Russian vowe1 sounds instead of English ones.

The Russian vowel sound which we write ав 1 or i

has two varieties.

When the Russian i-sound сотев at the beginning of

а word, or after а palatal consonant (that is, after ch or у

or after а consonant that we mark with а сотта under­ neath), it sounds like the Eng1ish vowe1 in eat, cheap, deep, or 1ike Eng1ish i in machine; only the Russian vowe1 is much shorter than ошв.

When the Russian i-sound сотев anywhere е1ве (that is,_after а p1ain consonant), it has а sound that воте­

times веетв very queer to ош ears. It is something like

ош i-vowel in Ьill, hill, but there is something muffled

8

_[l-А]

about it. Тшв is Ьесаиве in the Russian vowe1 the tongue is drawn back in the mouth. Риll your tongue back, ав if

уои were gagging. I mitate the Guide or the cassette recording and уои will soon get the right effect.

ТЬе Russian vowe1 which we write ав Е or е is much like the E ng1ish vowe1 of bet. Before а pa1ata1 conso­ nant it is like1y to sound more 1ike the vowel of bait,

on1y it is shorter. _.

The Russian vowe1 which we write ав А or а is 1ike the Eng1ish vowel infather, except that it is much shorter. The Russian vowe1 which we write ав О or о resembles the E nglish vowe1 of four or board (and is never like E ng1ish о in hot). On1y the Russian vowe1 is shorter and

Ьав an odd sound Ьесаиве the Russian is slight1y round and sticks out шв lips when forming this vowel. Ве вше

to imitate this.

ТЬе Russian vowel which we write ав И or и resemble the English vowe1 of put, good, ри" (and never that of

but, cut). On1y, the Russian и Ьав an odd sound Ьесаиве ав in Russian о, the lips are slight1y rounded and pro­ truded. Ве вше to i mitate this во ав to get the proper Russian effect.

When the Russian vowels are loudly stressed we write them with capita1 1etters: А, Е, 1, О, U. When they are

weakly stressed they still Ьауе the вате sounds, only 1евв

10ud; we write them with an accent mark: а, с, f, 6, u.

When the Russian vowe1s are unstressed they are short­ ened and slurred, very тисЬ like unstressed vowels in Eng1ish; then we write p1ain, втаll а , е, i, и.

Now listen to the way your Guide (or the speaker

оп

the cassette) says the examp!es, and repeat after him.

P R A C T I C E ₁

Ве sure

(о

make аН t!le vowe!s good and short, and try

(о get а rea! Russian sound into уоUl' words.

.--АIDS�r NEAREST ENG L lSH SO UND- ' ,.--.-..--. А I D S --- , CON VENТlONAL i after palatal consonant, like our i in

тachine, but shorter.

i after p!ain consonant, like our i in Ыll, but риН back уош" tongue.

е like our е in bet.

а Iike our а in father, but shorter.

о like ош' о in foиr, board, but round уоис lips. (N ever Iike о ill hot.)

и Jike our и in pиt, рull, but round your lips. (Never Iike и in cut.)

2.

ТЬе Russiall consonant sounds are very тисЬ like the EngIish ones, except only the Russian r and х alld the pa!ataIized consonallts, and even these wil1 give уои по trouble опсе уои make а good start.

ТЬе fo!lowing Russian consonant sounds are very тисЬ Iike EllgIish soullds; {ос _{еасЬ опе we give ап}

English word which has rough1y the вате sound as the Rt!ssian:

Ь

as in ыи

с means ts аэ in hats (never as in cat or il1 cent)

gaspa[JIN

господин

gentleтan VI БЫ уои Еш это УА R SHTO что R Us�iy

русшtий

ch as il1 chиrch d as il1 do f as infour

g as il1 go, get (never аэ il1 geт) k as in kit 1 аэ il1 weU т as in те! n as in net р as il1 ре! s as in sell this 1 what Russian

[1-А]

sh as in shell tas in {еn v as in very у as

!

nyes Z as ш zero zh like Z in assure

Russian р, t, k sound а little different from English р, {, k: the RlIssian sOllnds have less of а pllff of breath after them.

RlIssian {, d, n sound а 1ittle different from English {, d, n becallse the RlIssian sOllnds are made with the tip of the tonglle tOllching the back of the lIpper front teeth.

RlIssian Ь, d, g, v, z, zh have more of а bllzz to them than do the similar English sounds. For instance, when а RlIssian says DА ('yes') it seems to Оllf ears almost as if he were saying nDA.

RlIssian shand zh have less of а hiss lП them than the English sOllnds in shell and azure. In the RlIssian sOllnds the front of the tonglle is lower, and often the !ips are а

bit rollnded.

RlIssian I has а hol1ow sOllnd; some speakers make it sOllnd a!most !ike ап English w. It is mllch like the Еп­ glish I-SОllпd in well or wool, and differs from the higher pitched English I-sollnd in less or 'еаn.

3. Russian r. The first thing to note about this sound is that it is never anything !ike Оllf American r. If УОll lIse Оllf r in RlIssian, УОll will make it hard for RlIssians to lInderstand УОll. 80 get rid of УОllf American r right fюm the start.

The Russians use а trilled sOllnd, like the ттг that сЫ!­ dren say in imitating а te!ephone Ьеll or а running motor. The tip of the tonglle vibrates, making а few rapid taps against the rollnded ыlрp in the pa!ate right аЬоуе and behind the lIpper gllms. УОll сап find the р!асе Ьу рro­ nOllncing ап Eng!ish d as in did. In ап English d the tip of the tonglle makes а rea! contact Ьщ in а RlIssian r it makes оп!у а vibration at this point.

4. RlIssian х. The RlIssian sOllnd which we write with the !etter х is а strong, very breathy h-sollnd. Мапу speak­ ers of English have а simi!ar sOllnd at the beginning of words like hue, huge, huтan.

Now !isten to the Guide (or the speaker оп the (аре) and repeat right after Ыт. P R A C T I C E ₂ pa1JiMAyu то zhi

ll::X

[l-А]

понимаю тоже ЕаЕ 1 understand also how .1 1 J

I

I

1 .�

f

I

(

LAdna ладно mашКО молоко vagZAL вокзал RUs�iy русский xaraSHO хорошо

Now go through the Usefu! Words and Phrases again with your book ореп, following the same procedure as before. Repeat each word and phrase, immediate!y after hearing it, in а !oud, c!ear voice. Let yourse!f go and say the phrases right out.

Go through the Usefu! Words and Phrases опсе more with уош book ореп, but this time, take turns !etting each member of уош group repeat individually until everybody has taken part. Кеер оп the a!ert. If the

agreea milk

railway station Rиssian good, well

Guide asks уои to repeat, do so with enthusiasm and try to mimic Ыт as best as уои сап until he is satisfied with уош pronunciation. When уои have satisfied Ыт, уои сап Ье sure that уои are speaking understandable Russian. Continue this individua! repetition as !ong as time permits. If уои are using оп!у the cassette re­ cordings, уош Leader will see to it that уои repeat and that everyone gets the most out of this individua! performance.

4. Check Yourself Did уои go through the Usefu! Words and Phrases at

!east twice in unison and at least опсе more individually? Did уои repeat each word and phrase in а !oud, c!ear voice immediate!y after hearing it?

Did уои follow the pronunciation уои heard even when it was different from that shown in уош book?

Did уои keep in mind the meaning of each word and phrase as уои heard and spoke the Russian?

If уои have failed at апу point to carry out the instruc­ tions, go over the Usefu! Words and Phrases опсе again as soon as уои сап, being carefu! to follow every step in the procedure outlined.

SECTION B-USEFUL WORDS AND _{РНiRЛВЕВ (Cont.)}

Here are other useful words and phrases which уои will want to use immediately if уои are in а country in which the реор!е speak Russian. These are being given

to уои as а "!anguage first aid." Learn them

ьу

heart.

In working with this material, fol1ow the same рro­ cedure that уои used with the Usefu! Words and Phrases

in Section

А.

After уои Ьауе gone through the list опсе, repeating in unisol1, read the following Hints оп Pronиn­ ciation. Rtш through thc Pronиnciation Practices. ТЬеп

go through tlle list а second and а thil'd time, э.s in Section

А.

how (to) say in Russian

How [do уои say] this il1 Russial1? How [do уои] say this in Russial1?

(уои) wal1t What do уои want? [1] want cigaIette* 1 want [а] cigarette. Ьу те there is cigarettes 1 Ьауе some cigarettes. ** matches

1 haven't any matches.

('Ву те there are по matches')

---1. Useful Words and Phrases (Саnе.)

Buying Things

КАК skaZAT

ра R UsM КАК Eta ра R UsM?

КАК skaZAT Eta ра R Us�i? xaTlji SHTO vf, ха Т Iji? хаСН U papiROsи уа xachu papiROsи. и rttiljA УЕ$Т papiROsi и 1pilj А уе§} papiROsi. SPlchik

и 1pi1Ja ljET Splchik. *Not оп the tape. ** ТЬе tape, Ьу mistake, has "1 Ьауе а cigarette."

12

[l-В]

ЕаЕ

СRазать

ПО-РУССRИ

Еак это ПО-РУССRИ?

I\:aR сказать это ПО-РУССRИ?

хотите

Что вы хотите?

хочу

папиросу

Я

хочу папиросу.

у меня

есть

папиросы

11

меня есть папиросы.

спичеI�

11

мен.я нет СIШчеR.

give те [а] match Give те а match.

to eat*

1

want [something] to eat. some soup*

1

want some soup. Do

уои

want some soup?

Please give те some soup. some bread some butter some meat some potatoes some coffee some tea some sugar some mi1k sоше beer some water

СоНее

or beer?

*Not оп the cassette.

DA Yji M!jE SPI CHku DA Yji m1jc SpICHku. K Ushij уа хаеМ K Ushij. Supu уа хаеМ SUpu. xajiji SUpu?

DA Yji m1jc SUpu, paZHALsta. XI.rEba MAsla }.fAsa karTOsh�i KOfi СНАуu SAxaru mагаКА plva vaDI KOfi iji Р Iva?

дайте

мне

спичку

Дайте мне спичку.

куша,ть

Я

хочу кушать.

супу

Я

хочу супу.

Хотите супу?

Дайте мне супу, пожалуйста.

хлеба

масла

мяса

картошЮI

к

офе

чаю

сахару

MoJ1oKa

пива

воды

Rофе или пива?

[l-В] 1 Э

I1

I

_j\

,>

�1

';:,

how тисЬ SKO{.ka

сколыю

it is

worth оу it costs STOyit

стоит

How much does it cost? SKO{.ka ею STOyit?

Сколько это стоит?

1

t costs two roubles. ею st6yit D VA уuВ{.А.

Это стоит два рубля.

one rouble atJIN RUB{.

один рубль

two roubles D VA уuВ{.А

_{два рубля}

three roubles TJUruB{.A

три рубля

four roubles chiTlri уuВ{.А

_{четыре рубля}

ten kopeks tJE§ij kapEyik

десять копеек

[I1's] two ten. DVA l)E§ij.

Два десять.

orie atJIN

_один

two D VA

_два

three TJU

_три

four chiT1ri

четыре

five РА Т

пять

six SHE§T

шесть

seven $ЕЦ

семь

eight

VO§im

восемь

nine tJEyij

девять

ten tJE§ij

десять

will Ье BU{lit

будет

, _{How much are two and two? SKO{.ka bU{lit D VA i D VA r}

_{Сколы�о будет два и два?}

1

Two and two [are] four. D VA i D VA , chiT1ri.

Два и два - четыре.

�

Three and буе [are] eight. Good-bye!

TflI i PAT, VO§im.

_{Три и}

ПЯТI, -

восемь.

da syiDA 1Jya!

_{До свиданья !}

2. Comment оп the Basic Sentences Forms о] address.

111

talking to а foreigner whom they

do not know very weH, Russians are likely to иве tlle foreign title, saying, for instance, }.fISter S}.fIT, }.fI§is S}.fIT, }.fIS S}.fIT. Or else, they rпay иве the very formal Russia11 word gaspa!) I N and саН а тап gaspa!) I N S}.f IТ. The corresponding word for ' Mrs.' is gaspaZHA ,

but they rarely 1lве this, and there is по corresponding word for ' Miss'.

In talki11g to each other, when they аге 110t weH acquainted, Russians иве two titles. One is ta VArishch

' comrade'; it is used regardless of sex: ta VArishchivaNOF

' Comrade Ivanov' , ta VArishch ivaNOva ' Mrs. Ivanov' or ' М iss 1 vanov'. The other ti tle is ' ci tizen' , grazhdalj I N

for men, graZHDANka for women : grazhdaljIN ivaNOF

' Mr. 1.' graZHDA Nka ivaNOva'Mrs. 1.' or ' Miss 1.'

Notice that воте Russian family names have an cxtra endi11g -а whe11 they are used of а woman.

No ' the' or ' а' : [the] hotel, [а] hotel

"No ' do' :

[Do] уои шidегstапd ?

Often по pronoun with verb :

[Do уои] understand? pa1JiMAyiJi?

Ав soon ав Russians know anyone at аН weH, they stop using the family пате; instead they саН people Ьу the combination of first пате and father's first пате : ' John Peter's�son' , ' Mary Peter's-daughter'.

Ivanov. The speaker оп the record stresses the last вуНаЫе of this family пате ; he ваув Mr. ivaNOF, Mrs.

ivaNOva. Mostly this family пате is prop':>unced i VAnaj, iVAnava.

Ве,

do, have, the, а. Each language has its own machin­ ery for saying things. In English, such words ав

Ье,

is, are, have, has, do, does, the, а perform а great deal of work. In Russian there are по words to match these; the вате work is done Ьу entirely different forms of expression. Don't waste your time puzzling over this ; just learn how one ваув things in Russian. Observe the foHowing types of pht'ases which have appeared in the

Basic Sentences.

гостиница

Вы понимаете?

Поним::tете?

No verb ' to Ье':

Here is the hotel. There is воте beer. There is по beer. There are по matches. Where [is the] station? The station is thel·e.

No verb 'to have':

1

have some cigarettes.

1 have the cigarettes.

1 have по matc11es.

Notice that Russian words like

VOT ga.JTI1}ica. YE.JT pIva. ljET pIva ljET Splchik. СРЕ vagZAL? vagZAL ТАМ. Вот гостиница. Есть пива. Нет пива. Нет спичек. Где вокзал? Вокзал там.

и tpiljA YE.JT paPiROsi. V меня есть папиросы.

papiROsi и tpiljA. Папиросы у меня.

и tpiljA ljET Splchik. V меня !ЩТ спичек.

VOT, YE.JT, ljET do not match ир with is or has or апу other English word. After уои have gone through the Useful Words аnа Phrases and through the Comment оп tJte Basic Sentences, read the following:

3. Hints оп Pronunciation

То the Сгоuр Leader: The folIowing section is divided into two parts, and eacll part is (о Ье taken up separately. First, read through

with (Ье group (Ье introductory material and tlle explanations given in (Ье first part. ТЬеп Ьауе the Guide read the

Examples with (Ье group repeating after him, first in unison, and tllen individually. Don't go оп to (Ье next part until

everyone has а reasonable control over the items of pronunciation that are being taught. Follow this procedure with each of (Ье two parts.

You will find that the Examples are аН given оп the cassettes.

Аэ уои have already noticed, Russian has а lot of sounds that are almost like ош English ones, but sti1l not quite the same. Also, there are а few sounds that are totally different from anything we have in English.

16

[l-В]

If уои want to speak understandable Russian, уои will of course have (о learn (о say these two kinds of sounds. The only way to learn them is to listen to the way уоиr Guide (or the speaker оп the cassette) says

f'

"

�

them and to imitate him as well as уои сап. То Ье!р уои imitate him we shall give уои а few Hints оп Pronuncia­ tion. These will cover, in small doses, the sounds that differ comp!ete!y from those we use in Eng!ish, as well as the ones that differ оп!у а litt!e.

Pa/ata/ consonants.

Уои have probably noticed and imitated the pecu!iar Russian sounds which we mark in the Aids 'о Listening Ьу putting а сотта under the !etters. These sounds are ра/а­ 'а/ consonants. Уои will have to practice them until уои recognize them without fai! when уои hear them, and unti! уои pronounce correct!y the words and phrases in which they occur. Otherwise уои cou!d not understand what а Russian is saying, and Ье cou!d not understand уои.

Russian pa!ata! consonants sound as if а у (as in yes)

were mixed into the ordinary consonant sound. ТЬе PR A C T I C E ₁

midd!e part of the tongue is raised ир against the high­ est part of the pa!ate whi!e the consonant is being pro­ nounced. Р!асе your tongue as if уои were saying уее and keep it in this position whi!e уои produce the consonant sound.

Some Russian consonants occur in pairs, p/ain and ра/а­ 'а/. We mark the pa!ata! опе Ьу p!acing а сотта under the !etter in the Aids 'о Listening:

Ь d g f k l т n р r s t v x z

!;!J,r:f� l tfl t} P I § j y � &

Two other Russian pa!ata! consonants have по сопе-sponding p!ain consonant Ьу their side. These are ch (as in Eng!ish church) and у (as in English yes). Note that these count in Russian as pa!ata! consonants because the tongue is in the characteristic pa!ata! position.

Now !isten to the Guide (or the cassette) and imitate.

EXAMPLES

�AIDS�, NEARESТ ENG L lSH SO UND ' ,--- А f D S ---., r CON VENТlONAL

р like р and у run together РАТ ПЯ'l'Ь five

j like t and у run together xaTlji хотите уоu want

!J, like d and у run together J)Eyij девять nine

f like f and у run together КОЛ _:i\офе coJJee

у like v and у run together izyiljlji извините excuse

§ like s and у ГlШ together $ЕЦ семь seven

� like z and у run together tp like т and у run together 1J like n and у run together J 1ike 1 and у run together r like r and у run together Some olher consonanls.

ТЬе Russian x-sound is something like а strong, breathy h-sound.

Three Russian plain consonants have по corresponding palatal consonant Ьу their side. These are sh (ш in Еп­ glish shell), zh (like z in azure), and с (like ts in hats). ТЬе

Russian sh and zh have а duller, less hissing sound than the nearest English consonants. ТЬе front of the tongue is lower in Russian, and the lips are slightly rounded.

�iMA

зима

winter

MAsa

мясо

теае

ljET

нет

110

па J.,Eva

налево

ео the left

тр.!

три

three

When Russian sh and ch соте together in the сотЫпа­ tion shch, the sound is тисЬ as in ап English combination like fresh chips. ТЬе whole combination is palatal. Мапу Russians, however, pronounce this combination more as if it were sh-sh (as in English fresh ships), but they always keep the combination palatal, Ьу raising the middle of the tongue in the usual way. Imitate уош Guide or the cassette.

PRACTICE 2 EXAMPloES

�АIDS�г�---НОW ТО МАКЕ ТНЕ SO UND--�· .--A
DS---,r�---CON VEN TIONAL---___..

х friction sound in the back of the mouth

sh 1ike English sh in harsh sh 1ike English z in azure

shch like English shch in fresh chips

18

[l-В]

XJ.,Eba SAxaru хаСНU SHTO TO zhi taVArishch

хлеба

сахару

хочу

ч'rо

тоже

товарищ

some bread some sugar I want what a/so сотуоое

4. Check Yourself

Did уои go through the Useful Words аml Phrases

at least twice in unison and at least оп се more in­ phrase ав уои heard and spoke tl1e Russian? Did уои keep in mind the meaning оС each word and dividually?

Did уои apply what уои learned about the vowel sounds in Hints оп Pronunciation?

If уои Ьауе Cailed at апу point to carry out the in­ structions, go over the Useful Words and Phrases onct: again ав вооп ав уои сап, being careCul to Collow every step in the procedure outlined.

Did уои Collow the pronunciation уои heard еуеп ",-Ьеп it was different from that shown in your book?

SECTION C-REVIEW OF

U

SEFUL WORDS AND

Р

ИRASЕS

If your group Ьав time Cor outside assignments, вес- meetings of the group. Otherwise иве them ав indepen-tions marked Individual Study mау Ье done between dent study during а group meeting.

1. Covering the Engl1sh (Individual Study)

Go back to the Useful Words and Phrases in Sections recall the meaning оС еасЬ word al1d phrase. Check the

А

and

В.

Cover ир the English. Read the Russian aloud. expressions уои are not sure about and after уои Ьауе Кеер your voice down if уои are working with the rest gone through the whole list, ul1cover tl1e English and find ос the group. Follow your Guide's pronunciatiol1 ав nearly their meaning. Repeat this procedure at least three times ав уои сап remember, and test yourselC to вее iC уои сап or ul1ti1 уои are satisfied that уои know every expression.

2. Review о! Useful Words and Phrases

То the Group Leader:

Read again {or your informa:tion the numbered suggestions just preceding

Useful Words аnа Phrases

оп page

3.

Your Guide Ьаз been directed in Ыв manual to рау particular a'ttention to the correct pronunciation

of the sounds. Не тау ask members

оС

the group to repeat words or phrases

а

goo<l тапу times Jn an effort to

get

а

pronunciation that is more nearly correct. See that they listen сl0sеlу, that they repeat promptly and

10ud enough so that everyone сап hear them, and that they imitate the Guide to the last detail.

Go

through the

UsefuJ, Words аnа Phrases

in Sections

А

and

В

twice. ТЬе first time Ьауе the members

оС

the group repeat individually after the Guide with books open, ТЬе second time, Ьауе them close their books.

ТЬе Guide willgive еасЬ Russian expression twice аз before. Let the students take turns giving the English

equivalent the first time they hear the Guide speak the Russian and repcatin� the Russian ав usual the second

time. ТЫв wi1l help them to check оп the meaning

оС

аН Russian expressions Jn

Usefиl Words аnа Phrases.

Go back to the Useful Words and Phrases in Sections А and В. The first time уои go through the !ist, take turns repeating the. Russian after the Guide. Кеер уош book open, and get аН the he!p уои сап from the Aids /0 Lis­ /ening. Рау particu!ar attention to what уои have !earned about tlle pronunciation of the vowels. Make every ef­ fort to satisfy уош Guide with уош pronunciation.

The second time уои go through the list, check ир

оп the meaning of the Russian. Кеер уош books c!osed and take turns giving the Eng!ish equiva!ent the first time УОll hear the Russian expression and repeating the Russian ав ивиа! the second t ime. If уои have any trouble with the English, уои shou!d find time for more individua! study of the Useful Words and Phrases, cover­ ing the E nglish and checking ир оп the meaning when уои read the Russian a!oud.

S ECTION D-LISTENING IN 1. Listeni ng I n

То the Сгоuр Leader: ТЬе conversations which appear i n this section will Ье read t o the group Ьу the Guide or played о п the

cassette player. English equivalents are omitted from the Listening ln material so that students сап get practice in

understanding spoken Russian which uses the vocabulary they know. Meaning, therefore, is to Ье empllasized. Tlle first time уоu go through the conversatioris, Ьауе the Guide repeat а conversation, if necessary to help c!ear uр the meaning, before уоu go оп to the next conversation.

Оо through the conversations а second time without stopping. Рау about equal attention to pronunciation and meaning.

Finally, assign parts and Ьауе the students read the conversations. Give everyone а сЬапсе. Suggest that the actors actually take the parts, stand uр and тоуе around, sit at а table in the restaиrant, stand behind the counter in the store, etc. Кеер it moving. Get everyone to speak uр! Take а рап yoиrself.

Кеер уош book c!osed whi!e the GlI ide reads the foHowing conversation and repeat after him. If уои Ьауе по Guide, уои shou!d иве the cassette p!ayer, repeating the Russian immediate!y after уои hear it. At the end of each conversation take time out to check ир оп the meaning of

20 [1-О]

what уои have heard and said. Ask someone in the group to give уои to Eng!ish equivalent of any expression уои do not understand. A!most аН words and the expressions уои have had in Useful Words and Phrases оссш in the foHowing conversations.

1. Smith asks Ivanov the way;

Smi th: ZD RA stvuyji, ta V Arishch ivaNO Р!

КАК vt pazhiVAyiji? КАК ta VArishch ivaNOva?

Ivanov: xaraSHO, spa$Iba. а VI?

Smith: ТО zhi xaraSHO. xaTlji papiROsu?

Ivanov: пА , paZHALsta. SPICHku?

Smith: spa$Iba.

и 1pi1}fl !jET Splchik.

уа хаСН U K Ushij. С!)Е .ristaRAN?

Ivanov: уе§} ristaRAN па PRAva. Smith: izyi!jlji.

SHTO vt skaZAji? ristaRAN ТАМ?

2.

Му. Smith enters a restaurant.

Smith: ZDRAstvuyji!

Waitress: ZDRAstvuyjil

SHTO 'l!t xaTIJi K Ushij?

Ivanov: !jET, па PRAva.

vagZAL ТА М, ga$TTf}ica па fs.Eva,

а ristaRAN па PRAva. Smith: уа 1}i рЩJiМАуu.

paZHALsta, gavajUji },fEdJinna. eta ristaRAN?

Ivanov: пА.

TAM vagZAL, а ristaRAN Z!)E$.

Smith: vt xaTlji KUsltij?

Ivanov: !jET, spa$Iba.

da syiDA1}ya, grazhda1}tn S},fIT.

Smith: da syiDA1}ya.

Smith: пА Yji т1}е },fAsa i karTOsh�i, Xfs.Eba i M Asla.

Waitress: vt xajiji SUpu?

Smith: DA.

Waitress: т xaJ1ji тalaKA 1ji KOfi?

Smith : !jET.

уа xaehUf'Iva.

З.

Mr. Jones aпd Mr. Ilyin are in а restaиrant.

Ilyin: paZHALsta, DA Yji m1Jc SUpи, lIfAsa, i kq,rTOsh�i.

Jones: paftaft.lji ееа lIfEdjina, paZAHLsta.

l1yin: уа xaehu SUpи, lIfAsa, i karTOsh�i.

Jones: M!jE ТО zhi, paZHALsta.

Waitress:

xaraSHO.

Smith : SKOJ.,ka ееа

STOyit'l

Waitress: R UBJ., !)E§iJ.

Girl: SHTO т xaTIJi, KOfi 1Ji еНАуи'l

Jones: уа хаеМ еНАуи.

l1yin: а уа xaehu KOfi i vaDI.

Girl: xaraSHO. 2. Check Yourself

Is there any expression in any of these conversations that уои do not understand now? If there is, find the meaning of it or ask other members of your group Ье­ fore уои proceed. If по one knows, refer to the Usefиl Words aпd Phrases.

Go through the conversations once more following the вате plarr ав before. Imitate carefully and Ье sure to keep in mind the English equivalent of everything уои are saying in Russian.

Finally go through the conversations again but this time take turns. ТЬе leader wi1l assign parts and the exercise is to continue at least until everyone Ьав had а сЬапсе to speak one оЕ the parts. Кеер this going аз 10ng as уои have time. When your turn сотев, speak clearly and with enthusiasm. Put yourself in the situa­ tion and let yourself go. If the Guide asks уои to repeat, do во unti1 Ье is satisfied with your pronunciation.

S�CTION E-CONVERSATION

1. Covering the Russian (Individual Study)

Go back to the Usefиl Words aпd Phrases in Sections si1ently and test yourself to see if уои сап speak the А and

В.

Cover ир the Russian. Read the English Russian for еасЬ word and phrase. Check the

I

sions you are uncertain about and after you have gone through the who1e Iist, uncover the Russian and review them. Go through the Iist once more and continue for at least three times or until уои сап give the Russian readily for аН the expressions. То make sure of this,

pick out expressions at random and вес if уои сап speak out the Russian quick1y. Speak the Russian a10ud and try to imitate your Guide's pronunciation ав well аз уои сап remember it.

2. Vocabulary Check-Up

То the Group Leader: Go to the UseJttl Words and Phrases in Sections А and В. Read to the group the English equivalent оС the Russian expressions. Са1l оп differcnt studcnts not in апу fixed order, asking for the correct Russian for the English. For instancc, say to А, "КАК skaZAJ ра RUs!fi: Where is the hotel?" The students аге to respond witll theJr books closed: The Guide will indicate Ьу а negative sign wllenevcr he hears а Rttssian cxprcssion tllat is wrong, or, if there is по Guide, tlle other members of the group wШ indicate tlJat they do not agrce. Immedi­ ately ask someone else to give the exprcssion corrcctly. Апу grdi.Jp mcmbcr WllO has difficulty in giviпg the corrcct Н.нssiап should Ьс told to revicw the UseJul Words and Phrases th01'oughly bcfore the пехt mecting of the group. Do поt sрепd апу time tаlkiпg abottt the why of the Russian; stick to the how.

Therc are two precautions which the Lcader must obscrve in аН cxcrciscs оС this sort and in tlle сопvсгsаtiоп practicc throughout the course. Ве sure that evcryone uпdегstапds tllem. Thcy are as follows:

1. Every Russian ехргеssiоп must Ье given smoothly and completely before the student's performance сап Ье сопsidегеd satisfactory. If there is ап crror iп the first attempt, ask thc studспt to givc the cxprcssion over аgаiп iп completc form. If Itе fumbIcs badly, turn to sоmсопс else.

2. Еvегуопс must �?�ak loud ,епоugh, so tltat аН �ап hea�. Every stud�n� should Ье encouraged �o �a1l <;JUt "Loudcr, please! 1f he сап t hcar. Check оп th1s occaslOnally Ьу pOllltlllg to tlle studcnt who 13 11stcn1llg

to s01ueone else's Russian, апd ask "What did Itе Бау?"

If уои do поt observe thc,se ргесаutiопs, much time and cffort тау Ье wasted iп group шссtiпgs.

rn this section уои are going to have your first сЬапсе the instructions carefully, get everyti1ing уои are to do to engage in conversation in Russian. This, of course, is straight in your mind, and then p1unge in.

the most usef111 part of the entire unit, and the part In order to fix in your mind thc expressions уои will you shou1d do with the greatest amount of рер and need in the conversation, check Y0l11'se1f оп YOllr ability realism. Оо it half-hearted1y and уои lose most of the to speak the Russian уои have 1earned. Ву now уои va1ue of the lInit. Оо it earnest1y and enthusiastically shou1d not have to grope {or it. ТЬе I.eader of thcgroup and уои wil\ find that уои сап readi\y say а great num- wil\ ask уои to supp1y in turn the Russial1 expressions ber of things in Russian, fluent1y and correct1y. Read (ог the English equiva1ents which Ье reads {rom the

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23

Useful Words and PJzrases. If you have done а thorough smoothly when уон hear the English. Your Guide wШ job of recalling tIle Russian when уон are looking on1y 1et уои know if your Russian expressions are not cor-at the Епg1ish еquivаlепts, аБ suggested in Sесtiоп Е, гесt. If уои have по Guide, t11e тетЬеГБ of the gгоuр уои will lщvе по difficulty iп геsропdiпg promptly апd should Ье ready to correct faulty ехргеssiопs.

3. Simple Arithmetic in Russian

Hel·e are Боте sample additions: а. SKOfs,ka В U!Jit a!)IN i !)Eyij?

сколько будет один и девять? a!)IN i !)Eyij, !)E§ij.

PA T i TjU, VO§iт. 5+3=8

пять и три, восемь.

1+9=10 _{с. SKOfs,ka}

_В

_{U!Jit SHE$T i chiTIJi? 6 + 4}

один и девять - десять. _{сколыю будет шесть и четыре?}

Ь.

SKOfs,ka B U!Jit РА Т i TjU? 5 + 3 = ? SHE$T i chiTIJi, !)E§ij.

сколько будет пять и три? шесть и четыре - десять.

?

10 Оп а sheet of paper, write out the figures Cor similar not just the answer. For example, if уои have written problems which do not add ир to тоге than ten. Write, down 8 + 2 = 10, уои Бау: SKOfs,ka

В

U!Jit VO§iт i

for examp1e 8 + 2 = 10. The Gгоuр leader will then ask D VA ? and the опе who апswегs must Бау: VO§iт i

опе of the members of the group to вау ЫБ problem iп D VA , !)E§ij, not just plain !)E§ij. Сопtiпuе this exer-Russian and another to answer it in Russiап. The cise until everyone has had а chance to ask and to person who answers must give the whole addition, and answer.

4. Conversation

То the суоuр Leader: Read the fol1o\viag directions with the class. Encourage t!Je students to strike out for them,;elves. Spend al1 the time уои сап 011 free conversation practice in an effort to get to the point where students сап speak

easily and smoothly with а шinimum of ums and ers. The Leader will assign parts and will ask уои to take turns in pairs, carrying оп the following conversations. The two persons who are talkirfg together should stand ир and act out t:heir parts, speaking ав smoothly and naturally аБ possible. Make it rea1 and get воте fцп

24

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out of it. The Guide will help уои if your Russiап is wrong or if your pronunciation is bad. The JJeader will prompt уои if уои are not sure what сотеБ пехt in your part.