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RRIICCEE PPOOSSTTHHAARRVVEESSTT TTEECCHHNNOOLLOOGGYY
dkRsg; nigERbsRmYlBI
Extracted and Translated fromkarsikSaEbbeGLikRtUnik
(E-LEARNING)rbs;
viTüasßanRsavRCavdMNaMRsUvGnþrCati
Produced by the International Rice Research Institute
i
sarGKÁelxaFikarKMnitpþÜcepþImshRbtibtþikares,óg nigksikmµGasIu
KMnitpþÜcepþImshRbtibtþikarGMBIes,óg nigksikmµGasIu sUmeKarBsVaKmn_ !
KMnitpþÜcepþImenHKWCaGgÁénkic©shRbtibtþikarmanlkçN³GnþrrdæaPi)al nigBhuPaKI EdlRtUv )anbegáIteLIgedayrdæ)alGPivDÆn_CnbTénsaFarNrdækUer: kñúgTisedAedIm,IbegáInplitkmµes,óg eFIV[ ekItmanCak;EsþgnUvkareFIVksikmµRbkbedaynirnþrPaB nigEklm¥esvakmµpSBVpSayrbs;RbeTsnana enATIVbGasIu tamry³karEckrMElkcMeNHdwg nigB½t’mansþIBIbec©kviTüaksikmµ .
rdæ)alGPivDÆn_CnbTxagelI EdlCasßab½nrdæaPi)alTTYlbnÞúkkargaresvakmµRsavRCav nig pSBVpSayksikmµ )anRbwgERbgbegáIt nigpSBVpSaybec©kviTüaksikmµ kñúgry³eBl 50 qñaMcugeRkay .
CaEpñkmYyénkic©RbwgERbgenH ´mankitþiyseday)anTTYlnUv»kasedIm,Ie)aHBum<esovePAksi kmµenH sRmab;RbeTsCasmaCik edayeRbIR)as;fvikaBiessrbs;rdæ)alGPivDÆn_CnbT .
kic©karenHmanTisedACYysRmbsRmYlkare)aHBum< nigpSBVpSaynUvesovePAbec©kviTüaksikmµ sMedApþl;CUndl;ksikrpÞal; nigEckrMElknUvÉksarGb;rM CaPasakMeNItrbs;Kat;pÞal; b¤ CaPasaGg; eKøs . ´manCMenOfaeTaHbICabec©kviTüamanPaBl¥y:agNak¾eday k¾vaenAEtBMumann½y kalNavaBMU RtUv)anpSBVpSay nigTTYlykeTAGnuvtþekIt .
´mansgÇwmy:agmutmaMfa esovePAenHnwgbeRmICakartRmg;Tisd¾manRbeyaCn_ CUndl;ksikr RBmTaMgCamUldæanénTMnak;TMngkan;EtCitsñiT§ rvagRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa nigsaFarNrdækUer: .
´sUmEføgGMNrKuNCaGenk . edaykIþrab;Gan qU yuaMghIu
GKÁelxaFikar
ii
MESSAGE
Greetings from the Asian Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (AFACI)!
AFACI is an intergovernmental and multilateral cooperation body established by the Rural Development Administration (RDA) of the Republic of Korea, aiming to improve food production, realize sustainable agriculture and enhance extension service of Asian countries by sharing knowledge and information on agricultural technology.
RDA, a governmental organization for agricultural research and extension services, has been trying to develop and distribute the agricultural technology for last fifty years.
As a part of these efforts, I am honored to have opportunity to publish agricultural books for AFACI member countries with a special fund from RDA.
This activity aims at facilitating the publication and distribution of agricultural technology books for providing agricultural technologies directly to local farmers and sharing educational materials in their local languages or English.
I believe that it is meaningless not to be distributed and practically used no matter how great the technology may be.
I truly hope that this book serves as a useful guide for farmers as well as becomes a touchstone for closer relationship between the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Republic of Korea.
Thank you very much. Sincerely,
Cho, Yang-Hee
Secretary General
iii
esckIþEføgGMNrKuN
´ mas Bisidæ RbFannaykdæanshRbtibtþikarGnþrCati énRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT nigCaTIRbwkSaGnþrCatiénviTüasßanRsavRCavdMNaMRsUvGnþrCatisRmab;RbB½n§eRkayplitkmµRsUv EdlCa GñkERbsRmYl nigeroberog sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaH ³
- RkumTIRbwkSaKeRmag : karbegáInCIvPaBksikrRkIRk tamry³kareFIV[kan;EtRbesIrnUvkarRKb; RKgRsUv bnÞab;BIRcUtkat; : elak esog b‘unéf sa®sþacarüGnuviTüal½yEbkcan RsukGgÁsñÜl extþkNþal nigelak s‘n viciRt cMeBaHkarcUlrYmBinitüxøwmsar nigBaküeBcn_ .
- viTüasßanRsavRCavdMNaMRsUvGnþrCati cMeBaHÉksaredIm kñúgTRmg;CakarsikSaeGLikRtUnik . - KMnitpþÜcepþImshRbtibtþikarGMBIes,óg nigksikmµGasIu Edl)anpþl;fvika nigkarelIkTwkcitþ[
erobcM nige)aHBum<ÉksarenHCaesovePA .
- RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT CaBiessGKÁnaykdæanksikmµ Edl)anpþl;lT§PaB nig karKaMRT[´eFIVkic©karenH .
- elakGñkmanKuN RkumRKYsar bgb¥Ún nigjatimiRtTaMgGs; Edl)anpþl;kMeNIt Gb;rM TUnµan elIkTwkcitþ niglHbg;RKb;Ebby:ag edIm,I[´GaceronsURt)aneRcIn edIm,IciBa©wmCIvit nigeFIVkic© karCakuslTaMgLaysRmab;RbeTsCati nigRbCaksikrExµr .
´k¾sUmGFüaRs½ycMeBaHPaBxVHcenøaH b¤ qÁaMqÁgnana EdlGacekItmanenAkñúgsñaédenH ehIysUm lMeGankay edIm,ITTYlykkarriHKn;sßabna .
PñMeBj Ex mIna qñaM 2012
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I, Meas Pyseth, Director of the Department of International Cooperation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and Consultant for Postproduction System of the International Rice Research Institute, as the translator and author would like to thank:
- The consultants of the Project titled “Improving Farmers Livelihoods trough Improving Rice Postharvest Management”, Mr. Sieng Bunthay (Professor of Bekchan Secondary School, Angsnuol District, Kandal Province) and Mr. Sorn Vichet (IRRI Consultant) for very valuable review and recommendations.
- The IRRI for the original copy in the form of e-learning.
- Asian Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (AFACI).
- The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, especially the General Directorate of Agriculture for providing the opportunity and support.
- My parents, family, relatives and friends who have given life, education, advices, encouragement and commitments for me to study, so that I can live on and do many kind works for the nation and Khmer farmers.
I also like to apologize for any mistake in this document and will accept all constructive criticisms.
Phnom Penh, March 2012
v
matika
TMB½r sarGKÁelxaFikarKMnitpþÜcepþImshRbtibtþikares,óg nigksikmµGasIu i esckIþEføgGMNrKuN iii sTÞanuRkm x 1> esckIþepþIm 1 2> karRbmUlplRsUv 2 2>1 sarsMxan;;énkarRcUtkat;RtwmRtUv nigkñúgeBld¾smRsb 2 2>2 viFIRbmUlplRsUv 3 2>2>1 karRbmUlpledayéd 3 2>2>2 karRcUtkat;edayéd nige)akEbnedaym:asIun 3 2>2>3 karRbmUlpledaykMuéb 4 2>3 bBaðaekItmanedaykarTukkNþab;kñúgERs 5 2>4 bBaðakúñgkarCBa¢ÚnkNþab; 6 2>5 kare)akEbn 6 2>6 karsMGat 11 2>7 kar)at;bg;kñúgeBlRbmUlpl 13 2>7>1 kar)at;bg;kñúgeBlRcUtkat; 132>7>2 kar)at;bg; kñúgeBle)akEbn nigsMGat 14
2>7>3 kar)at;bg;kñúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún 14 2>8 sMNYrGMBIIkarRbmUlpl 15 3> karhalsm¶ÜtRsUv 17 3>1 sarsMxan;;énkarhalsm¶Üt 17 3>2 viFIsm¶Üt 18 3>2>1 karhalRsUvedaykemþAéf¶ 18 3>2>2 karsm¶ÜtRsUvedaym:asIun 20 3>3 sMNYrGMBIkarhalsm¶Üt 22 4> karTukdak; 24
vi 4>1 brikçarTukdak; 24 4>2 l½kçx½NÐsRmab;Tukdak; 25 4>3 RbB½n§Tukdak; 26 4>3>1 karTukdak;kñúg)av 27 4>3>2 karTukdak;kñúgCRguk 27 4>3>3 karTukdak;kñúgFugFM² 28 4>4 karTukdak;biTCit 31 4>4>1 mUlehtuRtUvTukdak;biTCit 31 4>4>2 karcMNaykñúgkarTukdak;biTCit 32 4>5 ktþacéRgkñúgeBlTukdak; - stVl¥it 32 4>5>1 brisßanrs;enArbs;stVl¥it 32 4>5>2 stVl¥itTI 1 nig TI 2 33
4>6 ktþacéRgkñúgkarTukdak; - stVkekr ¬kNþúrFM nigtUc¦ 35
4>6>1 karbgábBaðarbs;stVkekr 36 4>6>2 tRmUvkarrbs;stVkekr 37 4>6>3 viFankarTb;sáat; 37 4>7 ktþacéRgkñúgkarTukdak; - CMgW b¤ karduHpSit 38 4>7>1 bBaðabgáedaypSit 38 4>7>2 meFüa)ayTb;sáat;karekItmanCMgWpSit 39 4>8 kareRCIsyksMNak 39 4>8>1 sarsMxan;;énkareRCIsyksMNakRtwmRtUv 40 4>8>2 rebobeRCIsyksMNak[)anRtwmRtUv 41 4>8>3 karrkSaTuk nigeRbIR)as;sMNak 41 4>9 GRtasMeNImRsUvGgár 42 4>9>1 karvas;GRtasMeNIm 42 4>9>2 GRtasMeNImsmta 44 4>9>3 GRtasMeNImeFobbriyakas 46 4>9>4 GRtasMeNImeFobsmta 46 4>10 sMNYrGMBIkarTukdak; 47
vii 5> karkinRsUv 49 5>1 viFIkinRsUv 50 5>1>1 karkinRsUvkñúg 1 lMdab; 50 5>1>2 karkinRsUv 2 lMdab; 52 5>1>3 karkinRsUveRcInlMdab; 52 5>2 m:asIunkinRsUvTMenIb 53 5>2>1 karsMGatRsUv munkin 53 5>2>2 karkinsMrUb 53 5>2>3 karEjkRsUv 53 5>2>4 karkinsRmit nigkarxat;rMlIg 53 5>2>5 karEjkGgár 54 5>2>6 karRcbl;Ggár 54 5>2>7 karføwgGgár 54 5>3 sMNYrGMBIkarkinRsUv 54 6 - KuNPaBRsUvGgár 56 6>1 lkçN³rUbsaRsþénRsUvGgár 56 6>1>1 lkçN³rUbsa®sþénRsUv 56 6>1>2 lkçN³rUbsa®sþénGgár 57 6>2 lkçN³KImIénGgár 61
6>2>1 Gelatinization temperature ¬sItuNðPaBEdleFIV[GgárERbCa)ay¦ 61
6>2>2 Amylose content ¬GRtaGamILÚs¦ 62
6>2>3 Gel consistency ¬sißrPaBrbs;CatiGn§il¦ 63
6>3 ktþaman\Ti§Bldl;KuNPaBRsUvGgár 64 6>3>1 ktþaBUC 65 6>3>2 ktþaplitkmµ 65 6>3>3 ktþaRKb;RKgenAeRkayeBlRbmUlpl 65 6>4 lkçN³rbs;BUC 65 6>4>1 sarsMxan;;énKuNPaBRKab;BUC 66 6>4>2 lkçN³suT§xagBUCénRKab;BUCRsUv 67
viii
6>4>3 PaBmins¥at 68
6>4>4 TMhMRKab; 68
6>4>5 RKab;BUCxUc xUcRTg;RTay nigmanCMgW 68
6>4>6 GRtadMNuHkñúgERs 68 6>4>7 dMeNkénRKab;BUC 69 6>4>8 kareFIVetsþRKab;BUC 69 6>4>9 viBaØabnbR½tbBa¢ak;BUC 70 6>5 meFüa)ayedIm,IplitRKab;BUCmanKuNPaBx<s; 72 6>5>1 kareRCIserIsERs nigkarerobcMdI 72 6>5>2 karRKb;RKgdMNaM 73 6>5>3 karRKb;RKgRKab;BUCenAeRkayeBlRbmUlpl 75 6>6 kareFIVetsþvaytémøKuNPaBRKab;BUC 79 6>6>1 kareFIVetsþGRtasMeNIm 80 6>6>2 kareFIVetsþGRtadMNuH 80 6>6>3 kareFIVetsþPaBs¥atrbs;RKab;BUC 81 6>6>4 kareFIVetsþkMNt;PaBsuT§xagBUC 81 6>6>5 Tm¶n; 1000 RKab; 83 6>7 sMNYrGMBIKuNPaBRsUvGgár 84 7> esckIþsegçb 89 7>1 karRKb;RKg eRkayRbmUlpl 89 7>2 sarsMxan;énkarRKb;RKg eRkayRbmUlpl 89 7>3 kareFIV[kic©RbtibtþieRkayRbmUlpl manPaBRbesIr 89 7>4 sMNYrbBa©b; 91 8> karbegáItEpnkarskmµPaB 97 9> GñkrYmcMENkplitÉksarenH CakarsikSaEbbeGLikRtUnik 98
ix TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
Message from the Director General of AFACI i
Acknowledgement iii
Glossary x
1. Introduction 1
2. Rice harvest 2
2.1 Importance of proper and on-time harvest 2
2.2 Harvesting methods 3
2.3 Problems occurred when leaving cut crop in the field 5 2.4 Problems occurred when gathering and transporting cut crop 6
2.5 Threshing 6 2.6 Cleaning 11 2.7 Postharvest losses 13 3. Rice drying 17 3.1 Importance of drying 17 3.2 Drying methods 18 3.3 Questions on drying 22 4. Rice storage 24 4.1 Storage facilities 24 4.2 Storage conditions; 25 4.3 Storage system 26 4.4 Sealed storage 31
4.5 Storage pests – Insects 32
4.6 Storage pests – Rodents 35
4.7 Storage pests – Fungi 38
4.8 Sampling 39
4.9 Rice moisture content 42
4.10 Questions on storage 47
5. Rice milling 49
5.1 Milling methods 50
5.2 Modern rice mills 53
5.3 Questions on rice milling 54
6. Rice grain quality 56
6.1 Physical properties 56
6.2 Chemical properties 61
6.3 Factors that affect rice grain quality 64
6.4 Seed properties 65
6.5 Ways to produce high-quality seed 72
6.6 Testing seed quality 79
6.7 Questions on rice grain quality 84
7. Summary 89
7.1 Postharvest management 89
7.2 Importance of postharvest management 89
7.3 Improving postharvest management 89
7.4 Final questions 91
8. Workplan 97
x
sTÞanuRkm
Brown rice GgársMrUb ³GgárKµansm,kGgáam b:uEnþenAsl;RsTab;knÞk; .
Chalky rice GgáreBaHs ³ GgárEdlépÞeRkAeRcInCag 75° manBN’dUcdIs ¬elIkElgGgárdMeNIb . Chip kemÞccugGgár ³ kemÞc b¤ bMENkGgár EdlGacFøak;cuHtamRbehag b¤ rn§mUl²manRbEvg Ggát;p©it
cab;BI 1>4 mIløIEm:Rt .
Damaged grains RsUvGgárxUc ³ RsUvGgárxUcedaysarsMeNIm ktþacéRg CMgW b¤ mUlehtuepSgeTot
edayminrab;bBa©ÚlkarxUcxatbNþalBIkemþA .
Discolored grain or yellow grain RsUvGgárERbBN’ b¤ GgáreLIgBN’elOg ³ RsUvGgárEdlxUc
ehIyeFIV[ERbBN’eTACaelOg b¤ exµA edaykareLIgkemþA kareLIgesIm b¤ RsUbsMeNImcUlvij b¤ edaykarbMpøajénCMgWpSit .
Dryer m:asIunsm¶Üt ³ m:asIunbnSat;sMeNImecjBIRsUvGgáresIm edayeFIV[manxül;ekþAbk;qøgkat; . Drying karhalsm¶Üt ³ kareFIV[fycuHsMeNImkñúgRKab;RsUvGgár .
Foreign matter sarFatulayLM ³ sarFatusrIragÁ b¤ GsrIragÁ minEmnCaRsUvGgár ¬sMram¦ . Glutinous rice RsUv b¤ GgárdMeNIb ³ RsUvGgárBiess EdlmanGgárBN’sRsGab; .
Harvesting karRbmUlpl ³ karRcUtkat;ykEpñkmankYr ecjBIedImRsUvkñúgERs . Head rice GgáredIm ³ GgármanRbEvgesIµ nigEvgCag 75° énRbEvgRKab;GgárTaMgmUl .
Heat damage grains RsUvGgárxUcedayeLIgkemþA ³ RsUvGgár ¬TaMgmUl b¤ bMENk¦ EdlERbBN’
edayeLIgkemþA .
Immature grain RsUvesIÞrTwk ³ RsUvminTan;TMuRKb;RKan; b¤ minTan;dak;RKab;eBjelj . Large broken cugGgárRKab;FM ³ cugGgármanRbEvg 50 - 75°énRbEvgRKab;GgárTaMgmUl . Medium broken cugGgárRKab;mFüm ³ cugGgármanRbEvg 25 - 50°énRbEvgRKab;GgárTaMgmUl . Milled rice Ggárs b¤ GgársRmit ³ GgárEdlKµansm,kGgáam nigRsTab;knÞk; .
Paddy RsUv ³ manrYmTaMgGgár RsTab;knÞk; nigsm,kGgáam .
Red grain GgárRkhm b¤ rnuk ³ GgárEdlmanépÞeRkAeRcInCag 1¼4 BN’Rkhm edayminrab;bBa©Úl
GgárEdlxUcedayeLIgkemþA .
Small broken cugGgárRKab;tUc b¤ l¥it ³ cugGgárxIøCag 25°énRbEvgRKab;GgárTaMgmUl . Sun drying karhalRsUvedaykemþAéf¶ ³ viFIhalRsUvtamTmøab; edayBRgayva[rgkemþAéf¶ . Whole kernel RKab;GgárTaMgmUl ³ RKab;GgárBMumankar)ak;Ebk .
xi
Breeder seed RKab;BUCCeRmIsviTUr ³ RKab;BUCénBUCfIµmYyEdlmanPaBsuT§x<s;bMput . vaRtUv)anplit
begáIt BinitüRKb;RKg nigpÁt;pÁg;daypÞal; edayrukçCeRmIsviTUr b¤ sßab½nrbs;eK sRmab;plitBUC suT§RKwH [)aneRcIn .
Foundation seed RKab;BUCsuT§RKwH ³ RKab;BUCEdlplit)anedayeRbIR)as;RKab;BUCCeRmIsviTUr . vaRtUv
)anpliteLIgedayPñak;garksikmµ Edl)anTTYlkarbNþúHbNþal edayeKarBtamsþg;daCati nig edaymankarRKb;RKgRtwmRtUvedIm,IrkSaPaBsuT§xagBUC nigGtþsBaØaNénBUCenaH .
Registered seed RKab;BUCEdl)ancuHbBaI¢ ³ RKab;BUCEdlplit)anedayeRbIR)as;RKab;BUCRKwH . vaRtUv
)anpliteLIgedayksikrEdl)aneRCIserIs edaymankarRKb;RKgRtwmRtUvedIm,IrkSaPaBsuT§xag BUC nigGtþsBaØaNénBUCenaH RBmTaMgmankarRtYtBinitüERs nigRKab;BUC edIm,IeFIV[)anR)akdfa vamanPaBRtwmRtUvtamsþg;da .
Certified seed RKab;BUCTTYlsÁal; ³ RKab;BUCEdlplit)anedayeRbIR)as;RKab;BUCcuHbBa¢I . vaRtUv)an
RKb;RKgRtwmRtUv edIm,IrkSaPaBsuT§xagBUC nigGtþsBaØaNénBUCenaH . vaRtUv)anplitedayksi krmYycMnYnEdl)aneRCIserIs enAeRkaml½kçx½NÐdaMduHkMNt;mYy nigEdlenAdac;EtÉg . vaRtUv mankarRtYtBinitüERs nigRKab;BUC muneBlTTYl)ankaryl;RBmBITIPñak;gar b¤ sßab½nEdlman Par³pþl;karTTYlsÁal; . plEdlTTYl)anKWRKab;BUCsRmab;daMduHmanlkçN³BaNiC¢kmµ .
1
1 - esckIþepþIm
cab;BIeBlEdlvaTMuRKb;RKan;ehIy RsUvGacnwgTTYlrgkarxUcxat Edlmann½yfaRsUvEtgman KuNPaBx<s;bMputenAeBlTMu ehIyKuNPaBenHecHEtfycuH kñúgel,ÓnelOn b¤ yWt GaRs½yelIkarRKb; RKg . enARbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_CaeRcIn RsUvGgárkMBug)at;bg;témø 25 - 50° éntémøsrub kñúgcenøaH eBlcab;BIRcUt rhUtdl;briePaK . kar)at;bg;TaMgenaHekItmanedaysarkarRCuHkMBb; karsIubMpøajrbs; stVcéRg nigkarfycuHKuNPaB EdlbNþal[ksikrTTYl)ancMNUlTab RsUvGgármantémøx<s;sRmab; GñkeRbIR)as; ehIybgáplb:HBal;xøaMgelIbrisßan edaysarksikrRtUvkardIERskan;EteRcInedIm,IdaMduH .
ÉksarenH)anerobcMeLIgsRmab;CaCMnYydl;GñkEdlkMBugGnuvtþkic©kareRkayRbmUlpl edIm,I CYybnþdl;ksikr kñúgkarRKb;RKgRsUvGgárbnÞab;BIRcUtkat; edayerobrab;GMBIbBaða nigviFIkat;bnßykar )at;bg; RBmTaMgkarEfrkSaKuNPaB sRmab;ry³eBlEvg .
karRKb;RKgRsUvenAeRkayplitkmµ KWCaviFI b¤ kic©RbtibtþinanaEdlRtUvGnuvtþ edIm,IRKb;RKgRsUv cab;BIeBlRcUt rhUtdl;eBlvaRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;sRmab;briePaK b¤ lk;dUr . kic©RbtibtþiTaMgenaHmanCa GaT×KW karRcUtkat; karhalsm¶ÜtkNþab;kñúgERs karCBa¢ÚnkNþab;karKrkNþab; kare)akEbnkarsMGat karhalsm¶Üt karRckRsUvkñúg)avkarTukdak;RsUvkarkinRsUvkarTukdak;Ggár nigkarlk;dUr .
cMNucKnøwHEdlnwgerobrab;mandUcCa ³
- karRcUtkat; ³ KYrRcUtkat;enAeBlEdlRsUvmanGRtasMeNImsmRsb .
- kare)akEbn nigsMGat ³ KYre)akEbn nigsMGatRsUv[)anqab;bnÞab;BIRcUtkat;rYc .
- karhalsm¶Üt ³ KYrhalsm¶ÜtRsUv[)anqab; bnÞab;BIe)akEbn nigsMGat ehIyRbsinebIGac KYrsm¶ÜtRsUvedaym:asIunsm¶Üt .
- karTukdak; ³ KYrTukdak;RsUvEtkalNavamanGRtasMeNImsmRsb b¤ s¶ÜtRKb;RKan; ehIykar BarvakMu[rgkaryayIbMpøajrbs;stVl¥it stVsøab kNþúr nigkarekItpSit . rhUtdl;eBlkin KYrTukdak;RsUv CaCagTukdak;Ggár .
- karkinRsUv ³ KYrkinRsUv[RtwmRtUv edayeRbIR)as;m:asIunEdll¥¥ nigmankarEfrkSaRtwmRtUv . - KuNPaB ³ edIm,IrkSaRsUvGgár[manKuNPaB[)anyUr caM)ac;RtUvyl;dwgGMBIktþananaEdleFIV
2
2 - karRbmUlplRsUv
karRbmUlplRsUvrYmmankic©RbtibtþimYycMnYndUcCa ³ karRcUtkat; karCBa¢ÚnkNþab; kare)akEbn karsMGat nigkarRckRsUvcUl)av . kñúgcenøaHeBlenaH ksikrGacnwghalkNþab;RsUv b¤ KrCaKMnr . rUbTI 2>1 bgðajGMBIkic©RbtibtþiTaMgenaH niglMdab;rbs;va .
rUbTI 2>1 ³ lMdab;énkic©RbtibtþiedIm,IRbmUlplRsUv
2>1 sarsMxan;;énkarRcUtkat;RtwmRtUv nigkñúgeBld¾smRsb
karRcUtkat;kñúgeBlsmRsb b¤ enAeBlEdlRsUvmanGRtasMeNImsmRsb Gacnwgpþl;Tinñpl RBmTaMgKuNPaBx<s;CaGtibrma . karRcUtkat; nigkardak;kNþab;kñúgERsRtwmRtUv GacCYykat;bnßykar )at;bg;edaykarRCuHx©at;x©ay nigkarBarmin[RsUvRsUbsMeNImcUlvij CaBiessBITwkEdldk;kñúgERs . ykl¥ KYrbgðÚrTwkecj[Gs;BIERs 7 - 10 éf¶ munRcUt b¤ enAeBlEdlRsUvenAcugkYrénedImExñg dak; emSArwg ehIyERbBN’BIébtgeTAelOg .
eBlevlad¾RtwmRtUvbMputsRmab;RcUtkat; KWenAeBlEdl ³ - RKab;RsUvmanGRtasMeNIm 20 - 25° .
- RKab;RsUv 80 - 85° manBN’dUccMebIg .
- RKab;RsUvEdlenAKl;kYr dak;emSArwg ¬RbmaN 30 éf¶ bnÞab;BIecjpáa¦ . - RKab;RsUvmansPaBrwg EtmingayEbkenAeBlxaM . KrkNþab; RcUtkat; e)akEbn CBa¢ÚnkNþab; sMGat halkNþab; Rck)av
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RbsinebIRsUvenAesImxøaMg b¤ manGRtasMeNImx<s; vaGacnwgenAminTan;dak;RKab;eBj b¤ enA esIÞrTwk eBalKWmanRKab;RsUves<ót b¤ esIþg²eRcIn EdlnwgeFIV[manTinñplTab . RsUvesIÞrTwkEtgman sac;GgárenATn;eRcIn eFIV[ekItmanknÞk; nigcugGgáreRcIn enAeBlkin ehIyGgárk¾manKuNPaBTabEdr . kare)akEbnRsUvEbbenaHk¾gaynwgeFIV[xUcxat edaysarEtvamansPaBTn; .
pÞúyeTAvij RbsinebITuk[RsUvs¶ÜtRCul vanwggayeRbHRsaM edaysarvaRbQmCamYykemþAéf¶d¾ xøaMgkñúgeBléf¶ nigTwksenSImkñúgeBlyb; ehIyvak¾GacnwgRCuHx©at;x©ayeRcInEdr .
2>2 viFIRbmUlplRsUv 2>2>1 karRbmUlpledayéd
karRbmUlpledayédrYmman karRcUtedaykeNþóv ¬rUbTI 2>2¦ edIm,Ikat;ykcMebIg nigkYrRsUv TMu kñúgkm<s;mYyBIépÞERs . karRcUtkat;edayviFIenHmanPaBsm RsbCageKsRmab;edImRsUvdYl b:uEnþva tRmUv[cMNaykmøaMgBlkmµ nigeBlevlaeRcIn . tamFmµta viFIenHGacRtUvkarBlkmµRbmaN 40 nak;>éf¶¼hikta ehIyk¾tRmUv[cMNayBlkmµbEnßmedIm,IRbmUl nigCBa¢ÚnkNþab; . kare)akEbneFIVeLIg edayeRbIR)as;]bkrN_ b¤ brikçarmanlkçN³bUraN dUc CaERK b¤ kþare)ak EbnedayeCIg nigbBa¢an;eday stV b¤ yanynþ .
rUbTI 2>2 ³ karRcUtRsUvedayéd ¬edaykeNþóv¦
2>2>2 karRcUtkat;edayéd nige)akEbnedaym:asIun
tamviFIenH edImRsUvRtUv)anRcUtkat;edayéd b¤ edaym:asIunkat;pþÜl ehIykare)akEbn nigkar sMGatnwgGnuvtþedaym:asIun . m:asIunRcUtEdlkat;pþÜledImRsUvkñúgERs ¬rUbTI 2>3¦ BMusUvmankarniym eRbIR)as;TUlMTUlayeLIyenATIVbGasIu . enARbeTsmYycMnYn m:asIunRcUtRtUv)aneKdak;P¢ab;[dMeNIrkar
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enABImuxRtak;T½r . m:asIunRcUtmanmuxkat; 1>5 Em:Rt GacRcUt)an 2 - 4 hikta¼éf¶ . edIm,I[Gac eRbIR)as;m:asIunEbbenH)anRsYl nigRtwmRtUv caM)ac;RtUvBRgabdIERs[esIµ nigbgðÚrTwkecj[Gs;BIERs munRcUt . eTaHCay:agNak¾eday m:asIunEbbenHlM)aknwgRcUtRsUvEdldYlrabdl;dI .
rUbTI 2>3 ³ karRcUtedaym:asIun
2>2>3 karRbmUlpledaykMuéb
: kMuéb : ¬rUbTI 2>4 nigrUbTI 2>5¦ KWCam:asIunEdlbMeBjmuxgarxageRkamsrub b¤ kñúgeBlEtmYy ³ - karRcUtkat; ³ EpñkRcUtkat;manRbdab;elIkedImRsUv CaBiesssRmab;RsUvdYl nigRbdab;RcUt
kat;edImRsUv . muxRcUtrbs;kMuébERbRbYlBI 1 - 5 Em:Rt GaRs½yeTAtamsmtßPaBrbs;va . - karbBa¢ÚnRsUvRcUtkat;ehIyeTAe)ak ³ mansIuLaMgFMmYybMeBjmuxgarpþÜl nigbBa¢ÚnedImRsUv
Edlkat;ehIy eTAkñúgRbB½n§ExSBanbBa¢ÚneTAEpñke)ak .
- kare)akEbn ³ EpñkenHmansIuLaMg b¤ t,al;e)ak 1 b¤ eRcIn nigbnÞHEdksrésenABIeRkam edIm,I CCuHRKab;ecjBIcMebIg . kMuébPaKeRcInmant,al;e)akRbePTbBa¢ÚnclnatambeNþayG½kS Edl manPaBsmRsbsRmab;edImRsUvesIm .
- karsMGat ³ sRmab;EjksMram dUcCakemÞccMebIg sNIþ nigRKab;RsUves<ót ecjBIRsUvl¥ . EpñkenHmankgðarbk; nigkERBa©gjak; b¤ TTak;mYycMnYn . tamFmµta eKeRcIneFIV[cMebIgFøak; ecjBIkMuéb enAEpñkxageRkay .
- karRKb;RKgRsUvs¥at ³ kMuébmYycMnYnmanFugpÞúkRsUvs¥at nigRbdab;beBa©jRsUvenaHeTARck)av b¤ eTAmeFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnepSg² enAeBlEdlkMuébepSgeTotminmanFugpÞúk .
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rUbTI 2>4 ³ kMuébkMBugRcUtRsUv
sarsMxan;;énkareRbIR)as;kMuéb
enAeBlBMuGacrk)annUvkmøaMgBlkmµRKb;RKan; nigTan;eBl karRcUtkat;KWCakic©RbtibtþiTI 1 Edl RtUv)aneKGnuvtþeLIgedayeRbIR)as;m:asIun . enARbeTs\NÐa cin nigéf karTTYlykeTAeRbIR)as;nUv kMuéb mansnÞúHelOn . kMuébsRmab;RcUtRsUvmanTMhMxus²Kña ehIytamFmµtavamankg;Rcvak; edIm,I[ gayeFIVclnaenAkñúgERs . Ca]TahrN_ kMuébplitenARbeTséfmanmuxRcUtRbEvg 2 - 3 Em:Rt Gac RcUt)an 0>6 - 1 hikta¼em:ag nigmanTm¶n; 4 - 8 etan enAeBlEdlkMuébFuntUc manmuxRcUtRbEvg 1>2 Em:Rt GacRcUt)an 0>12 hikta¼em:ag nigmanTm¶n; 0>5 etan . kMuébFuntUcmankg;Fmµta eBalKWmincaM)ac;mankg;Rcvak; eRBaHvaRsal mingayCab;pug b¤ GacelIk b¤ Kas;)an eBlCab;pug . 2>3 bBaðaekItmanedaykarTukkNþab;kñúgERs
kñúgkarRbmUlpltamTmøab; ksikrEtgraykNþab;kñúgERskñúgry³eBlyUr edayRtUvrg;caMm:asIun e)ak b¤ halsm¶ÜtRsUv[ehIy munnwgykvaeTAe)akEbn . tamrebobenH RKab;RsUvGacrgTwkePøóg b¤ TwksenSImenAeBlyb; ehIyrgkemþAéf¶xøaMgkñúgeBléf¶ eFIV[vagayRCuH nigeRbHRsaMRKab; .
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maneBlxøHeTot ksikrKredIm b¤ kNþab;RsUvCaKMnr ¬rUbTI 2>5¦ edaydak;kYrEbrcUlkñúg edIm,I karBarRKab;RsUvBITwkePøóg TwksenSIm nigkarbMpøajrbs;stVsøab nigkNþúr . enAkñúgKMnrTaMgenaH EtgBMu manxül;bk;qøgkat;RKb;RKan; bgá[eLIgkemþAxøaMg EdleFIV[ ³
- RsUvrgkarbMpøajedayCMgWpSity:agqab;rh½s . - RsUvGgárERbBN’ sUm,IEtkñúgry³eBl 1 éf¶k¾eday .
- CagenaHeTAeTot RsUvEdls¶ÜtehIy GacnwgRsUbsMeNImBIedImEdlenAesImenAeLIy eFIV[ eRbHRsaMGgár ehIyenATIbMput Ggárnwg)ak;exÞceRcIn .
2>4 bBaðakúñgkarCBa¢ÚnkNþab;
karCBa¢ÚnkNþab; b¤ édRsUvEdlRcUtehIy eTAdak;enAkEnøg b¤ TIlane)akEbn GaceFIV[RCuHx©at; x©ayeRcIn CaBiessenAeBlEdlRsUvs¶ÜtehIy . enAtMbn;PñMmYycMnYn ksikrEtgRcUtykEtkYrRsUv edIm,I gayRsYlCBa¢Ún ¬rUbTI 2>6¦ .
rUbTI 2>6 ³ karCBa¢ÚnkNþab; nigkYrRsUv
2>5 kare)akEbn
kare)akEbnKWCaEpñkmYyénkarRbmUlpl edIm,IEjkRsUvecjBIedIm b¤ cMebIgedayviFIeKaHvay eFIV[kkit b¤ edaysrubrYmKñaEtmþg . karyWty:avmin)ane)akEbnRsUvPøambnÞab;BIRcUt edayTukkNþab; ecalkñúgERs b¤ KrCaKMnr GaceFIV[RsUvfycuHKuNPaBy:agelOn . kare)akEbnminRtwmRtUvk¾GaceFIV[ RsUvxUcKuNPaB nigkMBb;x©at;x©ayEdr .
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viFIe)akEbn
- karEbnRsUv b¤ bBa¢an; ³ KWkareRbIR)as;eCIgmnusS b¤ eCIgstVedIm,IEbn b¤ bBa¢an;RsUvEdl BRgayelITIlan ¬rUbTI 2>7¦ . enAtMbn;mYycMnYn eKbBa¢an;RsUvedayebIkRtak;T½r b¤ yanynþ epSgeTotBIelIRsUv CMnYsstV . kareFIVEbbenHeFIV[RsUvminrgkarb:HTgÁicxøaMg eFIV[vamingay eRbHRsaM b:uEnþGacnwgmanbBaðakalNavaenAKryUrkñúgTIlan eBalKWmin)anhalsm¶Ütqab; .
rUbTI 2>7 ³ karEbn nigbBa¢an;RsUv
- karvay b¤ e)akkNþab;pÞb;nwgGIVmYy ³ tamviFIenH RsUvRtUv)anEjkecjBIcMebIgedaykarvay kNþab;pÞb;nwgERKrnab kþare)ak b¤ vtßúepSg²Edlrwg dUcCaFugsaMgCaedIm ¬rUbTI 2>8¦ .
rUbTI TI 2>8 ³ kare)akRsUv
- m:asIune)akRsUvmanQñan;Can;nwgeCIg ³ m:asIunEbbenH ¬rUbTI 2>9¦ RtUv)anécñbegáIteLIgCa sMxan;edIm,Ie)akRsUvEdlmingayrebHecjBIkYr . kNþab;RsUvRtUv)ankan;[Cab; ehIyykeTA dak;[kYrRsUv sitedayeFµjm:asIun EdlviledaykarFak;Qñan;nwgeCIg . CaTUeTA m:asIunenH EtgeFIV[cMebIgdac;layLMCamYynwgRsUv EdlcaM)ac;RtUvEtsMGatRsUvenaH bnÞab;BIe)akrYc .
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rUbTI 2>9 ³ m:asIune)akRsUvmanQñan;Can;edayeCIg
- m:asIune)ak ³ edaysarfakare)akEbnedayéd b¤ edaybBa¢an; EtgtRmUv[cMNaykmøaMgBl kmµ nigeBlevlaeRcIn m:asIune)akRsUv ¬rUbTI 2>10¦ eRcInRbePTRtUv)anplit nigTTYlyk eTAeRbIR)as; .
rUbTI 2>10 ³ m:asIune)akRsUv
GaRs½yeTAtamkarniymrbs;ksikr viFIRbtibtþieRkayplitkmµ nigehdæarcnasm<½n§ ¬pøÚvfñl;¦ manm:asIune)akRsUvRbePT nigTMhMxus²Kña KWcab;BIFuntUcEdlGacelIkdak; b¤ lIEsg)an ¬eRcInBMuman EpñksMGat¦ rhUtdl;m:asIunFM² EdleKcab;tMeLIgenAelIrfynþFunFM . CarYm enARBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa t,al;e)akrbs;m:asIunenHman 2 RbePT KWyktamKMrUevotNamEdlmansIuLaMgt,al;BasCitedayEdk bnÞH nigeFµjeFIVBIEdkragGkSr L nigKMrUéfEdlmansIuLaMgt,al; nigeFµjeFIVedaysrésEdk . eFµjTaMg
enaHbMeBjmuxgarvayedImRsUv nigsitykRKab; . karEksRmYlel,Óne)akGaceFIV)anedayEksRmYlmuM eRTtrbs;eFµj sRmab;m:asIunKMrUTI 1 nigEksRmYlPaBjwkéneFµj sRmab;m:asIunKMrUTI 2 . t,al;TaMg 2 enHCaRbePTbBa¢ÚnclnatambeNþayG½kS eBalKWedImRsUvEdlrgkare)akEbnRtUv)anvilCMuvijt,al;enaH eRcInCMu ehIybBa¢ÚnBIcugmçageTAmçagént,al; ¬rUbTI 2>11¦ .
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rUbTI 2>11 ³ t,al;m:asIune)akKMrUevotNam nigKMrUéf RBmTaMgclnaRsUvkñúgeBle)ak
viFIeRbIR)as;m:asIune)ak
karEfrkSa karEksRmYl b¤ kareRbIR)as;minRtwmRtUvnUvm:asIune)akRsUv GaceFIV[ekInkar)at;bg; nigcMNayeRbgeRcIn ehIymaneBlxøHGaceFVI[maneRKaHfñak;dl;GñkRbtibtþieTotpg .
dUecñH munnwgeRbIR)as;m:asIune)akRsUv RtUv ³ - Binitü[)anc,as;fam:asIunmansßanPaBl¥ . - eRCIserIsTItaMgmanPaBrabesIµ ehIyenACitKMnrkNþab; . - RkalkenÞl b¤ kRmalenABIeRkamm:asIune)ak . - cab;pÁúMnUvbgÁúM nigeRKOgkarBarnanaEdl)anedaH . - bMEbrTisbeBa©jcMebIg[eTAtamTisxül; . - BinitükRmitswkercril nigPaBCab;lab;éneFµjt,al; . - bgVilemIlt,al;e)ak 2 - 3 CMu .
- BinitüemIlkRmit ¬nIv:U¦ eRbgm:asIun nigcMNuHeRbgsaMg b¤ m:as‘Ut . - BinitüemIlkEnøgEdlRtUvmanxøaj;eKa dUcCa)adagepSg² .
- manmnusS 3 - 4 nak;edIm,IRbtibtþi ³ elIkkNþab;BIKMnr jat;bBa©Úl nigRckRsUvcUl)av . - beBaäHm:asIun ehIyBinitüemIlel,Ónvilént,al; .
- Binitü[c,as;faExSBanrt;Rtg;enAelIb:UlI nigmanPaBtwgsmRsb . enAeBle)ak RtUv ³
- elIkkNþab;RsUvdak;elIfasm:asIun edaydak;xagkYreTAmux .
- jat;bBa©ÚlkNþab;[esIµéd tRmUvtaml½kçx½NÐ b¤ sPaBrbs;edImRsUv edayéleFIV[m:asIune)ak )ankan;Etrh½s b:uEnþecosvagkMueFIV[vaGYl ¬rUbTI 2>12¦ .
10
rUbTI 2>12 ³ karjat;RsUvcUlm:asIun
- EksRmYlbrikçarsMGatRsUv eTAtaml½kçx½NÐe)ak . cUrbiTsnÞHkgðar ¬rUbTI 2>13¦ ehIy ebIkvabnþicmþg² rhUtTal;EtBinitüeXIjmanRKab;RsUvl¥tictYcGacebIughYssnÞH)aMgxül; .
rUbTI 2>13 ³ kgðarpøúMsMGatRsUv
- cUrEksRmYlmuMsnÞH)aMgxül;enaH ¬rUbTI 2>14¦ .
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- eRbIR)as;rnabeQI b¤ b¤sSI edIm,IqáwHykkemÞckmÞIenACab; b¤ eFIV[sÞHkERBa©gjak; eRBaHfakar eRbI édTeTGacnwgeFIV[maneRKaHfñak; .
edIm,IeFIVV[kare)akRsUvmanRbsiT§PaBx<s; ³
- munnwgRBElgedImRsUvEvgcUl RtUvkan;vamYyry³xøI edIm,I[eFµjt,al;RbeLHRKab;Gs;xøHsin . - sRmab;edImRsUvxøI KYrRbmUle)akcMebIgEdlecjehIyeLIgvij edIm,I[RKab;GacRCuHecjGs; . - sRmab;BUCRsUvBi)ake)ak ¬mingaydac; b¤ RCH¦ KYrcab;tMeLIgr)ar b¤ eFµjTb; ¬rUbTI 2>15¦
edIm,IkMu[edImRsUvmUrCab;t,al; nigedIm,I[kare)ak)anRCHl¥ . RbsinebImincaM)ac; RtUvedaHr)ar Tb;enaHecj BIeRBaHvaeFIV[fycuHsmtßPaBe)akrbs;m:asIun .
rUbTI 2>15 ³ r)ar b¤ eFµjTb;
- sRmab;RsUvesIm b¤ BukpuyxøH² KYrbnßyel,Ónjat;bBa©ÚledIm,IkMu[vaGYl ehIyeFIV[kERBa©g mansPaBs¥atCanic© . cUr]sSah_ebIkKRmbt,al;edIm,IsMGatRbeLaHenAeRkam nigCMuvijva . 2>6 karsMGat
karsMGatKWCakic©RbtibtþicugeRkay enAkñúgkarRbmUlpl . sMGatRsUvmann½yfaykecjnUv kemÞckmÞI b¤ sMramnana dUcCasNþI dIxSac; RkYs cMebIg RKab;esµA .l. kMu[enAlayLMCamYyRsUv . karsMGatRsUvbnÞab;BI)ane)akEbnrYcmansarsMxan; edaysarvaykecjnUvsarFatunanaEdleyIgmincg; )an b¤ mincg;[enAlayLMCamYyRsUv eBalKWeFIV[ 1¦ ekInlT§PaBkñúgkarTukdak;edaysuvtßiPaB BI eRBaHsarFatuTaMgenaHGackøayCaCRmkrbs;ktþacéRg b¤ eFIV[RsUvesImeLIgvij 2¦ fycuHsarFatu layLMkñúgeBlkin EdleFIV[TTYl)anGRtakin nigKuNPaBGgárx<s; . CaTUeTA RsUvs¥at ¬BMumansMram layLM¦ EtgéføCagRsUvmins¥at .
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viFIsMGatRsUv
- kareray ³ sarFatuRsal²dUcCasNþI kemÞccMebIg nigRKab;esµACaedIm GacnwgRtUv)aneray bMebIugecjBIRsUv edaysarkmøaMgxül;bk; b¤ edayeRbIR)as;kgðarCaCMnYy ¬rUbTI 2>16¦ .
rUbTI 2>16 ³ karerayRsUvedayeRbIR)as;kmøaMgxül; nigbrikçarCMnYy
- karErg ³ sarFatuEdlmanTMhMtUcCagRKab;RsUv dUcCaRKab;esµA FUlIdI nigRkYsl¥it² Gacnwg RtUvEjkecjBIRsUv edaykERBa©gErgmanrn§tUcCag 1>5 mIløIEm:Rt ehIypøúMbMebIugedaykmøaMg xül;ecjBIkgðar . kERBa©genaHGacErgedaymnusS b¤ edaycab;P¢ab;elIm:asIunEdleFIV[va jak; b¤ TTak;cuHeLIg ¬rUbTI 2>17¦ .
rUbTI 2>17 ³ karsMGatRsUvedaykERBa©g nigm:asIunsMGat
RbsinebIRtUvRbmUlplRsUvTukeFIVCaBUC caM)ac;RtUvRbugRby½tñedaysMGatva[RtwmRtUvCagRsUv Fmµta ¬rUbTI 2>18¦ . RKab;BUCEdlmansMramlayLM manTRmg;minRbRktI ERbBN’ )ak;Ebk b¤ man duHpSit KWCaRKab;BUCmanKuNPaBTab . vanwgminsUvduH b¤ eFIV[edImRsUvlUtlas;exSay . dUecñH munnwg ykvaeTATukdak; KYrsMGatva[s¥at . PaBlm¥itGMBIKuNPaBBUC manerobrab;kñúgEpñk 6>4 .
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rUbTI 2>18 ³ RsUvBUCKYrRtUv)anTTYlkarsMGatRtwmRtUv
edaysarRKab;BUC KYrmanTMhM Tm¶n; nigrUbragRbhak;RbEhlKña manbrikçarEjkmYycMnYnRtUv)an eKeRbIR)as; . brikçarTaMgenaHrYmman tuEjktamTm¶n; kERBa©gvil sIuLaMgmanfñk; b¤ kNþk;tUc² nig Rbdab;EjkRbEvgRKab; .
2>7 kar)at;bg;kñúgeBlRbmUlpl
kar)at;bg;kñúgeBlRbmUlplKWCakar)at;bg;brimaN b¤ rUbsaRsþ GaRs½yeTAtamrebobRbtibtþi nigm:asIunEdleRbIR)as; . maneBlxøH vamanrhUtdl;x<s;Cag 20° énbrimaNRsUvRbmUl)ansrub . edIm,Ikat;bnßykar)at;bg;enH caM)ac;RtUvKitKUr b¤ KNnaGMBIkar)at;bg;kñúgkic©RbtibtþinImYy² edIm,I[dwg fakic©RbtibtþiNaeFIV[)at;bg;RsUveRcIn b¤ eRcInCageK ehIyetIGackat;bnßyva)antamrebobNaxøH . 2>7>1 kar)at;bg;kñúgeBlRcUtkat;
kar)at;bg;edayRCuHRKab; ³ karRCuHRKab;RsUvBIkYr eRcInbNþalBIstVsøab xül; kNþúr nigkarelIkdak; dwk CBa¢Ún .
kar)at;bg;edayRsUvdYl ³ edImRsUvdYl PaKeRcInedaysarvax<s; manEpøeRcIn b¤ manxül;bk;e)akxøaMg . RsUvEdlTMuehIydYl EtgeFIV[Bi)akRcUt b¤ RcUtdac;kYr ¬rUbTI 2>19¦ . kar)at;bg;enHnwgkan;EtF¶n;F¶r kalNaRsUvdYlkñúgERsmanTwk .
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kar)at;bg;edayRcUtminGs; ³ KWedaysarkarminbuinRbsb; b¤ PaBx¢Ix¢arbs;GñkRcUt b¤ GñkbBa¢am:asIun . edIm,Ivas;kMNt;kar)at;bg;TaMgenH eyIgGace)aH b¤ dak;Edksrésmanrag 4 RCug TMhM 1 Em:Rt kaer [)aneRcInkEnøg tameKalkarN_écdnüenAkñúgERs bnÞab;BIRcUtkat;ehIyPøam . BinitüerIsRKab; RsUvEdlRCuHenAkñúgkaerenaH ehIyføwgvaedayRbugRby½tñ . kar)at;bg;GacKNnaCaKILÚRkam¼hikta RbsinebIeyIgdwgTMhMERssrub b¤ Ca ° énTinñpl RbsinebIeyIgdwgTinñplsrub .
2>7>2 kar)at;bg; kñúgeBle)akEbn nigsMGat
kar)at;bg;enHEtgekItmanedayEjk b¤ CCuHBIcMebIgminGs; edayRCuHkMBb;x©at;x©ay nigeday e)akminRCH b¤ mindac; Gs;BIkYr ¬rUbTI 2>20¦ .
rUbTI 2>20 ³ kar)at;bg;RsUv kñúgeBle)akEbn nigsMGat
eyIgGacvaytémøkar)at;bg;EdlbgáeLIgedaym:asIune)ak edayRkalkRmal b¤ kenÞlBIeRkam va nigenAkEnøgcMebIgFøak; . bnÞab;BIe)akehIy cUrGUs b¤ elIkm:asuIn nigcMebIgecjedayRbugRby½tñ ehIyRbmUlykRKab;RsUvenAelIkRmal b¤ kenÞlenaH . kar)at;bg;edayRCuHkMBb; GacKitCaKILÚRkam¼ hikta b¤ ° énRsUvEdle)ak)ansrub .
eyIgk¾GacdwgGMBIkar)at;bg;kñúgeBlsMGatedaym:asIun edayRtg b¤ ekþabykkemÞckmÞIcMebIg nigRKab;RsUvTaMgGs;BIRckbeBa©j edayeRbIR)as;és, b¤ sMNaj; edIm,IecosvagmineFIV[sÞHxül; . CRmHykRKab;RsUvl¥ ehIyhalsm¶Ütva[manGRtasMeNIm 14° . kar)at;bg;enaHGacKitCaKILÚ Rkam¼hikta b¤ ° énRsUvEdle)ak)an .
2>7>3 kar)at;bg;kñúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún
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2>8 sMNYrGMBIIkarRbmUlpl
sUmKUs ¬¦ kñúgRbGb; EdlGñkyl;faRtwmRtUv .
sMNYrTI 1 ³ etIeKGacdwgfaRsUvdl;eBlRtUvRcUt tamviFINa ?
enAeBlEdlRKab;RsUvenAKl;kYrdl;dMNak;kaldak;emSArwg . enAeBlEdlRKab;RsUvmanGRtasMeNIm 14°.
enAeBlEdlmanRCuHRKab;RsUveRcInenAkñúgERs . enA 45 éf¶ bnÞab;BIkMNkMeNItkYr .
sMNYrTI 2 ³ etIlMdab;énkic©RbtibtþiNaEdlRtwmRtUv ? RcUtkat; e)akEbn halsm¶Üt sMGat Tukdak; . RcUtkat; halsm¶Üt e)akEbn sMGat Tukdak; . RcUtkat; Tukdak; e)akEbn halsm¶Üt Tukdak; . RcUtkat; e)akEbn sMGat halsm¶Üt Tukdak; . sMNYrTI 3 ³ etIkMuébbMeBjmuxgarGIVxøH ?
Cam:asIune)akRsUvy:agrh½s .
vapSMeLIgedaykarRcUtkat; e)akEbn sMGat nigTukdak;RsUvkñúgFug kñúgeBlRBm²Kña . vaeFIV[RKab;RsUvs¶Üt .
vabMeBjmuxkardUcmnusS b:uEnþrh½sCag .
sMNYrTI 4 ³ edIm,IRcUtkat; etIeyIgKYrbgðÚrTwkecjBIERsenAeBlNa ? Pøam²enAmuneBlRcUt . 7 - 10 éf¶ muneBlRcUt . 20 - 25 éf¶ muneBlRcUt . 30 - 35 éf¶ muneBlRcUt . sMNYrTI 5 ³ etIKYrTukkNþab;RsUvenAkñúgERsyUrb:uNÑa ? rhUtTal;Etvas¶Üt . rhUtTal;EtvamanGRtasMeNImsmRsb . [yUr eTAtamkarcg;)an . [kan;EtxøI tamEdlGaceFIV)an .
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sMNYrTI 6 ³ ehtuGIV)anCakarRcUtkat;enAkñúgeBlsmRsb mansarsMxan;; ? BIeRBaHvanwgR)ab;eyIgGMBIviFITukdak;RsUv . edIm,I[m:asIune)akGacsMGatRsUv)anRsYl . edIm,IecosvagkMu[RsUvduH . edIm,Ikat;bnßykar)at;bg;bNþalBIkarxUcxat nigkarRCuHx©at;x©ayRKab; . sMNYrTI 7 ³ etIkrNImYyNaEdlminEmnCaviFIe)akEbn ? kare)akedayvaypÞb; . m:asIune)akRsUvCan;nwgeCIg . m:asIune)ak . kareraysMGat . karEbnnwgeCIg . sMNYrTI 8 ³ etIkarsMGatCaGIV ? karsMGatm:asIune)ak bnÞab;BIeRbIR)as;rYc .
karykecjnUvFUlI kemÞccMebIg nigRsUves<ót b¤ sNIþ ecjBIRsUv . kareFIV[RKab;RsUvl¥emIl .
ykecjnUvsMeNIm .
sMNYrTI 9 ³ ehtuGIV)anCakarsMGat mansarsMxan;; ? vaminEmnCakarsMxan;eT .
edIm,Iecosvagkarhalsm¶ÜtRsUveRcIn . edIm,IecosvagkardwkCBa¢ÚnRsUvBUC . edIm,I[karkinRbRBwtþeTAedaysRmYl .
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3 - karhalsm¶ÜtRsUv
3>1 sarsMxan;;énkarhalsm¶Üt
enAeBlRbmUlpl RsUveRcInmanGRtasMeNImx<s; EdlgayeFIV[ ³ - vadkdegðImxøaMg bNþal[qab;xUcxatdl;KuNPaB .
- gayekItmanstVl¥it nigCMgWpSit EdlCabc©½yGaRkk;sRmab;RsUvGgár . - RKab;BUCgayfycuHGRtadMNuH .
karhalsm¶ÜtCakarbnßysMeNImkñúgRKab;RsUv rhUtTal;EtvacuHdl;kRmitmansuvtßiPaBsRmab; Tukdak; KWfaRsUvEdlTukdak;RtUvEts¶ÜtRKb;RKan; ebIBMudUecñaHeT eyIgnwgCYbRbTHkar)at;bg; . CaTUeTA RsUvs¶ÜtEtgTukdak;)anyUrCagRsUvesIm . : RsUvesIm : KWsMedAelIRsUvEdlmanGRtasMeNIm x<s;hYs BIkRmitGacTukdak;)anedaysuvtßiPaB KWfavagaynwgrgkarbMpøajedayktþacéRgnana .
KYrhalsm¶ÜtRsUv[)anqab;tamEdlGaceFIV)an bnÞab;BIRcUtkat;rYc . karsMGatRsUvmuneBl halsm¶ÜtGacCYyeFIV[RsUvgays¶ÜtsBV b¤ s¶ÜtesIµKña . kñúgkrNIminGacbBa©úHGRtasMeNImdl;kRmit suvtßiPaB)an KYrhalsm¶ÜtvaCadMbUg edIm,IeFIV[GRtasMeNImcuHRtwm 18° sin BIeRBaHvanwgmansuvtßi PaB kñúgry³eBlrhUtdl; 2 - 3 s)þah_ . eyIgGaceFIV[vas¶ÜtbnþsnSwm²enAkñúgkEnøgTukdak; eday eFIV[xül;EdlRtUv)andutkemþAbnþicbnþÜc bk;qøgkat;va .
KYrhalsm¶ÜtRsUvEdlRtUvykeTAkinCaGgár [manGRtasMeNIm 14° . GRtasMeNImTabCag enHnwgeFIV[RskTm¶n; nigfycuHGRtaGgárEdlkin)an . taragTI 3>1 bgðajGMBIbBaðaEdlGacnwgekIt mankñúgeBlkin kalNaRsUvBMumanGRtasMeNImsmRsb .
taragTI 3>1 ³ bBaðakñúgeBlkin bNþalBIGRtasMeNImminsmRsb
GRtasMeNIm bBaðaGacekItman
x<s;eBk ¬x<s;Cag 14°¦ RsUvnwgTn; Bi)akrgsm<aFkin eFIV[Ggárgay)ak;Ebk TabeBk ¬TabCag 14°¦ RsUvnwgRsYy Bi)akrgsm<aFkin eFIV[Ggárgay)ak;Ebk
sRmab;karTukdak; 8 - 12 Ex RtUvhalsm¶Üt RsUv[manGRtasMeNImesIµ b¤ TabCag 13° . sRmab;karTukdak;yUrCag 1 qñaM GRtasMeNImKYrman RbmaN 9° .
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sMeNImx<s; ehIyxül;enAkEnøgTukdak;manGRtasMeNImeFobx<s; ehIyrUbTI 3>2 bgðajGMBIGgárEdl ERbBN’ edaysarmanduHpSit . RsUvTukdak;manGRtasMeNImx<s; GRtasMeNImeFobsmtamankRmitx<s; lT§PaBeRcInkñúgkarekItmannUvCMgWpSit nigfycuHsmtßPaBdMNuH
rUbTI 3>1 ³ bBaðarbs;RsUvkñúgeBlTukdak; edaysarsMeNIm
rUbTI 3>2 ³ GgárERbBN’ edayekItpSit
3>2 viFIsm¶Üt
3>2>1 karhalRsUvedaykemþAéf¶
karhalRsUvedaykemþAéf¶ ¬rUbTI 3>3¦ CaviFIbUraNEdlmankarniymcUlcitþGnuvtþbMputenATIVb GasIu . RBHGaTitüeFIV[RsUvEdlcak;BRgay nigxül;briyakaseLIgkemþA ehIyeFIV[bMPay ¬rMhYt¦ sMeNImecjBIRKab;RsUv . vaeFIV[cMNayGs;R)ak;tic nigminb:HBal;brisßan b:uEnþ ³
- minGacGnuvtþ)ankalNamanePøóg b¤ enAeBlyb; .
- GaceFIV[RsUvminGacs¶Ütqab; bNþal[vadkdegðImxøaMg nigeLIgkemþA . - tRmUv[cMNaykmøaMgBlkmµeRcIn ehIyminGaceFIV)ankñúgRTg;RTayFM .
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- eFIV[Bi)akRKb;RKgsItuNðPaB EdleFIV[RsUveLIgkemþAxøaMg .
- GaceFIV[RsUvs¶ÜtminesIµsBV eFIV[RsUvs¶ÜtRcbl;layCamYyRsUvesIm bNþal[vaeRbHRsaM ehIyGgár)ak;exÞceRcIn .
rUbTI 3>3 ³ karhalRsUvedaykemþAéf¶
karhalRsUvenAelIkenÞl sMBt;ekAs‘U nigés,nILúg CaviFIEdlmanGnam½yx<s;CageK . vaeFIV[ cMNayedImTuntic gayvIRtLb; nigRbmUl)anrh½s b:uEnþkarhalelIés,GaceFIV[RsUvEdls¶ÜtehIy GacRsUbsMeNImvij b¤ kxVk;edaysardI . cMENkÉkarsm¶ÜtelITIlanRkalsIum:gt_ b¤ \dæ k¾eFIV[ cMNayedImTuntic ehIyGac[eRbIm:asIun)anmYycMnYnsRmab;vIRtLb; nigekIbRbmUl . RsUvEdlhal elITIlanEbbenHGacmanRkYs b¤ FUlIlayLM .
edIm,IeFIV[RsUvs¶Ütqab; nigsBVl¥ KYr ³
- cak;BRgayvakñúgkRmas;BI 2 eTA 4 sgÞIEm:Rt . - halvaenAkEnøgmanxül;bk; .
- vI[)any:agticmþg erogral;knøHem:ag . edIm,IeFIV[RsUvmanKuNPaBl¥ KYr ³
- eFIV[manmøb; b¤ RKbRsUv edIm,IkMu[vamansItuNðPaBx<s;Cag 50 GgSaes sRmab;RsUvFmµta nig 42 GgSaes sRmab;RsUvBUC .
- ekIbRbmUl b¤ RKbvaenAmuneBlmanePøóg nigmuneBlyb; . - karBarkMu[manstVepSg²cUleTATIhalsm¶Üt .
maneBlxøH ksikrhalsm¶ÜtkYrRsUvedaydak;BRgay)ac;vaelITIlan b¤ kenÞl b¤ dak;BüÜr . viFI enHeRcInmineFIV[RsUvs¶ÜtesIµsBVl¥ edaysarRsUvenAEpñkxagkñúg)ac; Etgs¶ÜtyWtCagRKab;enAxageRkA ehIytRmUv[RcUtkat; b¤ kþickYrRsUvedayéd .
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3>2>2 karsm¶ÜtRsUvedaym:asIun
m:asIunsm¶ÜtbnSat; b¤ pat;yksMeNImecjBIRsUv edayeFIV[manxül;ekþAbk;qøgkat;va b¤ eFIV[va qøgkat;xül;ekþA eBalKWGacGnuvtþ)anminfayb; b¤ éf¶ b¤ enAeBlemXggwt b¤ manePøógFøak;eLIy . m:asIunsm¶ÜtRbePTRsUvKµanclna ³ m:asIunsm¶ÜtRbePTRbGb;epþk (Flatbed dryer) eFIV[xül;ekþAqøg
kat;RsTab;RsUvEdlKµanclna rhUtTal;Etkarsm¶ÜtRtUv)anbBa©b; . m:asIunRbePTenHmanPaBsmRsb sRmab;shKmn_ksikr Gñkpþl;esvakmµsm¶Üt nigm©as;m:asIunkinRsUvtUc² . vamanTMhM ¬cMNuH¦ xus²Kña eRbIRbPBkemþAeRcInRbePT ¬rUbTI 3>4¦ .
rUbTI 3>4 ³ m:asIunsm¶ÜtRbePTRbGb;epþk
m:asIunRbePTenHmanKuNsm,tþimYycMnYn dUcCamantémøefak TRmg;samBaØ EdleFIV[Gacplit )ankñúgPUmiRsuk niggayEfrkSa nigCYsCul RBmTaMgGacdMeNIrkar)anedaym:asIunclkrsaMg b¤ m:as‘Ut sRmab;kEnøgEdlKµanGKiÁsnI b¤ GKiÁsnIéfø .
vak¾manKuNvibtþiedayGaceFIV[RsUvtamRsTab;mins¶ÜtesIµ²Kña ehIymaneBlxøH RsUvenARsTab; elIGaceLIgesImCagmun edaysarvaTTYlsMeNImBIRsUvenARsTab;xageRkam . vaEtgtRmUv[cMNay BlkmµeRcIn CaBiessenAeBldak;RsUvcUl Rcbl;RsUv nigekIbRsUvecj .
cMNaM ³ enAeBlEdlRsUvkñúgFugsm¶ÜtRkas;Cag 30 sgÞIEm:Rt ¬3 twk¦ KYrRcbl;RsUvenaHy:agticmþg edIm,IeFIV[vas¶ÜtsBV ehIykñúgeBlsm¶Üt RtUv]sSah_BinitüemIlsItuNðPaB nigGRtasMeNImRsUv edIm,IkMu [vaeLIgkemþA b¤ s¶ÜtRCul .
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m:asIunsm¶ÜtRbePTRsUvmanclnaeLIgcuH ³ m:asIunRbePTenH ¬rUbTI 3>5¦ smRsbsRmab;m:asIunkin RsUv Gñkpþl;esvakmµsm¶Üt nigshKmn_ksikrEdlRKb;RKgRsUvRTg;RTayFM . CaTUeTA vaeRcIneFIV[RsUv GgármanKuNPaBl¥ .
rUbTI 3>5 ³ m:asIunsm¶ÜtRbePTRsUvmanclnaeLIgcuH
taragTI 3>2 ³ RbePTsMxan;²énm:asIunsm¶Üt
RbePTm:asIun mUlehtuRtUveRbIva
m:asIunRbePTRbGb;epþk mineFIV[RsUv
manclna rhUtTal;EtbBa©b;karsm¶Üt . - - edIm,ITTYl)anRsUvmanKuNPaBx<s; mantémøefakCagm:asIunsm¶ÜtEdleFIV[RsUvmanclna eLIgcuH nigEdlmansmtßPaBb:unKña
- manTRmg;samBaØ Gacplit)ankñúgPUmiRsuk gayCYsCul nigEfrkSa b:uEnþmanKuNvibtþiedayGaceFIV[RsUvRsTab; elI esImCagmun edaykarTTYlsMeNImBIRsTab;eRkam . m:asIunRbePTeFIV[RsUvmanclnaeLIg
cuH rhUtdl;GRtasMeNImEdlcg;)an . manlkçN³mYycMnYnl¥Cagm:asIunRbePTTI 1 edaysarva ³ - RtUvkarTIkEnøg ¬épÞdI¦ tUcCag - layRcbl;RsUvCab;rhUt eFIV[manGRtasMeNImRbhak;
RbEhlKña
- eFIV[RsUvrgkarp¶M enAeBlbBa¢ÚneTAsm¶ÜtsaCafIµ eFIV[ ekInRbsiT§PaBsm¶Üt nigKuNPaBRsUvGgár
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karRbugRby½tñedIm,IsuvtßiPaB ³
- munnwgeRbIR)as;m:asIunsm¶Üt cUrGan ehIyGnuvtþtamkarENnaMrbs;Gñkplit edIm,Iecosvag eRKaHfñak; .
- cUrRbugRby½tñ[)anx<s;enAeBldMeNIrkarLdutkemþA edIm,IecosvageRKaHGKiÁP½y nigkarekIt man]sµ½nkabUnik ¬]sµ½nBul¦ elIskMNt; .
- cUrBinitü[c,as;fav:al;sRmab;pþac; b¤ bBaÄb;eRKOgdut b¤ eRbg\n§n³ mandMeNIrkarl¥Canic© . - cUreFVI[R)akdfamanxül;GakasRKb;RKan; bk;qøgkat;kEnøgsm¶Üt edIm,IecosvagkarBul eday
]sµ½nkabUnik .
kareRbIR)as;m:asIunsm¶ÜtRtwmRtUv ³
bBaðananaEdlGacnwgekItman kalNam:asIunsm¶ÜtBMumandMeNIrkarl¥ mandUcCa ³
- kareFIV[cMNayGs;eBlevlaeRcInhYsedIm,Ism¶Üt edaysarkgðarBMupþl;crnþxül; b¤ LBMupþl; xül;ekþARKb;RKan; .
- karsm¶ÜtBMu)anesIµsBVl¥ .
- kareFIV[cMNayeRKOgdut b¤ eRbg\n§n³eRcInCagFmµta .
- karekItmanGNþatePøIg b¤ eRKaHfñak;eday]sµ½nkabUnik edaysarLdutkemþABMumansuvtßiPaB . cMNaM ³ KYrkMulay b¤ Rcbl;RsUvEdlmanGRtasMeNImxus²Kña ¬RsUvesImCamYyRsUvs¶Üt¦ BIeRBaHvaGac eFIV[eRbHRsaMRKab; ehIykalNaRsUvesIm b¤ manGRtasMeNImTabx<s;xusKñaxøaMg RtUveFIV[manxül; Fmµtabk;qøgkat;va 15 - 30 naTI muneBleFIV[xül;enaHeLIgkemþA edIm,Ikat;bnßykareRbHRsaMRKab; . 3>3 sMNYrGMBIkarhalsm¶Üt
sUmKUs ¬¦ kñúgRbGb; EdlGñkyl;faRtwmRtUv .
sMNYrTI 1 ³ ehtuGIV)anCaRtUvhalsm¶ÜtRsUv ?
edIm,I[GaccMNaykEnøgTukdak;ticCagmun .
edIm,IeFIV[RsUvmanTm¶n;tic ¬Rsal¦ Cagmun ehIygayRsYldwkCBa¢Ún . edIm,IeFIV[RsUvGgármanrsCatiq¶aj;Cagmun .
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sMNYrTI 2 ³ etInwgmanGIVekIteLIgcMeBaHRsUvGgár ebIeyIgmin)ansm¶ÜtvaRKb;RKan; nigRtwmRtUv ? RKab;GgárnwgeLIgBN’elOg .
ekIneLIgnUvkarbMpøajrbs;kNþúr . ekIneLIgnUvGRtaGgárEdlkin)an . RsUvmansPaBdUcCaeKlIg .
sMNYrTI 3 ³ etIRsUvRtUvmanGRtasMeNImkRmitNa RbsinebIeyIgRtUvkarTukdak;va[yUr Cag 12 Ex ? 16° .
9° . 12° . 14° .
sMNYrTI 4 ³ etIviFIhaledaykemþAéf¶mYyNa GaceFIV[TTYl)anRsUvGgármanKuNPaBx<s;CageK ? kRmas; 10 sgIÞEm:Rt ehIyvImþgkñúgéf¶ .
kRmas; 2 eTA 4 sgIÞEm:Rt ehIyvIerogral; 30 naTI . kRmas; 2 eTA 3 sgIÞEm:Rt ehIyvIerogral; 15 naTI . kRmas; 2 eTA 3 sgIÞEm:Rt ehIyvIerogral; 60 naTI .
sMNYrTI 5 ³ etIkarhalsm¶ÜtRsUvBUC KYrmansItuNðPaBx<s;bMputkRmitNa ? 32 GgSaes .
42 GgSaes . 52 GgSaes .
b:unµank¾minmanbBaðaEdr .
sMNYrTI 6 ³ etIm:asIunsm¶ÜtRbePTNa EdlGaceFIV[RsUvGgármanKuNPaBx<s;CageK ? m:asIunRbePTRbGb;epþk .
m:asIunEdlsm¶Ütmþg)anmYybrimaN . m:asIunRbePTeFIV[RsUvmanclnaeLIgcuH . dUcKñaTaMgGs; .
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4 - karTukdak;
karTukdak;maneKalbMNgCasMxan;edIm,IkarBarRsUvEdl)ansm¶ÜtehIy BIkaryayIbMpøajrbs; ktþacéRgnana dUcCakNþúr stVsøab stVl¥it nigkarduHpSit RBmTaMgTb;min[RsUvGacRsUbsMeNImcUl vij)an . b:uEnþ eTaHbICakarTukdak;mansPaBsmRsby:agNak¾eday k¾kar)at;bg;nwgmankRmitx<s; RbsinebIkarhalsm¶ÜtminRtUv)anGnuvtþ[RtwmRtUv . maneBlxøH karsm¶Üt nigkarTukdak; RtUv)aneK GnuvtþdMNalKña ehIyRtUv)aneKehAfakarsm¶ÜtkñúgkEnøgTukdak; .
rUbTI 4>1 ³ KYrGnuvtþ[RtwmRtUv cab;BIhalsm¶Üt rhUtdl;Tukdak;
4>1 brikçarTukdak;
brikçarTukdak;maneRcInRbePT GaRs½ynwg ³ - brimaNRsUvEdlRtUvTukdak; .
- eKalbMNgénkarTukdak; . - TItaMg b¤ TIkEnøgEdlRtUvTukdak; .
CaTUeTA eKEtgCUneyabl;[Tukdak;RsUv CaCagTukdak;Ggár . karTukdak;RsUvmansuvtßiPaBCag BIeRBaHsm,kGgáampþl;nUvkarkarBarmYycMnYnTb;Tl;nwgstVl¥it nigkarxUcxatKuNPaB .
karTukdak;GgársMrUbnwgeFIV[RtUvkarkEnøgTukdak; 20° ticCagRsUv b:uEnþGgárRbePTenHeRcIn qab;p¥Ür BIeRBaHCatieRbgEdlenARsTab;eRkA gaynwgeFIVGuksIudkmµCamYyxül;briyakas .
CaTUeTA RbB½n§Tukdak;Edll¥ KW ³
- BMueFIV[RsUvEdls¶ÜtehIy RsUbsMeNImvij .
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- gayRsYldak;RsUvcUl nigykecj .
- cMNayGs;TIkEnøgtic b:uEnþTukdak;)aneRcIn . - gayRsYlEfrkSa nigRKb;RKg .
karpøas;bþÚrsMeNImrbs;RsUvGgár
RsUvGgárpøas;bþÚrsMeNImCamYyxül;EdlenACMuvijva KWfaenATIbMput RsUvGgárEdlTukdak;tamviFI Fmµta ¬minenAkñúgbrikçarbiTCit¦ nwgeLIgcuHsMeNIm eTAtamsMeNImrbs;xül;EdlenACMuvijva .
enARbeTskñúgtMbn;RtUBikCaeRcIn xül;briyakasmanGRtasMeNImeFob nigsItuNðPaBx<s; Edl eFIV[RsUvEdlhalsm¶Üts¶ÜtehIy RsUbsMeNImcUlvij ehIyeFIV[vamanGRtasMeNImx<s; EdlCabBaða sRmab;karTukdak;mansuvtßiPaB . dUecñHykl¥ KYrTukdak;RsUvGgárkñúgbrikçarbiTCit EdlehAfakarTuk dak;biTCit .
4>2 l½kçx½NÐsRmab;Tukdak;
eyIgGacnwgTukdak;RsUv)anyUr mansuvtßiPaB RbsinebIl½kçx½NÐcMnYn 3 RtUv)anRbkan;yk ³ 1> RsUvRtUv)anhalsm¶Üt[manGRtasMeNImminx<s;Cag 14° .
2> RsUvRtUv)ankarBarmin[rgkarbMpøajrbs;ktþacéRgnana dUcCakNþúr stVsøab nigstVl¥it . 3> RsUvRtUv)ankarBarmin[RsUbsMeNImBIkñúgxül;briyakas b¤ BITwkePøóg .
ry³eBlTukdak;mansuvtßiPaB
ry³eBlTukdak;mansuvtßiPaBeRcInEtGaRs½ynwgGRtasMeNImrbs;RsUv . RsUvFmµta nigRsUvBUC EdlmanGRtasMeNImx<s;Cag 14 ° ehIyTukdak;yUrCag 3 s)þah_ GacnwgCYbRbTHkarekItpSit kar fycuHy:agelOnnUvsmtßPaBdMNuH b¤ KuNPaB)ay . taragTI 4>1 bgðajGRtasMeNImsmRsb edIm,I Tukdak;RsUvFmµta nigRsUvBUC[mansuvtßiPaB .
taragTI 4>1 ³ ry³eBlTukdak; nigGRtasMeNImmansuvtßiPaB
ry³eBlTukdak; GRtasMeNImmansuvtßiPaB bBaðaEd;lGacnwgekItman
2 eTA 3 s)þah_ 14 - 18 ° karekItpSit ERbBN’ nig )at;bg;edaydkdegðIm
8 eTA 12 Ex 13 ° b¤ TabCag karbMpøajedaystVl¥it
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taragTI 4>2 bgðajry³eBlTukdak;RsUv ¬KitCacMnYnéf¶¦ edaymansuvtßiPaB . eyIgGacBinitü eXIjfary³eBlenHERbRbYl ¬yUr b¤ qab;¦ eTAtamGRtasMeNImrbs;plitpl ¬kñúgkUeLanTI 1¦ nig eTAtamsItuNðPaBbriyakaskñúgkEnøgTukdak; ¬kñúgCYrTI 1¦ . ]TahrN_RKab;RsUvmanGRtasMeNIm 14° GacTukdak;eRkamsItuNðPaB 20 GgSaes edaymansuvtißPaB cMnYn 100 éf¶ ehIyRsUvmanGRta sMeNIm 18° GacTukdak;eRkamsItuNðPaB 30 GgSaes edaysuvtißPaB cMnYn 2 éf¶ .
taragTI 4>2 ³ ry³eBlTukdak; ERbRbYltamGRtasMeNIm nigsItuNðPaB
GRtasMeNIm ¬°¦ 5 10 sItuNðPaB 15 ¬GgSaes¦20 25 30
13 180 115 90 14 160 100 50 30 15 100 50 30 15 16 130 50 30 20 8 17 65 35 22 12 5 18 130 40 25 17 8 2 19 70 30 17 12 5 0 20 45 22 15 8 21 30 17 11 7 22 23 3 8 6 23 17 10 7 5 24 13 8 4 4 25 10 8 6 3 4>3 RbB½n§Tukdak; munnwgTukdak; eyIgRtUvEtdwgGMBI ³ - brimaNRsUvEdlRtUvTukdak; . - mUlehtuEdlRtUvTukdak; .
- TItaMg kEnøg b¤ RbePTénbrikçarTukdak; .
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4>3>1 karTukdak;kñúg)av
RsUveRcInRtUv)anTukdak;kñúg)avcMNuHBI 40 eTA 100 KILÚRkamEdl)avTaMgenaHeFIVGMBIRkecA b¤ GMe)aHnILúg ¬rUbTI 4>2¦ . )avRsUveRcInRtUv)anKrteRmobCaKMnrFM b¤ tUc GaRs½yeTAnwgbrimaNRsUv . manksikrxøHRckRsUvkñúg)av ehIyykeTATukdak;kñúgCRguk EdleFIVGMBIeQI b¤sSI dI\dæ b¤ sIum:gt_ .
rUbTI 4>2 ³ karTukdak;minRtwmRtUv nigRtwmRtUv
4>3>2 karTukdak;kñúgCRguk
RsUvCaeRcInRtUv)anksikrTukdak;edaycak;Far enAkñúgCRgukeFIVGMBIeQI s½gásI b¤ sIum:gt_ . man eBlxøH ksikreRbIR)as;edak b¤ FugepSg² edaydak;enAeRkam b¤ kñúgpÞH . CRgukTaMgenHmancMNuHBI 200 - 1000 KILÚRkam ehIyeRcInbgá[RsUvrgkar)at;bg;eRcIn edaykarbMpøajrbs;stVl¥it kNþúr nig stVsøab RBmTaMgkarRsUbsMeNImBIbriyakas ¬rUbTI 4>3¦ . ykl¥ KYrBicarNaGMBIkarsagsg;CRguk b¤ XøaMgTukdak;RsUvEdlGacTb;sáat;)annUvkarbMpøajrbs;ktþacéRgnana ¬rUbTI 4>4 nigrUbTI 4>5¦ .
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rUbTI 4>4 ³ CRgukKMrU
rUbTI 4>5 ³ XøaMgTukdak;RsUvRtwmRtUv
4>3>3 karTukdak;kñúgFugFM²
enAkñúgRbeTseCOnelOn eragm:asIunkinRsUv nigXøaMgFM²maneRbIFugFM²eFIVGMBIEdk b¤ sIum:gt_ ¬rUbTI 4>6¦ . FugTaMgenaHmancMNuHBI 20 eTA 2000 etan . eKGacbiTP¢itva)any:aggay edIm,I)aj; fñaMsmøab;stVl¥it ehIyvamingaynwgeFIV[mankarRCuHkMBb;RsUv . b:uEnþ FugTaMgenHminsUv)aneKniym eRbIR)as;enATIVbGasIueT .
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rUbTI 4>6 ³ FugFM²sRmab;Tukdak;RKab;FBaØCati
cMNuHénkarTukdak;
RsUvBUCxus²Kña nigFatupÁúMepSg²rbs;va EtgmanTm¶n; nigmaDxus²Kña ¬taragTI 4>3¦ . Cak; Esþg RsUvmanPaBsMBIgsMeBag EdltRmUv[RtUvkarkEnøgTukdak;FM b¤ eRcInCagGgár . edIm,IKitKUrGMBI karRKb;RKg nigrkSasuvtßiPaBénbrikçarTukdak; eyIgRtUvEtyl;dwgGMBITm¶n; nigmaDRsUvGgár .
taragTI 4>3 ³ Tm¶n; nigmaDRsUv RBmTaMgsmasFatuepSg²rbs;va
briyay dg;sIuet ¬KILÚRkam¼m3¦ cMnYn)av ¬)av¼etan¦ Tm¶n; ¬KILÚRkam¼)av¦
RsUv 600 13 - 25 40 - 80
Ggár 850 20 - 25 40 - 50
knÞk; 550 20 50
Ggáam 120 50 - 100 10 - 20
smÁal; ³ sRmab;épÞdITMhM 1 Em:Rtkaer: GacTukRsUv)anBI 12 - 13 )av kalNa)avmanépÞrab 1 x
0>5 Em:Rt nigEdlmancMNuHRbmaN 50 KILÚRkam .
rebobKNnacMNuH b¤ smtßPaBénbrikçarTukdak;epSg² KitCaKILÚRkam
k> sRmab;CRguk b¤ FugRCug ³ beNþay x TTwg x km<s; x dg;sIuet ¬KILÚRkam¼Em:RtKUb¦= cMNuHTukdak;
km<s;
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x> sRmab;FugragsIuLaMg man)atrabesIµ ³ 22¼7 x Ggát;p©it2 ¼ 4 x km<s; x dg;sIuet ¬KILÚRkam¼
Em:RtKUb¦ = cMNuHTukdak;
K> sRmab;FugragsIuLaMg nigman)atragsaCI ³ ¬22¼7 x Ggát;p©it2 ¼ 4 x km<s; x dg;sIuet ¬KILÚRkam
¼Em:RtKUb¦¦ + 1¼3 x 22¼7 x Ggát;p©it2 ¼ 4 x km<s; x dg;sIuet ¬KILÚRkam¼Em:RtKUb¦ = cMNuHTukdak;
X> sRmab;RsUvcak;Far ³ beNþay x TTwg x 0>73 ¬emKuNRsUv¦ = cMNuHTukdak;
smÁal; ³ enAkñúgkarTukdak;edaycak;Far mMuKMnrRsUvKWRbmaN 36 dWeRk . km<s; Ggát;p©it km<s; Ggát;p©it )atragsaCI b¤ ekan TTwg beNþay
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4>4 karTukdak;biTCit
karTukdak;biTCitKWTukdak;RsUv b¤ RKab;FBaØCatiepSg²enAkñúgbrikçar b¤ FugbiTCit dUcCaFugsaMg b¤ fg;)øasÞikCaedIm edIm,ITb;min[xül; nigsMeNImbriyakasGacb:HBal;RsUv)an . vaGacCYyeFIV[ekIn eLIgnUvPaBmanCIvitrbs;RKab;BUC 6 - 12 Ex nigGRtaGgáredIm 10° . RbB½n§enHmanRbsiT§PaB BI eRBaHstVl¥it nigRsUvdkdegðIm EdleFIV[brimaNGuksIuEh‘SnEdlenACamYyRsUv fycuHmkenARtwm 5 - 10° . kñúgkRmitenaH skmµPaBnanarbs;stVl¥itRtUv)anbBaÄb; . karxUcxatEdlbNþalBIstVsøab nigkNþúrk¾RtUv)ankat;bnßyEdr .
edIm,ITukdak;biTCit eyIgGaceRbIR)as; ³
- Fug b¤ brikçarC½r PVC EdlRtUv)aneKplitCaBiess dUcCa {kUKUn} CaedIm .
- fg;s‘uEBrmancMNuH 50 KILÚRkam .
- Fug b¤ brikçareFIVGMBIEdk C½r)øasÞik b¤ dI\dæ EdlGacrk)ankñúgPUmiRsuk ¬rUbTI 4>7¦ .
rUbTI 4>7 ³ brikçarbiTCitRbePTepSg²
4>4>1 mUlehtuRtUvTukdak;biTCit
edIm,IbegáInKuNPaBRsUvFmµta nigsmtßPaBdMNuHrbs;RsUvBUC . CamYynwgkarTukdak;biTCit eyIgGac ³
- rkSaGRtasMeNImedImrbs;RsUv nigRKab;FBaØCati[enAefr .
- kat;bnßykarbMpøajrbs;ktþacéRgnana dUcCastVl¥itCaedIm edaymincaM)ac;eRbIR)as;fñaMBul . RtUvcgcaMfa ³
- RtUvsMGat nighalsm¶ÜtRsUv[s¥at nigs¶ÜtRtwmRtUv ¬RsUvBUC 12° nigRsUvFmµta 14°¦ . - karebIk nigbiTbrikçar b¤ fg;Tukdak;biTCit nwgeFIV[stVl¥itmYycMnYn dUcCaxµÚtCaedIm GaccUl
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- kñúgbrikçarEdldak;RsUvmineBj GaceFIV[mansl;xül;RKb;RKan; sRmab;stVl¥itGacrs;)an . - kNþúrGackat;bMpøajbrikçarTukdak;FM²eFIVGMBIC½r)øasÞik)an RbsinebIeyIgminRbugRby½tñ . cUr
Tajsn§wgva[twg ehIyrkSa[manRbeLaHenACMuvijva . 4>4>2 karcMNaykñúgkarTukdak;biTCit
- fg;cMNuH 50 KILÚRkam EdlGaceRbIeRcIndg)an dUcCafg;s‘uEBr IRRI éfø 0>5 - 1 duløar .
- FugsaMg b¤ FugeRbgeFIVBIEdk b¤ )øasÞik cMNuH 200 lIRt GacmantémøBI 2 - 5 duløar . - brikçarTukdak;FM² dUcCaFug Silos mantémøBI 50 - 100 duløar sRmab;RsUv 1 etan . brikçar
EbbenHGaceRbIR)as;)any:agticbMputk¾ 10 qñaMEdr . 4>5 ktþacéRgkñúgeBlTukdak; - stVl¥it
stVl¥it kNþúr stVsøab nigFatubgáCMgW KWCaktþacéRgenAkñúgkarTukdak;RsUv . vaeFIV[mankar)at; bg; tamry³karsIubMpøaj kareFIV[rlYyxUc nigkareFIV[RbLak; . tamFmµta manstVl¥iteRcInRbePT rs;enAkñúgRsUvGgár . PaKeRcInénstVTaMgenHEtgbgá[manbBaðaFM .
rUbTI 4>8 ³ stVl¥itsIubMpøajRsUvGgár
4>5>1 brisßanrs;enArbs;stVl¥it
stVl¥itRbePTnImYy² RtUvkarsItuNðPaB nigsMeNImkMNt;mYy edIm,Irs; nigsIubMpøajRsUvGgár . rUbTI 4>9 bgðajGMBIl½kçx½NÐsItuNðPaBsRmab;karrs;enA nigbgákMeNItrbs;stVl¥it .
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rUbTI 4>9 ³ l½kçx½NÐsItuNðPaBsmRsb nigminsmRsbsRmab;stVl¥itmYycMnYn
4>5>2 stVl¥itTI 1 nig TI 2
stVl¥itEdlsIubMpøajRsUvkñúgeBlTukdak; GacEckCastVl¥itTI 1 nig TI 2 . stVl¥itTI 1 bgábBaðaeRcInCagstVl¥itTI 2 eRBaHfastVl¥itTI 1 sIubMpøajBIEpñkxagkñúgénRKab;RsUv cMENkÉstVl¥itTI 2 sIubMpøajBIEpñkxageRkAénRKab;RsUv .
k> stVl¥itTI 1
eBlenACakUndgáÚv vasIuEpñkxagkñúgénRKab;RsUvTaMgmUl . k>1 stVkEBa© b¤ kMeBag (Sitophilos oryzae, Linnaeus)
stVl¥itenH ¬rUbTI 4>10¦ eTaHCaeBjv½y b¤ enACakUndgáÚv EtgsuIbMpøajRsUv . stVjIbegáItBg mþg)ancMnYn 150 . BgnImYy²eRcInjas;kñúgRKab;RsUvmYy bnÞab;BIemva)anecaH[RbehagrYc . kUndgáÚv Edljas;ehIy enAbnþrs;kñúgRKab;RsUvenaHrhUtdl;FMeBjv½y . tamrebobenH stVl¥itmYyGacbMpøaj RsUvGs;mYyRKab;TaMgRsug .
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rUbTI 4>10 ³ stVkEBa© b¤ kMeBag
stVl¥itenHmanvdþCIvitRbmaN 35 éf¶ ehIyl½kçx½NÐrs;enAsmRsbsRmab;va KWsItuNðPaB RbmaN 28 GgSaes nigGRtasMeNImeFobRbmaN 70° .
k>2 Angoumois Grain Moth (Sitatroga cerealella (Olivier))
stVl¥itenHEtgBgenAelI b¤ Ek,rRKab;RsUv . eBlkøayCakUndgáÚv vaecaHTmøúHRKab;RsUvehIysIu bMpøajBIxagkñúg . dgáÚveBjv½ysIurhUtdl;EpñkxageRkAénRKab; edayTukEtsm,k[enAs¥at . vaeRcIn EtsIubMpøajRsUvenARsTab;xageRkAénKMnr eRBaHvaminGaceRCotcUleTAkñúg)an .
rUbTI 4>11 ³ Angoumois Grain Moth
k>3 Lesser Grain Borer (Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricus)
stVl¥itenHEtgBgenAkñúgKMnrRsUv . eBljas;rYc kUndgáÚvGaccUlehIyFMFat;enAxagkñúgRKab; RsUv b¤ sIubMpøajBIxageRkA . vasIukemÞckmÞIl¥it²EdlbnSl; b¤ bgáedaykarsIubMpøajrbs;stVl¥iteBj v½y b¤ kUndgáÚvepSgeTot .
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rUbTI 4>12 ³ Lesser Grain Borer
stVl¥itenHBgmþg)an 300 - 500 nigmanvdþCIvit 20 - 84 éf¶ ehIyl½kçx½NÐrs;enAsmRsb sRmab;va KWsItuNðPaBRbmaN 34 GgSaes nigGRtasMeNImeFob 60 - 70° .
x> stVl¥itTI 2
x>1 Saw-toothed Grain Beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Linnaeus)
tamFmµta stVl¥itenHdak;BgmYy² b¤ CaRkumtUc²enAkñúgsñameRbHénRKab;RsUv . sRmab;plit plm:dæ² dUcCaemSACaedIm vaBRgayBgsBVkEnøg .
rUbTI 4>13 ³ Saw-toothed Grain Beetle
stVl¥itenHBgmþg)anRbmaN 150 nigmanvdþCIvitRbmaN 20 éf¶ ehIyl½kçx½NÐrs;enAsm RsbsRmab;va KWsItuNðPaB 30 - 35 GgSaes nigGRtasMeNImeFob 70 - 90° .
x>2 Rust-red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
stVl¥itenH ¬rUbTI 4>14¦ eRcInbMpøajGgár . eTaHCaeBjv½y b¤ CakUndgáÚv vasIuEtkemÞckmÞI l¥it² ehIyminbMpøajRKab;RsUvGgárEdlenAl¥eT . eRkABIsIubMpøaj vaEtgeFIV[RsUvGgármankøinminl¥ .
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rUbTI 4>14 ³ Rust-red flour beetle
stVl¥itenHBgmþg)anRbmaN 500 nigmanvdþCIvitRbmaN 20 éf¶ ehIyl½kçx½NÐrs;enAsm RsbsRmab;va KWsItuNðPaBRbmaN 35 GgSaes nigGRtasMeNImeFobRbmaN 75° .
4>6 ktþacéRgkñúgkarTukdak; - stVkekr ¬kNþúrFM nigtUc¦
kNþúrtUc nigFMKWCastVkekr . stVkekr 3 sMxan; EdlEtgCYbRbTHkñúgkarTukdak;RsUvman ³ - kNþúrFMexµA b¤ kNþúrFMtampÞH (Rattus rattus) .
- kNþúrn½rev:s b¤ kNþúrFmµta (Rattus norvegicus).
- kNþúrtUctampÞH (Mus musculus).
rUbTI 4>15 ³ stVkNþúr
4>6>1 karbgábBaðarbs;stVkekr
k> stVkekrsIubMpøajRsUvGgárkMBugTukdak; ³ kNþúrFMmYyGacsIuRsUv b¤ GgárGs;RbmaN 25 Rkam kñúgmYyéf¶ ehIykNþúrtUcmYyGacsIuGs;RbmaN 3 eTA 4 RkamkñúgmYyéf¶ .
37
x> stVkekreFIV[RsUvGgárkMBugTukdak; kxVk; ³ vaeFIV[RsUvGgárkxVk;edayTwkenam lamk nigeram ehIyvaKWCaPñak;garcmøgCMgW . RsUvGgárEdlkxVk;edaysarstVenH EtgRtUv)aneKvaytémøfaGaceFIV[ b:HBal;dl;suxPaBmnusS .
K> stVkekreFIV[xUcxatsmÖar nigbrikçarTukdak; ³ stVkekreFIV[xUcxatKRmb fg; b¤ )av kþarkMNl; nigsMNg;CRguk b¤ XøaMg dUcCaExS ExSePøIg TVar .l. Caplvi)ak ³
- sm,kfg; b¤ )avEdlFøúHedaykNþúrkat; nwgeFIV[RCuHkMBb;RsUvGgár .
- eCIgkMNl;Edl)ankekrbMpøajedaykNþúr Gacnwg)ak; ehIyeFIV[dYlrlMKMnr)avRsUvGgár . - karkekrbMpøajsm,kExSePøIg GacbNþal[TuesS ehIybgá[manGKIÁP½y .
- Fug b¤ XøaMgdak;RsUvFM²GacRsut b¤ rhUtdl;dYlrlM kalNaenABIeRkamvamanrn§kNþúreRcIn . - RbB½n§lUEdlenACMuvijkEnøgTukdak; GacnwgxUcxat .
4>6>2 tRmUvkarrbs;stVkekr tamFmµta stVkekrRtUvkar ³ - es,ógGaharRKb;RKan; .
- kEnøgmansuvtßiPaB edIm,IvaGaceFIVrn§ nigsm,úkrs;enA)an . - kEnøglak;xøÜneRcIn .
- RckecjcUlkEnøgTukdak;es,ógGahar y:agRsYl . 4>6>3 viFankarTb;sáat;
eyIgGacGnuvtþviFankarTb;sáat;mYycMnYn dUcCa ³
- enAeBlsagsg;CRguk b¤ kEnøgTukdak;fIµmYy RtUvEtKitGMBIviFITb;sáat;stVkekr edayRby½tñ enARtg;TVar rn§ b¤ Rckxül; ¬søabRBil b¤ \dæxül;¦ nigcenøaHrvagCBa¢aMg nigdMbUl .
- CYsCulkEnøg)ak;Ebk b¤ FøúHFøayCabnÞan; edayykcitþTukdak;Rtg;TVar . - rkSaCRguk b¤ kEnøgTukdak;[)ans¥atRtwmRtUv eday ³
• rkSava[s¥at b¤ manGnam½yCanic© edayekIbsMGatRsUvEdlkMBb; nigsMramepSg²Ca
bnÞan;eRBaHvaGacCakEnøglak;xøÜn b¤ Casm,úkrbs;stVkekr . cUrdut b¤ kb;sMramecal .
• sMGatkMu[manesµAduHRTubRTulenATIEk,rxagCRguk b¤ XøaMg eRBaHvaGacCakEnøglak;xøÜn .
stVkekrmincUlcitþqøgkat;val b¤ RbeLaHs¥ateT .
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• KrteRmob)avRsUv b¤ )avGgár[RtwmRtUvenAelIkMNl; ehIyTuk[manRbeLaHBIKMnrmYy
eTAmYy RbmaNCa 1 Em:Rt.
• Tukdak;)avcas;² b¤ )avTeT nigtg;ekAs‘U b¤ kenÞlelIkMNl; edayELkBIRsUvGgár.
4>7 ktþacéRgkñúgkarTukdak; - CMgW b¤ karduHpSit
karduHpSitkñúgeBlTukdak;eFIV[xUcxatRsUvGgár . tamFmµta bBaðaenHGacmantictYc enAeBl EdlRsUvminTan;)anRcUtkat;enAeLIy . pSitEdlekIteBlTukdak;jwkjab;CageKeQµaHfa Aspergillus
nig Penicillium . RsUvGgárGacnwgekItpSitedaysar ³
- vaCab;emeraKpSittaMgEtBImuneBlTukdak; .
- maneBlxøHeTot emeraKpSitmanenAelIRbdab;Rbda b¤ brikçareRbIR)as;kñúgkarTukdak; . - briyakasenAkEnøgTukdak;mansItuNðPaB nigGRtasMeNImeFobx<s; .
karekItpSitenH mankRmittic b¤ eRcIn GaRs½ynwg ³ - GRtasMeNIm nigl½kçx½NÐrbs;RsUvGgárEdlRtUvTukdak; .
- sItuNðPaB nigGRtasMeNImeFobénbriyakaskñúgkEnøgTukdak; . - brimaNstVl¥it nigskmµPaBkNþúr enAkñúgkEnøgTukdak; . - ry³eBlTukdak; . 4>7>1 bBaðabgáedaypSit k> rlYyxUcRsUvGgár RsUvGgárnwgrlYyxUcedaypSit ehIyCaplvi)ak KW ³ - BUCnwgmandMNuHexSay . - mankar)at;bg; edayRskTm¶n; . - témøsarFatuciBa©wmnwgfycuH.
- KuNPaBGgárnwgfycuH CaBiesskøinRkGUbnwgERbRbYl b¤ )at; . - BN’sm,úrnwgERbRbYl.
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rUbTI 4>16 ³ RsUvERbBN’
x> karekItman Mycotoxins Bul
karxatbg;edaykarxUcxatepSg²GacmanTMhMFM b:uEnþminsUveRKaHfñak;dUc Mycotoxins eLIy . Micotoxins CasarFatuKImImanCatiBul EdlbgáeLIgedaypSitmYyRbePT .
4>7>2 meFüa)ayTb;sáat;karekItmanCMgWpSit
eyIgGacTb;sáat; b¤ bnßykarekItmanCMgWpSitedayhalsm¶ÜtRsUv[s¶Üt Tukdak;enAkñúgbriya kasmanGnam½y ehIyebIGacKWTukdak;kñúgbrikçarbiTCit .
4>8 kareRCIsyksMNak
kareRCIsyksMNakRsUv KWCakareRCIsyknUvEpñktUcmYyénRsUv BIEpñkmYyEdlFM . sMNak GacRtUv)aneRCIsykBIkñúgERs BIKMnr b¤ BIRsUvEdlRckkñúg)av .
KYrGnuvtþkareRCIsyksMNak[)anRtwmRtUv edIm,ITTYl)ansMNak {manlkçN³tMNag} Edl )anesckIþfalkçN³nanaénsMNak ¬dUcCaGRtasMeNIm b¤ GRtadMNuHCaedIm¦ manPaBdUcKñanwglkçN³ énRsUvkñúgKMnr EdlRtUv)aneRCIsyksMNakenaH .
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rUbTI 4>17 ³ RsUvkñúgERs kñúg)av b¤ kñúgKMnr GacmanlkçN³xus²KñaxøaMg
4>8>1 sarsMxan;;énkareRCIsyksMNakRtwmRtUv
tamFmµta RsUvGacmansPaB b¤ lkçN³xus²Kña edaysarvaeRcInRtUv)andaMkñúgERstUc² eday eRbIBUCeRcInmux . eTaHenAkñúgERsEtmYy k¾RsUvEdlRcUtBIkEnøgepSgKñaGacmanGRtasMeNImxusKñaEdr.
dUecñH kareRCIsyksMNakRtwmRtUvmansarsMxan;;Nas; edIm,ITTYl)anRsUvmanlkçN³tMNag . edIm,IeRCIsyksMNak[)anRtwmRtUv eyIgGacnwgRtUvkar ³
- EdkqaM 1 edIm,IyksMNakBIkñúgCRguk .
- Fug b¤ kMb:ugmYycMnYn sRmab;dak;sMNakedIm,IviPaK .
- ÉksarBiFIsa Edlerobrab;GMBIviFan b¤ EbbbTGnuvtþ ¬rUbTI 4>18¦ .
rUbTI 4>18 ³ Rbdab;RbdasMxan;²sRmab;yksMNakRsUv b¤ RKab;FBaØCatiepSg²
BiFIsa Fug b¤ kMb:ug
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4>8>2 rebobeRCIsyksMNak[)anRtwmRtUv k> sMNakBIkñúgERs
karTTYl)ansMNakmanlkçN³tMNagBIkñúgERs ¬enAmuneBlRbmUlpl¦ KWCakarlM)ak eday sarRsUvenACayERseRcInmansPaBxusBIRsUvenAEpñkxagkñúg . dUecñH Cakarl¥EdlRtUvcUleTAbUtyk sMNakenAEpñkxagkñúgERs Edl)anedAcMNucTukCamun . enAeBlbUt)anehIy RtUvRcbl;va[sBV ehIy vas;[)any:agtic 3 dg rYcKNnarktémømFüm .
x> sMNakBIkñúgKMnr
enAeBleRCIsyksMNakRsUvBIkñúgKMnr cUreRbIR)as;EdkqaMcak;ykBIcMNucmYycMnYn . ykl¥ KYreRCIsyksMNakenAeBlEdlRsUvRtUv)anbgðÚrcUl b¤ ecj edayykkMb:ugeTARtgenAeBlkMBughUr kñúg cenøaHeBleTogTat;mYy ehIycak;vacUlkñúgFug rYcRcbl;va[sBVmunnwgeRCIsyksMNak .
K> sMNakBICRguk
enAeBleRCIsyksMNakBIkñúgCRguk cUreFIVkñúgCeRmAxus²Kña edayecosvagcMNuckNþal nig EKmCRguk . ykl¥ KYrecosvagkarRcbl;sMNakEdlRCIsyk)anBIcMNucTaMgenaH b:uEnþRtUvBinitü b¤ viPaKvaedayELk²BIKña . kardwg b¤ karkMNt;)annUvlkçN³rbs;sMNakBIkEnøg b¤ BIcMNucepSg²Kña kñúgCRguk nwgCYy[eyIgGacdwgBIcMNuc b¤ kEnøgmanbBaða ehIyGnuvtþkarRKb;RKg)anl¥RbesIr . X> sMNakBI)av
RbsinebIRsUvEdlRtUvviPaK RtUv)anTukdak;kñúg)aveRcInCag 1 RtUveRCIsyksMNakBI)avmYy cMnYn . viFId¾l¥mYykñúgkarseRmceRCIserIscMnYn)avEdlRtUvyksMNakKWKNnatémøb¤skaer ¬ ¦ én cMnYn)avsrubenaH . Ca]TahrN_ ³
- ebIcMnYn)avsrubman 9 RtUvyksMNaky:agticbMputBI)avcMnYn 3 ¬KWfa 9 =3¦ .
- ebIcMnYn)avsrubman 100 RtUvyksMNaky:agticbMputBI)avcMnYn 10 ¬KWfa 100=10¦ .
4>8>3 karrkSaTuk nigeRbIR)as;sMNak
karyWty:avkñúgkarviPaKsMNakGaceFIV[vaERbRbYlGRtasMeNIm niglkçN³KuNPaBepSg² . edIm,IecosvagbBaðaenH nigbBaðaepSgeTot cUr ³
- Tukdak;sMNakkñúgkMb:ug Fug b¤ fg;)øasÞikEdlGacbiTCit[)anPøambnÞab;BIeRCIsykrYc . - TuksMNakkñúgTUTwkkk b¤ bnÞb;RtCak; ebImanlT§PaB .
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- sikSa nigGnuvtþtameKalkarN_c,ab;sþIGMBIBUC enAeBlEdlRtUvbBa¢ÚnsMNakBUCRsUveTAviPaK enAeRkARbeTs .
4>9 GRtasMeNImRsUvGgár
GRtasMeNImKWCaTm¶n;TwkEdlmanenAkñúgRsUv b¤ Ggár edayKitCaPaKry . kñúgkarGnuvtþTUeTA nigenAelITIpSar eKniymeRbIGRtasMeNImeKalkarN_esIm . GRtasMeNImeKalkarN_esImrbs;RsUvKW CaPaKryénTm¶n;TwkenAkñúgRsUv eFobnwgTm¶n;RsUvenaHsrub . ]bkrN_vas;sMeNImEtgbgðajlT§pl GRtasMeNImeKalkarN_esIm . ÉGRtasMeNImeKalkarN_s¶Üt EdlCaPaKryénTm¶n;TwkeFobeTAnwg Tm¶n;énsarFatus¶ÜtEdlmanenAkñúgRsUv b¤ Ggár eRcInRtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAkñúgkarsikSaRsavRCav . rUbmnþ xageRkambgðajGMBIrebobKNnaGRtasMeNImTaMg 2 . 100 x
RsUvsrub
n;
Tm¶
Tm¶
n;
Twk
sIm
eKalkarN_e
GRtasMeNIm
= 100 x Ütsrub sarFatus¶ n; Tm¶ Tm¶n;Twk Üt ¶ eKalkarN_s GRtasMeNIm =karvas;kMNt;GRtasMeNImRtwmRtUv mansarsMxan;kñúgkarRKb;RKg niglk;dUrRsUvGgár . kar vas;kMNt;EdlminRtwmRtUv eFIV[ ³
- RtUvcMNaybEnßmedIm,Ihalsm¶Üt .
- xUcxatkñúgeBlTukdak; RbsinebIRsUvenAesIm .
- cMNay\tRbeyaCn_edIm,Ihalsm¶ÜtRsUv[s¶ÜtRCul EdlmincaM)ac; ehIyeFIV[Gn;KuNPaB . - manGRtaGgáredImTab RbsinebIRsUvRtUv)ankin edaymanGRtasMeNImminsmRsb .
- RsUvRskTm¶n;eRcIn EdlGac[xatbg;kñúgkarlk;dUr .
RsUvEdlmanGRtasMeNIm 14 ° eRcIneFIV[Tukdak;mansuvtßiPaB nigkin)anGgáreRcIn nigl¥ . KYrkt;smÁal;fakalNaeyIgRtUvkarTukdak;RsUv[kan;EtyUr caM)ac;RtUvEteFIV[GRtasMeNImrbs;vakan; EtTab ¬taragTI 4>1¦ .
4>9>1 karvas;GRtasMeNIm
CaTUeTA eKeRcInviPaK b¤ vas;GRtasMeNImRsUvGgáredayviFILsm¶Üt b¤ viFIbzm nigedayeRbI R)as;Rbdab;vas; . enAkñúgkic©RbtibtþiFmµta b¤ enAkñúgkarlk;dUr kareRbIR)as;Rbdab;vas; manPaBrh½s
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niggayRsYlCag . viFILsm¶ÜtbnSat;ecjnUvsMeNImTaMgGs;BIsMNak edaykemþAvaenAkñúgL . vatRmUv [cMNayeBlyUr b:uEnþpþl;lT§plKYr[TukcitþCag . edIm,IGnuvtþviFIenH KYrman ³
- LGKÁisnImYy ¬rUbTI 4>19¦ . CaTUeTA eKGaceRbILesIÞrEtTaMgGs;)an [EtGacdak;[vaman
sItuNðPaBefr 130 GgSaes )an .
- RsUvRKb;RKan; edIm,IeRCIsyksMNak 3 EdlsMNaknImYy²manTm¶n; 100 Rkam . - CBa¢IgsRmab;føwgsMNakRsUvenaH .
- fassRmab;dak;sMNak .
- kMb:ug kUnFugC½r b¤ fg;RkdastUc²sRmab;dak;sMNak .
- b‘ík b¤ exµAéd nigm:asIunKitelx sRmab;kt; nigKNnaGRtasMeNIm RBmTaMgtémømFüm .
rUbTI 4>19 ³ Lsm¶Üt eRbIR)as;kñúgmnIÞrBiesaFn_
ÉkarviPaKGRtasMeNIm eFIVeLIgeday ³
1> dak; b¤ EksRmYl[LenaHdMeNIrkarkñúgsItuNðPaB 130 GgSaes . 2> eRCIs nigføwgyksMNak 100 Rkam [)an 3 .
3> dak;sMNakTaMg 3 enaHeTAkñúgL ehIyTukvary³eBl 16 - 24 em:ag . 4> føwgTm¶n;sMNakEdlenasl; bnÞab;BIry³eBlxagelI . 5> KNnaGRtasMeNImrbs;sMNaknImYy² tamrUbmnþ ³ × Tmn¶;edmI -Tmn¶;cgu GRtaseMNIm = 100° Tmn¶;edIm
6> KNnaGRtasMeNImmFümedaybUkGRtasMeNImTaMg 3 bBa©ÚlKña ehIyEcknwg 3 . sRmab;karkMNt;edayeRbIRbdab;vas; KWRtUv ³
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1> GannUvkarENnaM eRbIR)as; . 2> cuc b¤ mYlebIk .
3> cuc b¤ EksRmYlva[smRsbsRmab;RsUv .
4> dak;sMNakRsUvcUleTAkñúgsøabRBa ehIys‘kbBa©Úlkñúgva . 5> mYl b¤ cuc edIm,I[vabgðajlT§pl ¬CaGRtasMeNIm¦ .
6> eFIVrebobenHy:agtic 3 dg ehIyKNnaGRtasMeNImmFümrbs;RsUvenaH .
mkdl;sBVéf;¶ manRbdab;vas;GRtasMeNImeRcInRbePTRtUv)aneKplit ¬rUbTI 4>20¦ ehIyman mYycMnYnminGaceRbIR)as;)ansRmab;RsUvGgár . dUecñHRtUvBinitü[c,as;fa Rbdab;EdleyIgbRmugnwg eRbIenaH manPaBsmRsbCamYyRsUvGgár .
rUbTI 4>20 ³ Rbdab;vas;GRtasMeNImmYycMnYn
bBa¢ak; ³ RtUveFIV[)anR)akdfaeyIgmYlRbdab;vas;[dl;kMNt; dUcEdlmanbBa¢ak;kñúgÉksarENnaM eRBaHebIBMudUecñaHeT eyIgGacTTYl)anlT§plminRtwmRtUv ehIyKYr]sSah_Binitü nigEksRmYlPaBeTog Tat;rbs;Rbdab;vas;sMeNIm edayeRbobeFobGRtasMeNImrbs;sMNakRsUvmYy Edlvavas;eXIj nig bgðajeLIgtamviFILsm¶Üt .
4>9>2 GRtasMeNImsmta
smta = :tulüPaB : b¤ :ElgERbRbYl}
dUcEdl)anerobrab;rYcmkehIy RsUvGgárEtgpøas;bþÚrsMeNImCamYyxül;briyakasEdlenACMuvij va . enAeBlTukdak; GRtasMeNImcugeRkaybMputrbs;RsUvGgárEdlTukdak;Fmµta nwgERbRbYleTAtam sItuNðPaB nigGRtasMeNImeFobénxül;briyakasEdlenACMuvijRsUvGgárenaH . RsUvGgárnwgbnþRsUb b¤ beBa©jsMeNIm rhUtTal;EtvamantulüPaBCamYynwgbriyakasCMuvijva ehIyGRtasMeNImcug eRkaybMput EdlElgERbRbYlenaHeQµaHfa : GRtasMeNImsmta : . RbsinebIRsUvminRtUv)ankarBar Tl;nwgsMeNImkñúgxül; CaBiesssRmab;l½kçx½NÐGakasFatuenAtMbn;RtUBik dUcenARbeTseyIgEdl
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GRtasMeNImeFobGacmanrhUtdl; 95 - 100° GRtasMeNImrbs;vanwgekIneLIg ehIyeFIV[xUcxat b¤ Gn;KuNPaB .
enArdUvvsSa enAtMbn;RtUBikesIm dUcenAkm<úCaeyIgCaedIm xül;briyakasEtgmansItuNðPaB RbmaN 32 GgSaes nigmanGRtasMeNImeFobx<s;Cag 90° . RbsinebIRsUveyIgRtUv)anTukdak; Fmµta eday[vab:HpÞal;CamYynwgxül;briyakasEbbenaH GRtasMeNImrbs;vaGacnwgekInelIs 17° EdlminmansuvtßiPaBkñúgkarTukdak; eBalKWeFIV[KuNPaBvafycuH .
taragTI 4>4 bgðajGMBIGRtasMeNImsmtaénRsUvEdlTukdak;eRkaml½kçx½NÐepSg² . cMNuc BN’elOgKWCasMeNIm nigsItuNðPaBsmRsb sRmab;Tukdak;RsUvenAtMbn;RtUBik .
taragTI 4>4 ³ GRtasMeNImsmtaénRsUv ERbRbYltamsItuNðPaB nigGRtasMeNImeFob
GRtasMeNIm
eFob ¬°¦ 22 24 28 sItuNðPaB 32 ¬GgSaes¦36 40 44
50 11.2 10.9 10.7 10.5 10.2 10.0 9.9 55 11.7 11.5 11.2 11.0 10.8 10.6 10.4 60 12.3 12.0 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.2 11.0 65 12.7 12.6 12.4 12.2 12.0 11.8 11.6 70 13.5 13.3 13.1 12.8 12.6 12.5 12.3 75 14.3 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.4 13.2 13.0 77 14.6 14.3 14.1 13.9 13.7 13.5 13.4 79 14.9 14.7 14.5 14.3 14.1 13.9 13.7 81 15.3 15.1 14.9 14.6 14.5 14.3 14.1 83 15.7 15.7 15.3 15.1 14.9 14.7 14.5 85 16.1 15.9 15.7 15.5 15.3 15.1 15.0 87 16.6 16.4 16.2 16.0 15.8 15.6 15.5 89 17.2 17.0 16.8 16.6 16.4 16.2 16.1 91 17.9 17.7 17.5 17.3 17.1 16.9 16.7 ¬RbPB ³ Teter, 1987¦ Ca]TahrN_ ³ GRtasMeNImeFob 77°
nigsItuNðPaB 32 GgSaes RKab;RsUvnwgmanGRta sMeNIm 13>9° kñúgkarTukdak; mansuvtßiPaB GRtasMeNImeFob 85°