ANU BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT
PLAN
ACTON CAMPUS, ACT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Australian National University Biodiversity Management Plan (referred to as ‘the BMP’) was prepared by the University in 2011 to fulfil its requirements under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). ANU has a stated intention to exceed statutory requirements and industry standards in environmental management.
The plan serves as a guiding framework for managing the University’s biodiversity values. It applies for the Acton campus only and does not include external properties (i.e. Mount Stromlo Observatory, North Australia Research Unit, Kioloa Coastal Campus, Siding Spring Observatory and Spring Valley Farm).
The BMP is the first of its kind prepared for the Acton campus. It was developed under the auspice of the University’s Environmental Management Plan 2009 – 2015
(EMP) to ensure the University meets internal management objectives relating to natural resource management and statutory environmental reporting requirements. The findings of the Lower Sullivans Creek Catchment Ecological Survey 2002-03 provide baseline data, forming the basis of many principal strategies in the BMP. Biodiversity, or biological diversity, is the variety of all life forms; from genes, to species, and finally ecosystems, along with their associated ecological process. Each level of biodiversity contributes to supporting life on Earth; such contributions are termed ecosystem services.
The BMP aims to identify areas of significant biodiversity and provide management strategies to ensure key values are protected and enhanced, wherever possible. Key points of the BMP include:
1. Summarise the findings of the Lower Sullivans Creek Catchment Ecological Survey – biodiversity values are highest in areas with varying vegetation structure and the availability of water resources. Areas of significant biodiversity values at ANU exist predominantly towards the West, due to the proximity of Black
Mountain and Lake Burley Griffin (see Section 4 Biodiversity Values);
2. Proposed establishment of Biodiversity Corridors – landscape units designed to capture adequate provision of ecosystem services, promote resilient landscapes, a healthy and diverse range of species and opportunities for education and recreational amenities (see Section 5 Biodiversity Corridors);
3. Proposed establishment of three suitable sites (Old Canberra House Grassy Woodlands, Lake Burley Griffin foreshores, and Sullivans Creek Riparian Corridor) as Biodiversity Education Precincts – specialised landscape units presenting opportunities for academic engagement in the form of a teaching resource for experiential learning and site interpretation for coursework students, while also promoting environmental literacy for the campus and external
community (see Section 6.1 Biodiversity Education Precincts);
4. Addresses relevant targets under the EMP, including heat mitigation and energy conservation, carbon sequestration, nutrient recycling, weed and pest
5. A management framework, which includes all the relevant legislation and University management strategies, to demonstrate that the BMP aligns with existing frameworks (see Section 7 Management Framework);
6. Management strategies, focusing on planning and actions, monitoring, and outreach and education (see Section 8 Strategies); and
7. A strategy implementation timeline, divided into short (<1 year), medium (1-5 years) and long term (5-10 years) strategies (see Section 9 Strategy
Figure 1 Proposed Biodiversity Corridors at the Australian National University. Primary Corridors are highlighted in red, Secondary Corridors (Links) in green and Patches in blue. These are landscape units designed to capture adequate provision of ecosystem services, promote resilient landscapes, a healthy and diverse range of species and opportunities for education and recreational amenities (see Section 5 BIODIVERSITY CORRIDORS).
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ... III LIST OF TABLES ... V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... VI
1 INTRODUCTION ... 2
1.1 Overview ... 2
1.2 Commonwealth Statutory Listing ... 2
1.3 ACT/NSW Statutory Listing ... 2
1.4 Objective ... 3 1.5 Scope ... 3 1.6 Adaptive Management ... 3 1.7 Supporting Resources ... 4 1.8 Documentation ... 5 1.9 Definitions ... 5 2 SITE DESCRIPTION ... 6 3 GUIDING PRINCIPLES ... 11 4 BIODIVERSITY VALUES ... 12 4.1 Birds ... 14 4.1.1 Species diversity ... 14 4.1.2 Vulnerable species ... 17 4.1.3 Pest species ... 17
4.1.4 Birds - Threats and Opportunities ... 20
4.2 Mammals ... 20
4.2.1 Mammals - Threats and Opportunities ... 21
4.3 Frogs ... 22
4.3.1 Frogs – Threats and Opportunities ... 24
4.4 Reptiles ... 26
4.4.1 Reptiles – Threats and Opportunities ... 27
4.5 Terrestrial Invertebrates ... 28
4.6 Future Surveys and Community Education ... 29
5 BIODIVERSITY CORRIDORS ... 30
5.3 Primary Corridors ... 32
5.3.1 Lake Burley Griffin Corridor ... 33
5.3.2 Sullivans Creek Riparian Corridor ... 34
5.3.3 Western Boundary Corridor ... 35
5.4 Secondary Corridors (Links) ... 37
5.4.1 Barry Drive Link ... 38
5.4.2 Sir Roland Wilson Link ... 39
5.4.3 Acton Ridge Axis Link ... 40
5.4.5 Ward Road Link ... 42
5.5 Patches ... 42
5.6 Exceptional Trees ... 44
5.7 Native Vegetation ... 47
5.8 Old Canberra House Grassy Woodlands ... 49
5.9 Landscape Design ... 52
6 OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS ... 53
6.1 Biodiversity Education Precincts ... 53
6.2 Ecosystem Restoration or Enhancement ... 55
6.2.1 Old Canberra House Grassy Woodlands... 55
6.2.2 Sullivans Creek Riparian Corridor ... 57
6.3 Ecological Function and Climate Change ... 59
6.3.1 Heat Mitigation and Energy Conservation ... 59
6.3.2 Carbon Sequestration ... 60
6.3.3 Nutrient Cycling ... 61
6.3.4 Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) ... 63
6.3.5 Labour ... 64
6.3.6 Wildlife Habitat ... 64
6.4 Weed Management ... 65
6.4.1 Key Principles for Weed Management... 67
6.4.2 Identification of Weed Species ... 67
6.4.3 Monitoring and Reporting ... 67
6.4.4 Management Strategies ... 68
6.4.5 Resilience Measures ... 68
6.4.6 Specific Weed Management Actions ... 69
6.5 Pest Management ... 69
6.5.1 Common Myna and Common Starling ... 71
6.5.2 Rock Dove (Feral Pigeon) ... 71
6.5.3 Native Bird Pest Species ... 72
6.5.4 Mammal Pest Species ... 72
6.6 Public Safety & Infrastructure Protection ... 72
7 MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK ... 74
7.1 Australian Legislation ... 74
7.2 Australian Capital Territory Legislation ... 75
7.3 ANU Masterplan (CMP 2030) ... 75
7.4 Agency Mechanisms ... 76
7.5 Community Consultation ... 77
8 STRATEGIES ... 78
PART 1 - GENERAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY ... 78
PART 2 - BIODIVERSITY PLANNING & ACTIONS ... 80
PART 3 - MONITORING ... 81
PART 4 - OUTREACH & EDUCATION ... 82
List of Figures
Figure 1 Proposed Biodiversity Corridors at the Australian National University. Primary Corridors are highlighted in red, Secondary Corridors (Links) in green and Patches in blue. These are landscape units designed to capture adequate provision of ecosystem services, promote resilient landscapes, a healthy and diverse range of species and opportunities for education and recreational
amenities (see Section 5 BIODIVERSITY CORRIDORS). ... i Figure 2 The Acton campus has been designed based on the garden city ideology
and the use of open space to achieve a ‘University within a park’ character (Source: ANUgreen) ... 6 Figure 3 Close proximity to Lake Burley Griffin and Black Mountain Nature Reserve
provide the ANU with both woodland and riparian landscapes (Source:
ANUgreen) ... 7 Figure 4 Map of the ANU Acton campus (Source: ANU Drawing Office). ... 9 Figure 5 Aerial overview of the ANU Acton campus (Source: Google Earth 2011). . 10 Figure 6 ANU and surrounding landscapes within the Lower Sullivans Creek
Catchment (Source: ANUgreen). ... 12 Figure 7 Bird species diversity is highest in areas of varying habitat structure
(Source: ANUgreen) ... 14 Figure 8 High bird diversity occurs across vegetated corridors along Sullivans Creek
and the foreshores of Lake Burley Griffin (Source: ANU Drawing Office). ... 15 Figure 9 High waterbird diversity prevails along water bodies (Source: ANU Drawing
Office). ... 16 Figure 10 Gang-gang Cockatoos are a NSW Threatened Species, but are still a
common sight at ANU (Source: ©ANBG). ... 17 Figure 11 Bird pest species diversity across the LSCC (Source: ANU Drawing
Office). ... 19 Figure 12 Platypi and echidnas occasionally forage in Sullivans Creek and Toad Hall grounds respectively (Source: ©Andrew Tatnell). ... 21 Figure 13 Frog monitoring sites at ANU during the LSCCES (Source: ANU Drawing
Office). ... 23 Figure 14 The Striped Marsh Frog is the most common frog observed at ANU
(Source: ©Lydia Fuscko). ... 24 Figure 15 Middle Pond provides an ideal habitat for frog species (Source:
ANUgreen). ... 25 Figure 16 Dickson Road Wetland, created in 2009, is now a major frog habitat
(Source: ANUgreen). ... 26 Figure 17 Eastern Water Dragons pose little risk to human residents and provide a
welcome component to the landscape character (Source: ANUgreen). ... 27 Figure 18 Quality and availability of ‘microhabitats’ such as nesting hollows, logs and undergrowth impact on the habitat sustainability of a site. Microhabitats provide niche opportunities for a diversity of bird, reptile, small mammal, frog and
invertebrate species (Source: ANUgreen). ... 28 Figure 19 Proposed Biodiversity Corridors on the Acton campus (Source: ANU
Drawing Office). ... 31 Figure 20 The Lake Burley Griffin Corridor supports some of the most significant
Figure 21 Sullivans Creek Riparian Corridor is an important ecological corridor, hosting an abundance of frog species and serving as the primary aquatic bird
habitat on the Acton campus (Source: ANUgreen). ... 34
Figure 22 The Western Boundary Corridor is in close proximity to Black Mountain and the Australian National Botanic Gardens (Source: ANUgreen). ... 36
Figure 23 Barry Drive is characterised by a row of established eucalypts, which provides a valuable link for biodiversity and acts as a visual boundary to the campus (Source: ANUgreen) ... 38
Figure 24 Sir Roland Wilson Link (Source: ANUgreen). ... 39
Figure 25 Acton Ridge Axis Link (Source: ANUgreen). ... 40
Figure 26 Dickson Road Link (Source: ANUgreen). ... 41
Figure 27 Ward Road Link (Source: ANUgreen). ... 42
Figure 28 Coombs patch (Source: ANUgreen) ... 43
Figure 29 Exceptional trees at ANU (Source: ANUgreen) ... 44
Figure 30 Exceptional trees at ANU (Source: ANU Drawing Office) ... 46
Figure 32 Native vegetation at ANU (Source: ANUgreen) ... 47
Figure 32 Key native vegetation resources on the Acton campus (Source: ANU Drawing Office). ... 48
Figure 33 The Old Canberra House Grassy Woodlands are a nationally endangered ecological community and is the most biodiverse site on campus (Source: ANUgreen) ... 49
Figure 34 Old Canberra House Grassy Woodlands (Source: ANU Drawing Office). 51 Figure 35 The Phenomics Swale intercepts run-off to create a rich biodiverse area, while also providing an attractive landscape feature at the same time (Source: ANUgreen) ... 52
Figure 36 Biodiversity Education Precincts (Source: ANU Drawing Office) ... 54
Figure 37 Remnant patches at Old Canberra House Grassy Woodlands (Source: ANUgreen). ... 55
Figure 38 The northern reaches of Sullivans Creek is characterised by Typha and other wetland species (Source: ANUgreen) ... 57
Figure 39 Deciduous trees can be strategically planted to reduce the Urban Heat Island effect, as shown here in Linnaeus Way (Source: ANUgreen). ... 60
Figure 40 A defined area of native bushes around the base of a tree (above) provides an unsealed area for nutrient cycling. It also discourages pedestrian and vehicular access beneath the drip-zones. Inappropriate conditions (below) can result in damage to the tree, posing a safety risk (Source: ANUgreen). ... 62
Figure 41 Dickson Road Wetland is a good example of Water Sensitive Urban Design on campus; run-off from Black Mountain is used to feed the wetland (Source: ANUgreen). ... 63
Figure 42 The territorial nature of Water Rats (seen here chasing two black swans near Canburry Bridge) means populations will be self-moderating, such that the species is not likely to become a pest or resident outside of the main creek channel (Source: ANUgreen). ... 64
Figure 43 Weeds at ANU (Source: ANU Drawing Office) ... 66
Figure 44 Pests at ANU (Source: ANU Drawing Office) ... 70
List of Tables
Table 1 Ecological communities and species located in the ANU Acton campus listed
in the EPBC Act ... 2
Table 2 Ecological communities and species located in the ANU Acton campus listed in ACT/NSW ... 3
Table 3 Summary of the Lower Sullivans Creek Catchment Ecological Survey 2002 – 03 ... 13
Table 4 Bird pest species in the LSCCES ... 18
Table 5 Small mammal species recorded at ANU and their distribution ... 20
Table 6 Recommended actions to attract small mammal species ... 22
Table 7 Frog species recorded at ANU ... 22
Table 8 Suitable pond design for frogs ... 25
Table 9 Reptile species recorded at ANU ... 26
Table 10 Recommended actions to encourage reptile diversity ... 28
Table 11 Recommended actions to encourage terrestrial invertebrate diversity ... 29
Table 12 Recommended Goals for Primary Corridors... 32
Table 13 Compatible Development – Primary Corridors ... 32
Table 14 Recommended Goals – Sullivans Creek Riparian Corridor ... 35
Table 15 Recommended Goals – Western Boundary Corridor ... 37
Table 16 Recommended Goals for Secondary Corridors (Links) ... 37
Table 17 Compatible Development – Secondary Corridors (Links) ... 38
Table 18 Recommended Goals for Patches ... 43
Table 19 Compatible Development – Patches ... 44
Table 20 Recommended Goals for Exceptional Trees ... 45
Table 21 Recommended Goals for Native Vegetation ... 47
Table 22 Biodiversity Education Precincts ... 53
Table 23 Recommended actions for Old Canberra House Grassy Woodlands ... 56
Table 24 Recommended actions for Sullivans Creek Riparian Corridor... 58
Table 25 Recommended Goals for Nutrient Cycling ... 61
Table 26 Recommended actions for weed management ... 65
List of Abbreviations
ANBG Australian National Botanic Gardens
ANU Australian National University
BMP Biodiversity Management Plan
CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
SEWPaC Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population & Communities
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EMPC ANU Environmental Management and Planning Committee
EPBC Act Environment Protection & Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
ESD Ecologically Sustainable Development
G&G ANU Gardens and Grounds division
GIS Geographical information systems
IAS Invasive Alien Species
LSCC Lower Sullivans Creek Catchment
LSCCES Lower Sullivans Creek Catchment Ecological Survey
NCA National Capital Authority
UHI Urban Heat Island effect
WSUD Water Sensitive Urban Design
Acknowledgements
The BMP has been prepared in consultation with staff and users of the Acton campus. The following acknowledgements are made:
ANU Facilities & Services Division, in particular the staff of ANUgreen and Gardens & Grounds
Professor Ian White and Mr. Rob Dyball of the Fenner School of Environment & Society, ANU
Dr. John Fitz Gerald, Mr. Jamie Pittock and other members of the ACT Friends of Grasslands
Staff of the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population & Communities (SEWPaC)
Members of the Lower Sullivans Creek Catchment Ecological Survey
FOREWORD
Biodiversity and Facilities Management
Biodiversity management has typically been underestimated for its relevance to site planning and urban development. It is becoming increasingly clear that biodiversity provides valuable ‘ecosystem services’, including moderating temperature extremes, absorbing carbon dioxide and mitigating environmental risks. This capacity for biodiversity to drive ecosystem functions that accrue economic, social and health benefits has prompted international efforts to examine biodiversity as it relates to the health of human populations and long-term sustainability of the world’s cities1.
The Australian National University (ANU) Acton campus exhibits significant potential to capitalise on the ecosystem services provided by biodiversity and achieve operational efficiencies. Such efficiencies include reduced energy and water consumption, lower stormwater infrastructure costs and lower landscape management requirements and costs. By adopting the strategic landscape objectives, as outlined in the Biodiversity Management Plan (BMP), resilient landscapes that feature as key elements of the University’s agenda to pursue Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) will be supported, while the aesthetic, recreational amenity and heritage values of the University are maintained.
Integrating biodiversity management through strategic landscape planning and design will enhance ESD to a level that places ANU at the forefront of sustainable urban design. In this respect, what might be viewed as competing aims can be gauged within existing valuation frameworks that assess the costs and benefits of project proposals, whether they relate to building development, landscape design or management decisions.
While the scope of the BMP does not extend to include the integration of operational and environmental objectives, it provides the foundation for continued research and identifies key environmental objectives to be paired with operational objectives for future projects. Assessing the impact of landscaping on internal building temperatures is recommended as a key area for future investigation.
The University is committed to its role as an international leader in realising a more sustainable society through the establishment of a sustainable campus. The ANU Environmental Management Plan 2009-2015 (EMP) articulates sustainability targets and implementation strategies to guide the University’s environmental management to 2015 and beyond.
The BMP is tied in closely with the EMP. The following biodiversity and sustainable landscapes objectives are outlined in the EMP:
No potable water used in landscape irrigation by 2015.
Continually improve Sullivans Creek water quality.
Continually increase carbon sequestration in landscape features.
Reduce distribution and abundance of major weed species by 30% by 2015.
Continually increase landscape features which lead to reducing temperature differentials in internal and external environments.
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
This Biodiversity Management Plan (henceforth, BMP) was prepared by the Australian National University (ANU) in 2011 to fulfil the University’s requirements under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Act 1999 (EPBC Act). The BMP represents the University’s commitment to, and has been designed to guide management decisions and actions in order to identify, protect, conserve, present and transmit the biodiversity values of the Acton campus.
Under the EPBC Act, environment protection and biodiversity conservation are statutory and legal requirements of ANU as a commonwealth agency. In particular, a number of threatened species and ecological communities that are listed for
protection under the EPBC Act have been identified on the Acton campus. Under the Act, the University is required to formulate recovery plans for these listed threatened species and ecological communities and threat abatement plans for key threatening processes.
1.2 Commonwealth Statutory Listing
The EPBC Act is the Australian Government's principal piece of environment legislation. The following ecological communities and species located in the ANU Acton campus are listed as threatened in the EPBC Act.
Table 1 Ecological communities and species located in the ANU Acton campus listed in the EPBC Act
Ecological community /
Species Conservation Status Status at ANU Acton campus
White Yellow Box-Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland
Critically Endangered 5 remnant patches identified in the Old Canberra House area Hoary Sunray
(Leucochrysum albicans
var. tricolor)
Endangered Old Canberra House area
Grey-headed Flying-fox
(Pteropus poliocephalus) Vulnerable Body found in 2010 in the Old Canberra House area
1.3 ACT/NSW Statutory Listing
The following ecological communities and species located in the ANU Acton campus are listed as threatened under the ACT Nature Conservation Act 1980 and the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.
Table 2 Ecological communities and species located in the ANU Acton campus listed in ACT/NSW
1.4 Objective
The objective of the BMP is to identify areas of significant biodiversity and provide management strategies to ensure key values are protected and enhanced, wherever possible.
The BMP proposes a model whereby ‘green infrastructure’ (green spaces, landscapes or ecological areas) and built infrastructure are integrated in a synthesis that capitalises on the operational benefits accrued by landscape design. At the same time it is important to acknowledge the primary role of the campus as a centre of learning and culture.
1.5 Scope
Study area is the Acton campus site. The BMP also acknowledges adjacent landscapes that form part of a geographical sub-catchment area, the Lower Sullivans Creek Catchment.
1.6 Adaptive Management
It is important to recognise the evolving nature of scientific information to ensure new research findings and data are incorporated into campus planning and management. Pursuing a model of adaptive management will ensure that University operations keep pace with and optimally exceed industry standards.
The BMP does not assume complete knowledge of landscape assets and the benefits they accrue in urban catchments. Additional species and ecological resources to those documented in the Lower Sullivans Creek Catchment Ecological Survey baseline data will undoubtedly be identified as further knowledge of the campus ecology is attained.
Ecological community /
Species Conservation Status Status at ANU Acton campus
Yellow Box/Red Gum
Grassy Woodland ACT Endangered ecological community 5 remnant patches identified at Old Canberra House
Brown Treecreeper
(Climacteris picumnus) ACT Vulnerable species Last recorded in the 2002-03 species monitoring Varied Sitella
(Daphoenositta chrysoptera) ACT Vulnerable species Last recorded in the 2007-08 species monitoring White Winged Triller (Lalage
sueurii) ACT Vulnerable species Last recorded in the 2002-03 species monitoring Gang-gang Cockatoo
(Callocephalon fimbriatum) NSW Vulnerable species Locally abundant Speckled Warbler
Methods of measuring Urban Ecosystem Function and their impact on areas, including landscape health, flood mitigation and energy conservation will also be applicable as the field of study advances and research data becomes available. These should be keenly observed and where appropriate trialled to promote continued improvement in campus sustainability and operational efficiency and maintain best practice standards in sustainable landscape management.
Incorporating advances in knowledge perhaps represents the single greatest challenge to mainstreaming biodiversity, requiring ongoing amendment to practice, where conventional approaches are usually preferred.
To meet this challenge, a model of adaptive management, whereby monitoring and review of practice and processes are undertaken on a periodic and cyclic basis and assessed against case-by-case assessment of major development proposals will be undertaken. This will enhance and refine mainstreaming opportunities within the development protocols of the University and avoid ‘planner’s biodiversity’ where standard recommendations and generic practices are applied across sites in the absence of assessment and account of site-specific attributes and opportunities2.
1.7 Supporting Resources
The BMP is the first of its kind prepared for the Acton campus. It was developed under the auspice of the University’ Environmental Management Plan 2009-2015 (EMP) to ensure the University meets internal management objectives relating to natural resource management and statutory environmental reporting requirements. The findings of the Lower Sullivans Creek Catchment Ecological Survey 2002-03 (LSCCES) inform the BMP; detailed Geographical Information System (GIS) vegetation mapping was undertaken during the LSCCES and forms the basis for spatial mapping of species and areas.
The ANU Heritage Study (Godden Mackey Logan, 2012) outlines the heritage values of some landscapes in the Acton area; in-depth examinations of heritage landscapes are included in Management Plans for areas with Commonwealth Heritage valuesi. Major plans and strategies informing the BMP include:
ANU Environnemental Management Plan 2009 – 2015 (ANU, 2009)
ANU Strategic Landscape Plan (ANU, 1994)
ACT Aquatic Species and Riparian Zone Conservation Strategy, Action Plan No. 29 (Environment ACT, 2007)
ACT Lowland Native Grassland Conservation Strategy, Action Plan No. 28 (ACT Government, 2005)
ACT Lowland Woodland Conservation Strategy, Action Plan No. 27 (ACT Government, 2004)
Lake Burley Griffin Willow Management Plan, (Molonglo Catchment Group, 2006)
Sullivans Creek Catchment Management Plan, (Sullivans Creek Catchment Group, 2000)
1.8 Documentation
Footnotes and endnotes are used to provide a quick reference for readers. All documentary evidence researched during the preparation of the BMP is cited in the bibliography.
1.9 Definitions
Biodiversity (short for biological diversity) is the variety of all life forms; from genes, to species, and finally ecosystems, along with their associated ecological process. Biodiversity drives the many cogs that sustain ecologically functional landscapes and provides the means to adapt to and meet the challenges presented by environmental change.
Built infrastructure encompasses ‘hard’ infrastructure associated with urban environments such as buildings, roads, paths and car parks.
Biodiversity Corridor is a geographical area identified as supporting, or able to support key biodiversity assets or ecological processes.
Connectivity is the level to which vegetation is connected across a landscape.
Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) is development characterised by its ability to meet the needs of present generations without diminishing the capacity of future generations to meet their needs.
Ecosystem refers to a group of living organisms and the physical and chemical environment with which they interact, including the built environment.
Ecosystem function describes the process of ecosystems performing services that regulate change and provide environmental stability.
Ecosystem services are services provided by functioning ecosystems, including clean air, water and fertile soil, nutrient cycling, assimilation of pollutants, reduction of solar heat (i.e. energy conservation), water storage and infiltration, and drought mitigation. Resources for recreation, relaxation and education are also ecosystem services.
Green infrastructure encompasses the network of green spaces in an urban environment, including open space, gardens, undeveloped lands and geographical features such as creeks, biodiversity corridors and drainage lines3.
Urban biodiversity means the diversity of interactions between built and green infrastructure, and the human and animal inhabitants of cities.
2
Site Description
The ANU Acton Campus occupies 145 hectares of urban land on the fringe of the Canberra city centre. The campus has a staff and student population of 17,000, with on-campus accommodation housing more than 3,000 students. ANU plays host to world-class teaching and research facilities and is recognised as one of the world’s top universitiesii.
The Acton campus is made up of a complex and scattered array of buildings loosely bound within precincts, connected by paths, roads and an open space network. A number of campus site plans have been prepared since the University was founded in 1946. These plans were based not only on the University’s immediate needs, but also on the prevailing philosophies of the time, in particular the garden city ideology which provided a planning framework for the city of Canberra. This has given ANU a distinctive character of a ‘University within a park’, dependent on open space as a structural connecting element.
Figure 2 The Acton campus has been designed based on the garden city ideology and the use of open space to achieve a ‘University within a park’ character (Source: ANUgreen)
The undeveloped lands of the Acton campus are a valuable resource for ANU and the wider Canberra region. The campus retains some of the most significant open landscape areas adjacent to the Canberra CBD, supporting notable flora and fauna and serving as important recreational and educational resource for the community.
The Canberra CBD lies to the east, suburban development to the north and peri-urban land extending into the Black Mountain Nature Reserve along the western boundary. A well-trafficked road, Clunies Ross Street, marks the western border; under road culverts divert run-off into the campus.
Sullivans Creek runs from north to southwest through the Acton campus. The creek is characterised by pitched stone verges flanked by a mixture of established deciduous and native vegetation in the northern reaches giving way to soft edges as the creek opens out to Lake Burley Griffin in the south. Sullivans Creek receives significant run-off from northern suburbs with these areas characterised by medium-density residential development set amongst established gardens and trees. Development trends indicate increased density and reduced pervious surfaces will prevail to the north with high-density development to expand in the city centre.
Figure 3 Close proximity to Lake Burley Griffin and Black Mountain Nature Reserve provide the ANU with both woodland and riparian landscapes (Source: ANUgreen)
The landscape of the Liversidge Precinct, found at the southern-most end of the Acton campus, was established from 1912 and feature tree species that date from the earliest years of Canberra’s development. Vegetation includes both remnant native and exotic species and follows a basic landscaping scheme established by some of the Capital’s most influential gardeners and landscape planners. Plantings carried out from the University’s development in the 1950s are concentrated primarily to the north around research facilities, accommodation and administrative structures. Many of these landscapes support a significant variety of fauna and flora.
Recognised weed species have been recorded in a number of different areas; removal programs have been implemented for some while others are subject to containment4. Many of the woody weed species, such as willow trees along Sullivans
Creek, were established as an early part of the Acton landscape. Others were introduced as part of ornamental gardens prior to their recognition as weed species. An annual program of mapping weed distribution on campus was commenced in 2012.
Four sport ovals are located at regular intervals along the Creek. To reduce the amount of potable water used in the landscape, one of these spaces (Willows Oval) was converted to synthetic turf in 2010.
A number of ornamental ponds and water features have been installed at strategic locations, often associated with buildings or landscape artworks. Trials of Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) landscapes have been carried out as part of recent developments and have met with varied success. The first rooftop garden was established atop a new student residence in the ANU Exchange (Lena Karmel Lodge) in 2012.
3
Guiding Principles
ANU has a reputation as a leader in environmental management. As the Acton campus grows, planners are confronted with the increasingly difficult challenge of balancing built infrastructure with environmental considerations, while maintaining campus functionality and human safety.
Addressing these challenges necessitates an innovative approach to urban design. ANU will strive to achieve this through the integration of biodiversity principles with internal policy, planning and site management, such that they form a core element in the ESD agenda of the campus.
The following principles guide the plan:
1. Conserve areas of greatest ecological condition and areas of key ecosystem function.
2. Actively manage threats, including inappropriate land-use and weed and pest impacts.
3. Actively manage human safety concerns relating to landscape design.
4. Enhance connectivity between source habitats and other habitats within and adjacent to the Acton campus through retention and rehabilitation of strategic locations.
5. Enhance ecological condition of Biodiversity Corridors through targeted ecological enhancement and restoration of ecosystem function.
6. Increase opportunities for human interaction with, and appreciation of, urban landscapes, for example through the establishment of ‘Biodiversity Education Precincts’ to complement academic studies and to facilitate environmental literacy.
7. Integrate native flora into landscape design to promote the potential of native species as aesthetic elements of landscape architecture.
8. Reduce resource inputs by integrating ecosystem function into landscape design and landscape maintenance protocols.
9. Demonstrate the potential for green infrastructure to contribute to the sustainability of the built form, including the capacity for green
infrastructure to provide energy efficiency gains in buildings, alternative outdoor educational facilities and engineered stormwater and drainage solutions.
10. Monitor, document and review processes and outcome to promote continued best practice through the integration of new knowledge.
4
Biodiversity Values
This section outlines the major biodiversity values of the Acton campus. The findings of the Lower Sullivans Creek Catchment Ecological Survey (LSCCES) are used to determine the variety of fauna and flora for different areas, including birds, mammals, reptiles and frogs; it highlights opportunities and constraints for each biota on the Acton campus.
The LSCCES was conducted from 2002 – 03. Survey partners included the Australian National Botanic Gardens (ANBG), ACT Government, CSIRO, National Museum of Australia, National Capital Authority (NCA) and the Sullivans Creek Catchment Group (currently part of the Molonglo Catchment Group). The study area incorporated these adjacent landscapes to establish the University’s biodiversity values as they relate to the wider regional context (Figure 5).
Over 2002 and 2003 the LSCCES conducted assessments of bird, mammal, reptile, frog and invertebrate species across the Acton campus and adjacent lands. Vegetation classes were mapped in 2004 using GIS. Field experts carried out assessment of survey data, with additional statistical and geographical analysis undertaken by the ANU Sustainability Officeiii. The survey and monitoring data
gathered were used to inform the University’s Environmental Management Plan 2009-15 (EMP).
Table 3 Summary of the Lower Sullivans Creek Catchment Ecological Survey 2002 – 03
Biota Findings
Birds 96 total species recorded (74 terrestrial species, 22
wetland/waterbird species, and 6 pest species), including 3 ACT/NSW threatened species.
Species diversity highest in areas with a variety of habitat structure, low levels of urbanisation, ready access to water and continuous tracts of vegetation linked to source habitat.
Presence and diversity of pest species increase with higher levels of urbanisation and reduced vegetation cover.
Areas that exhibit high species diversity (with fewer pest species) represent key areas for bird protection and management.
Mammals 34 total species recorded, including 2 bat species with special
conservation status.
High species diversity correlated with high abundance and diversity of vegetation.
While it is not desirable to attract larger species, such as kangaroos, to the campus due to human and vehicle safety issues, provision of suitable habitat components for small to medium sized species should prove compatible elements of Campus biodiversity.
Frogs 7 total species recorded, including all but two of the frog species
recorded in lowland woodland complexes in the ACT, and 6 of the 10 commonly observed lowland native grassland species.
Water sensitive urban design features established on campus have proven successful in providing additional habitat for frog species.
Reptiles 4 total species recorded.
Poor results associated with lack of suitable habitat and inappropriate methodology.
Terrestrial
Invertebrates 28 major taxa were recorded, with the highest diversity occurring in mown exotic areas, while the least diverse sites were in beds of flowers and small shrubs
52 ant species were recorded, with species diversity highest in areas with remnant eucalypts with litter, while lowest species diversity occurred in manicured lawns
iii Full technical reports including methodologies for each biota are available from ANUgreen and the
4.1 Birds
Bird population diversity and composition is commonly used as a surrogate for biodiversity5. Landscapes that display a high level of bird diversity with low
occurrences of pest species (native or alien) represent logical targets for biodiversity management and conservation.
Seasonal surveys were conducted from winter 2002 to winter 2003 across the catchment. Almost 100 species were recorded, including nocturnal birds observed during spotlighting sessions. Species observations included 70 terrestrial species, 22 water/wetland species and 6 pest species. Surveys were repeated in 2007-08, and conducted again in 2012.
4.1.1 Species diversity
Bird species diversity (Figure 8) was highest in areas with a variety of habitat structure including tree canopy, large shrubs, small shrubs, ground cover, leaf litter and access to water6. These areas were typically characterised by continuous tracts of vegetation linked to source habitat to the west of the campus and low levels of urbanisation and vehicular access. The availability of water resources makes a significant contribution to bird diversity within the study site, with Lake Burley Griffin and Sullivans Creek attracting a significant diversity of waterbird species as illustrated in Figure 9.
4.1.2 Vulnerable species
Five species recorded within the study area are listed on ACT or New South Wales threatened species lists:
Brown Treecreeper (Climacteris picumnus) – ACT Threatened Species
White Winged Triller (Lalage sueurii) – ACT Threatened Species
Varied Sitella (Daphoenositta chrysoptera) – ACT Threatened Species
Gang-gang Cockatoo (Callocephalon fimbriatum) – NSW Threatened Species
Speckled Warbler (Pyrrholaemus sagittatus)7 – NSW Threatened Species
Figure 10 Gang-gang Cockatoos are a NSW Threatened Species, but are still a common sight at ANU (Source: ©ANBG).
Apart from the Gang-gang cockatoo, the other 4 species show a decreasing detection frequency trend and have not been recorded in the latest 2012 surveys. These are woodland species, and their decreasing numbers could be reflecting on the disappearance of woodland habitat within the LSCC. Further study is required into this issue.
4.1.3 Pest species
Some bird species can have a deleterious impact on urban bird life, particularly where their numbers and behaviour deter the presence of other species. For
example, the Common Myna (introduced) and Pied Currawong (native) are recognised as pests due to their predation of other species and their aggressive defence of territory to the exclusion of other fauna. Table 2 shows the bird species that have been listed as pests within the Lower Sullivans Creek Catchment Ecological Survey.
The presence and diversity of pest species increased towards the city centre to the east (Figure 11). The increase in pest species correlate with increased urbanisation, reduced vegetation cover with low species and structural diversity (including mown lawn), higher proportion of impervious surfaces, and medium density commercial and residential development8. Records indicate that there are lower incidences of pest species in areas of unbroken tracts of vegetation (biodiversity corridors), as well as proximity to the ANBG and adjacent bushlands.
Fewer pest species are found in areas to the west and south, where vegetation becomes more species rich and structurally diverse and there is closer proximity to adjacent bushlands and the Australian National Botanic Gardens with some sites showing a distinct lack of any pest species.
Table 4 Bird pest species in the LSCCES
Name Origin Pest status Common Myna
(Acridotheres tristis) Introduced World’s 100 Most Invasive Species
9
Common Starling
(Sturnus vulgaris) Introduced World’s 100 Most Invasive Species
Pied Currawong
(Strepera graculina) Native Predator of young birds and small mammals. Benefits from open landscapes with little cover for prey species.
Noisy Miner
(Manorina melanocephala)
Native Aggressive defender of territory. Nectar feeder benefiting from species such as Grevillea and Callistemon.
Rock Dove/Feral Pigeon (Columbia livia)
Introduced Common urban pest, particularly where food scraps are readily available.
Common
Blackbird (Turdus merula)
Introduced Common urban pest, aggressive towards native birds
lev
el
of
Measures to control pest bird species in the study area have been restricted to the Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) and Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Trapping of these species ceased on the Acton campus in 2006 and anecdotal evidence suggests that numbers have increased in subsequent years. The ANU Sustainability Office is currently investigating a population control program. Pest management will be further discussed in Section 6.5 Pest Management.
4.1.4 Birds - Threats and Opportunities
Areas that exhibit high species diversity and low pest species incidence represent key areas for protection and management of birds on the campus. Many of these areas face present or future threat as the campus expands its infrastructure.
Efforts should be made to provide protection to key bird corridors and this can be achieved through the creation of ‘Biodiversity Education Precincts’ that provide habitat security in addition to functioning as recreational and educational resources for the campus community (see Section 6.1 Biodiversity Education Precincts).
4.2 Mammals
More than 30 mammal species have been recorded in the LSCC. At least 10 species were recorded during spotlight surveys; supplementary data has been provided by the ANU School of Forestry.
Across the LSCC areas with greater abundance and diversity of vegetation types supported a more diverse mammal population10.
Adjacent lands of the ANBG, CSIRO and Black Mountain reserve provide the primary or ‘source’ habitat component. Larger mammal species such as the Eastern Grey Kangaroo and Tamar Wallaby are common at these sites, though are not documented elsewhere within the study area.
Table 5 Small mammal species recorded at ANU and their distribution
Species Distribution
Bat (likely microchiroptera sp.) Sullivans Creek
Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) Widespread
Cat (Felis catus) Sullivans Creek
Echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) Toad Hall grounds
Fox (Vulpes vulpes) Old Canberra House
Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) Sullivans Creek
Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Widespread
Ring-Tailed Possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) Sullivans Creek
Sullivans Creek corridor and vegetation linking through to source habitat to the west provides the main habitat for mammals. Cats occurred across the study area where mammal diversity was highest, potentially in search of prey.
Spotlighting was the only method of sighting nocturnal animals available at time of survey; this technique targets only a select group of mammals and may not provide representative sampling of nocturnal mammal species diversity11. Further surveys
are needed to identify the full complement of resident species, notably evasive species such as foxes.
4.2.1 Mammals - Threats and Opportunities
Isolation from source habitat to the west and associated ecological resources, such as shelter and breeding sites, were key factors in the low observation of mammal diversity and abundance on the Acton Campus. Clunies Ross Street represents a major barrier for mammals entering the campus, particularly the movement of terrestrial species.
Campus landscape characteristics that may impact on mammal abundance and diversity include:
Size of suitable habitat.
Habitat loss, fragmentation and/or modification.
Habitat simplification (large areas with low species and structural diversity in urban landscapes, such as monoculture plantings and areas of mown lawns).
Specific habitat components, such as nesting hollows, food sources, rocks, fallen timber and shelter.
It is important to avoid a situation where high valued resources are lost or modified to the extent that only lower valued habitat and biodiversity resources remain. Maintenance of vegetation corridors, patches inhabited by small mammals and links or corridors between these sites and source habitat to the west is essential if mammals are to remain a feature of the campus landscape12. This will involve the
strategic design and maintenance of green space to meet the needs and movement of target species.
Figure 12Platypi and echidnas occasionally forage in Sullivans Creek and Toad Hall grounds respectively(Source: ©Andrew Tatnell).
Due to human and vehicle safety concerns the University does not try to attract larger species, such as Kangaroos or Wallabies, to the campus. Provision of suitable habitat for small to medium sized species such as Echidnas, Sugar Gliders, Water Rats (noting that these are not a relative to the introduced vermin Rat) and Ring-tailed Possums should prove compatible elements of campus biodiversity.
The creation of dedicated ‘Biodiversity Education Precincts’ will provide significant habitat resources to attract small mammal species. Habitat within these Reserves should be enhanced to target select species compatible with the urban landscape.
Table 6 Recommended actions to attract small mammal species
Actions
Retention/stabilisation of large trees with hollows and ground cover, such as rocks or logs.
Attention to species selection to provide requirements for target species.
Location of nest boxes tailored to target species (with care taken to ensure that the boxes are not attractive for pest species).
Control of species in areas where they pose a hazard to pedestrians or may be killed or injured by vehicles.
Control of any pest species.
4.3 Frogs
All water bodies across the LSCCES study area were surveyed in 2002, including natural or artificial ponds, Sullivans Creek, drainage lines and David Street wetland in O’Connor. The study revealed that frogs on the Acton campus were largely restricted to sites along Sullivans Creek and drainage lines supporting wet areas13. Surveys have also been conducted annually in nine sites across the University as part of the ACT and Region Frogwatch program.
Table 7 Frog species recorded at ANU
Frog Species
Common Eastern Froglet (Crinia signifera)
Eastern Banjo Frog (Limnodynastes dumerili)
Peron’s Tree Frog (Litoria peronei)
Plains Froglet (Crinia parinsignifera)
Spotted Grass Frog (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis)
Striped Marsh Frog (Limnodynastes peronii)
Seven frog species were observed across the Acton campus, representing all but two of the frog species recorded in lowland woodland complexes in the ACT, and six of the ten commonly observed lowland native grassland species.
The Striped Marsh Frog, a lowland woodland species, was the most common frog observed at ANU. Populations of the Striped Marsh Frog are recorded regularly along Sullivans Creek; a decent-size colony can be found at Middle Pond (between Sites 19 and 20).
The Eastern Banjo Frog was recorded along the creek at open water sites (Sites 19 and 20) and at the artificial Dickson Road Wetland. The upper reaches of the creek supported a different mix of species: the Common Eastern Froglet and Spotted Grass Frog were recorded on an annual basis across these sites and the Plains Froglet recorded only in 2005 during rainfall.
At least three different species of frog had begun to populate the artificial Dickson Road Wetland at time of recording; only two other creek sites displayed this level of species diversity. Similarly, the ephemeral frog habitat on the east face of the Hugh Ennor Building (Australian Phenomics Facility), created in 2004, has been successful in attracting frogs. Habitation at this site appears to be sporadic, hosting occasional visitors in post-rain periods.
Two species of frog were recorded at one occasion only: Peron’s Tree Frog and the Whistling Tree Frog. These species appear to be occasional visitors to the area, though may be encouraged through strategic landscape development. The Plains Froglet was notably only recorded during rainfall and may be more dependent upon favourable climatic conditions and suitable habitat.
4.3.1 Frogs – Threats and Opportunities
Three locations along Sullivans Creek provide significant frog habitat: Toad Hall to University Union, the Typha reed bed in Middle Pond near South Oval and the southern reaches of the creek. Each are characterised by bank and in-stream vegetation with permanent water. Opportunities for ecological restoration initiatives to protect the frog populations and extend their distribution along the creek are investigated in Section 6.2.2 Sullivans Creek Riparian Corridor.
A large number of artificial water features and concrete ponds have been established on the campus, some of which may be appropriate for enhancement as ecological features. The retrofitting of ‘best-odds’ ponds may serve as demonstration sites for urban ecological enhancement and provide an educational focus.
Figure 14 The Striped Marsh Frog is the most common frog observed at ANU (Source: ©Lydia Fuscko).
Figure 15 Middle Pond provides an ideal habitat for frog species (Source: ANUgreen).
Table 8 Suitable pond design for frogs
Suitable pond design for frogs
Absence of fish, notably introduced Mosquito Fish (Gambusia affinis) and Goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus).
Close proximity to Sullivans Creek or drainage lines (to facilitate dispersal of existing populations).
Internal and external pond walls not exceeding 45 degrees (vertical walls prevent frog ingress and egress).
Aquatic and/or bank vegetation.
Non-vegetative shelter, including ground litter, rocks and logs adjacent to the water’s edge.
Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) landscape projects include the ephemeral frog habitat at the Hugh Ennor Building and Dickson Road Wetland. Both sites have proved successful in providing additional habitat for frog species.
The success of these sites can be attributed to a number of factors; the presence of permanent or seasonal water supply, vegetation structure and habitat diversity, as well as proximity to adjacent habitat from which species have been able to disperse.
Regular monitoring of the WSUD features will assist in refining landscape design features for future projects (further discussed in Section 6.3.4 Water Sensitive Urban
Design (WSUD)).
Figure 16 Dickson Road Wetland, created in 2009, is now a major frog habitat (Source: ANUgreen).
4.4 Reptiles
Most reptiles were observed in the Botanic Gardens, with three different species being recorded on the Acton campus.
Table 9 Reptile species recorded at ANU
Reptile Species recorded at ANU
Three-toed Skink (Hemiergis decresiensis).
Delicate Skink (Lampropholis delicata).
Eastern Water Dragon (Physignathus leseurii).
Owing to rudimentary survey techniques (physical hand searching), reptile diversity was not captured in its entirety within the study site. Additional trapping methods, such as pitfall trapping, were excluded due to lack of expertise and human safety issues.
humans. Hazell (2006a) reviewed the methodology used in the LSCCES and recommended the introduction of artificial cover as the most appropriate technique to be employed to capture reptile diversity. This methodology employs various substrates to mimic natural habitat and thereby attract the animals.
The survey of reptiles requires specific expertise and further research will require the involvement of specialist herpetologists. This work has the potential to be undertaken by a later-year undergraduate or postgraduate student.
4.4.1 Reptiles – Threats and Opportunities
Some landscape features hinder reptile movement. These include roads, ground litter, rocks and fallen branches. Landscape initiatives aimed at enhancing reptilian diversity should target species that pose little threat to humans, such as the Eastern Water Dragon.
Figure 17 Eastern Water Dragons pose little risk to human residents and provide a welcome component to the landscape character (Source: ANUgreen).
There are also opportunities for incorporating viewing platforms and interpretive materials; these may be located along walkways, around bridges or on the opposite side to creek habitats.
A variety of survey techniques can be employed to gain a better understanding of reptile life in Acton. Liaison with the Fenner School of Environment and Society regarding opportunities for the engagement of honours and postgraduate students in future surveys may prove beneficial.
Table 10 Recommended actions to encourage reptile diversity
Actions
Develop creek-side habitat landscapes.
Incorporate landscape features such as rock shelves and overhanging woody vegetation.
4.5 Terrestrial Invertebrates
Invertebrate diversity was sampled across a wide range of habitats within the LSCC. Ants were primarily focused on and identified to the species level, while other samples were identified to the taxa level.
A total of 28 major taxa were recorded; the highest diversity occurred in mown exotic areas, while the least diverse sites were in beds of flowers and small shrubs. Of these, 52 ant species were recorded; species diversity was highest in areas with remnant eucalypts and leaf litter, while lowest species diversity occurred in manicured lawns.
Owing to labour constraints, invertebrate diversity was not captured in its entirety within the study site. Future surveys should aim to collect a larger set of samples over a wider range of habitats.
Figure 18 Quality and availability of ‘microhabitats’ such as nesting hollows, logs and undergrowth impact on the habitat sustainability of a site. Microhabitats provide niche opportunities for a diversity of bird, reptile, small mammal, frog and invertebrate species (Source: ANUgreen).
Table 11 Recommended actions to encourage terrestrial invertebrate diversity
Actions
Increase spatial diversity and ‘microhabitats’ such as retaining sticks, stones and leaf litter
Incorporating native grasses and sustainable garden practices into landscape planning
4.6 Future Surveys and Community Education
The LSCCES project employed simple survey techniques that were easy for external contributors to implement. In some cases these techniques failed to capture species that had previously been observed, notably mammals and reptiles.
Future studies should target greater engagement of the scientific and academic community to develop robust survey techniques tailored to the urban context. The available range of studies associated with biodiversity management provides unique opportunities to integrate academic teaching and research with the development and enhancement of urban landscape resourcesiv.
It is recommended to focus future studies on standard survey methods that can be adapted for the wider campus environment, though may also be tailored to suit a specific site:
Urban Ecological Function: an assessment of the functions of urban landscapes with respect to the provision of basic ecological services. This should enable the identification of key ecological processes that infer landscape resilience (such as drought tolerance) in addition to landscapes that provide operational functions such as water diversion and drainage and solar heat mitigation.
Reptile survey: diversification of survey techniques should reveal a greater reptilian diversity and assist in informing species to target for habitat
enhancement.
Mammal survey: diversification of survey techniques should reveal greater mammal diversity and enable pest densities to be determined.
Habitat assessment: an assessment of habitat resources should assist in ascribing landscape value.
iv Strategies for ongoing and future biota surveys are outlined in the EMP
5
Biodiversity Corridors
The creation of Biodiversity Corridors for those areas that can, or are able to, support a high level of biodiversity places protection on the significant fauna and flora of the campus. These areas provide prime opportunities for future research, recreation and social activities.
The Biodiversity Corridors proposed for the Acton campus represent landscape units designed to capture adequate provision of ecosystem services, promote resilient landscapes, a healthy and diverse range of species and opportunities for education and recreational amenitiesv.
Biodiversity Corridors incorporate the following principles of biodiversity management:
Birds as a biodiversity surrogate: Birds are commonly used as a surrogate to infer biodiversity and landscape health14. The LSCCES has provided
comprehensive data on bird species across the study site, establishing a basis for biodiversity assessment.
Ecosystem function: Landscape resources that make a contribution to ecosystem processes, either locally or in a broader landscape context.
Landscape connectivity: Continuous tracts of vegetation and habitat facilitate fauna movement through and beyond individual landscape units (landscape connectivity includes primary and secondary corridors in addition to linear woodland landscapes such as tree avenues)15.
Design and size: the design and size of Biodiversity Corridors can enhance or impact on biodiversity and ecosystem function. Small and narrow areas are more susceptible to external influences, such as incursion by weed species and predatory animals. Similarly, the design and size of flood mitigation landscapes impact on their capacity to perform their intended function.
Patches/habitat islands: Small patches of landscape and isolated stands of trees can provide ‘stepping stones’ or habitat islands for fauna. These areas also facilitate ecosystem function by providing shade or enhancing site drainage.
Ecosystem restoration: areas suitable for larger scale ecosystem restoration include for example, site topography that lends itself to enhancement of water infiltration capacity, and thereby has potential to make a contribution to mitigating flood risk and aid in recovery of landscapes after flood events.
5.3 Primary Corridors
Primary corridors provide unbroken tracts of vegetation that are typically linked to major landscape areas, such as nature reserves. These areas represent rare and valuable assets in the urban landscape and should be managed to promote enrichment of resident species diversity and landscape ecological function.
The greatest natural asset of the Acton campus is its proximity to the Australian National Botanic Gardens (ANBG), which in turn provides a link through to Black Mountain Nature Reserve to the west. This area provides a rich source of biodiversity; mobile species, such as birds, transit through the campus to take advantage of food resources, water and shelter16.
Table 12 Recommended Goals for Primary Corridors
Recommended Goals for Primary Corridors
Establish as ‘Biodiversity Education Precincts’ (see Section 6.1 Biodiversity
Education Precincts).
Maintenance of connectivity between landscapes and sources of resident biodiversity.
Maintenance and enhancement of species diversity through vegetation management practices that are tailored to each corridor.
Control of weed and pest species.
Augmentation of habitat diversity.
Enhance ecological function.
Low-impact land-use, with a focus on teaching of educational opportunities, vista presentation and low-impact recreation, such as walking or bird-watching. Primary corridors are not suitable locations for building infrastructure development. The input of key academic expertise into the planning of these landscapes should be pursued to develop their teaching utility in addition to enhancing their ecological health.
Table 13 Compatible Development – Primary Corridors
Compatible Development – Primary Corridors
Pervious paths or boardwalks with low construction footprint.
Viewing ‘hides’ for fauna observation.
Interpretive signage.
Sites for scientific investigation and learning including geology, entomology etc.
5.3.1 Lake Burley Griffin Corridor
The Lake Burley Griffin Corridor begins at the corner of Clunies Ross Street, runs parallel to Parkes Way and continues through to the International Sculpture Park. The corridor extends to the Lake’s edge to the southwest and to Mills Road and the John Curtin School of Medical Research to the northeast. Recent extensive redevelopments in the vicinity of the school and Old Canberra House have impacted on values within this corridor; these impacts are yet to be formally quantified.
The Lake Burley Griffin Corridor is characterised by established tree species with large stands of eucalypts, including Yellow Box (E. melliodora), Blakely’s Red Gum (E. blakelyi) and Apple Box (E. bridgesiana). Remnant patches of the nationally endangered White Box – Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum Grassy Woodland (Box Gum Grassy Woodland) ecological community have been identified in this area. No other known patches of this ecosystem exist near the Canberra CBD, although a large belt has been recorded across the Lake to the south. A more detailed description is given in Section 5.8 Old Canberra House Grassy Woodlands.
Figure 20 The Lake Burley Griffin Corridor supports some of the most significant biodiversity on the Acton campus (Source: ANUgreen).
With ready access to water, this corridor exhibits a wide variety of vegetation types and habitat structural diversity. The area represents the single most valuable biodiversity corridor on the Acton campus, hosting the highest diversity of native (and non-pest) bird species. More than 25% of all birds identified in LSCCES surveys have been found in this corridor, including the ACT Vulnerable Varied Sittella (Daphoenositta chrysoptera).
The Lake Burley Griffin Corridor also hosts significantly fewer pest and urban bird species, though presence of the Common Myna and Common Starling on the northeast boundary is cause for concern.
Further assessment of mammal and reptile populations will provide more accurate information on the biodiversity of the Lake Burley Griffin Corridor. Assessment of vegetation, undergrowth, nesting hollows, logs, rocks and other habitat niches will assist in providing appropriate management strategies and opportunities for enhancing this corridor.
5.3.2 Sullivans Creek Riparian Corridor
Sullivans Creek hosts an abundance of frog species and serves as the primary aquatic bird habitat on the Acton campus, with seven species of frogs observed since 2002. The creek also supports a small number of charismatic native species, including the water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster), echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) and reptiles such as the Eastern Water Dragon (Physignathus leseurii) and Long-necked Turtle (Chelodina longicollis). The Australian Water Rat is one of only two fresh-water mammals in Australia (along with the platypus) and has been sighted annually along the water-line of the bank directly above Canberry Bridge, below the University Bar balcony and around the stepping stones adjacent to South Oval. A Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) was sighted in the creek in 2010.
Figure 21 Sullivans Creek Riparian Corridor is an important ecological corridor, hosting an abundance of frog species and serving as the primary aquatic bird habitat on the Acton campus
