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学校编码:10384 分类号 密级 学号:X2012120007 UDC

硕 士 学 位 论 文

试论我国商事登记制度的完善

Research on the Perfection

of Commercial Registration System in China

指导教师姓名:夏雅丽

教授

业 名 称:法 律 硕 士

论文提交日期:

2017 年 3 月

论文答辩时间:

2017 年 月

学位授予日期:

2017 年 月

答辩委员会主席:

阅 人:

2017 年 3 月

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

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在文中以适当方式明确标明,并符合法律规范和《厦门大学研究生学

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中文摘要

商事登记制度是国家在公共管理过程中的一项重要制度,也是管理、调控和 干预经济事务一种有效的公法监管手段,对培育市场主体、维护市场秩序和保障 市场交易安全具有极为重要的作用。随着我国经济社会的发展,过去那种“严进 宽管”的商事登记制度,已经无法适应当前新经济发展的需要。近年来,商事登 记制度改革虽然如火如荼进行,但我国商事登记仍然立法分散、缺乏统一立法、 缺乏有力的监管、缺乏完善的信用公示平台、债权人利益缺乏有力的保障、异常 名录涵盖范围较窄、相关配套改革尚未完善和健全,迫切需要从理论上、实务中 进一步分析研究适合中国国情的商事登记制度,为推进我国商事登记制度改革与 完善提供理论基础和实践指导。 本文以当今世界的经济形势为背景,以我国正进行的商事登记制度改革为出 发点,以商事登记制度改革的完善为目标,介绍了我国商事登记制度的定义性质、 特征功能以及价值取向,全面总结了国外商事登记制度模式和经验,详细介绍了 我国商事登记制度改革的相关理论,以深圳、广州、厦门、上海等几个经济发达 的一线城市的改革内容为实证,通过文献分析、比较分析、实证研究等方法,既 总结了我国商事登记制度改革取得的成绩和特点,又从立法、监管等方面深入分 析了我国商事登记制度改革的问题和原因。针对上述问题,着力从系统性、根本 性、可行性的角度着手,提出了从商事登记统一立法、明确分工协同监管、完善 相关商事登记具体内容等多管齐下、多措并举的对策和建议,切实推进我国商事 登记制度改革的完善。 关键词:商事登记制度;制度改革;立法;市场主体

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ABSTRACT

The system of commercial registration is an important system in the process of public administration. It is also an effective means of public law supervision to manage, control and intervene in economic affairs. It is very important to cultivate market players, maintain market order and guarantee the security of market transactions.With the emergence of new economic forms, the commercial registration system of “strict approval-loose management” has been unable to adapt to the needs of the new society of the current society.In recent years, as the reform of the commercial registration system has been carried out in full swing, but China's commercial registration is still scattered legislation, the lack of unified legislation, the lack of strong supervision, the lack of a sound credit publicity platform, the lack of creditor's interests, Narrow, the relevant supporting reform is not yet perfect and sound, there is an urgent need in theory, practice and further analysis and research suitable for China's national conditions of the commercial registration system for the reform of China's commercial registration system to provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance.

This paper takes the current economic situation in the world as the background, takes the reform of the commercial registration system in our country as the starting point, and aims at the improvement of the commercial registration system reform. Introduces the definition of commercial registration system,features of the commercial registration system,the nature of commercial registration,function of the commercial registration system.introduces the theory and experience of foreign commercial registration system, introduces the theory of the reform of China's commercial registration system, and takes several economically developed lines in Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Xiamen and Shanghai. An Empirical Study on the Content of City Commercial Registration System Reform,through the analysis of literature, comparative analysis and empirical research, summed up the achievements and experiences of the reform of the commercial registration system in our country, and analyzes the problems and causes of the reform of the commercial registration system in China from the aspects of legislation. In view of the above problems,supervision and puts forward some suggestions on the problems of the system, proposed a unified legislation from the commercial registration, a clear division of labor coordination,

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improve the relevant business registration specific Content and so on, and more measures and suggestions, and effectively promotes the reform of commercial registration system in China.

Key words: commercial registration system; system reform; legislation; market subject

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目 录

论 ... 1

一、研究的背景 ... 1 二、研究的意义 ... 2 三、国内外研究现状 ... 2 四、研究的方法 ... 3

第一章

商事登记制度概述 ... 5

第一节 商事登记的定义和特征 ... 5 一、商事登记的定义... 5 二、商事登记制度的特征... 5 第二节 商事登记的性质 ... 6 一、私法行为说 ... 6 二、公法行为说 ... 6 三、复合行为说 ... 7 第三节 商事登记制度的功能 ... 8 一、确认功能 ... 8 二、安全保障功能 ... 8 三、服务功能 ... 8 四、国家监督管理的功能 ... 8 第四节 商事登记制度的价值取向 ... 9 一、商事登记制度的自由价值 ... 9 二、商事登记制度的秩序价值 ... 9 三、商事登记制度的效率价值 ... 9

第二章

外国商事登记制度模式和经验 ... 10

第一节 外国商事登记制度模式 ... 10 一、大陆法系 ... 10 二、英美法系 ... 11 第二节 外国商事登记制度可借鉴的成功经验 ... 12

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一、立足自身国情 ... 12 二、“天赋人权、有限政府”等先进的理念 ... 13 三、有完善系统的法律体系 ... 13 四、执法有力 ... 13 五、健全的个人信用制度 ... 13

第三章

我国商事登记制度的理论与实践 ... 14

第一节 我国商事登记制度的理论 ... 14 一、市场准入制度理论和商事登记 ... 14 二、公共管理和商事登记 ... 14 三、有限政府与商事登记 ... 15 四、服务政府与商事登记 ... 15 五、企业自由与商事登记 ... 15 第二节 我国经济发达地区商事登记制度的实践 ... 16 一、深圳市商事登记制度改革的内容 ... 16 二、广州市商事登记制度改革的内容 ... 17 三、厦门市商事登记制度改革的内容 ... 18 四、上海市商事登记制度改革的内容 ... 20 第三节 商事登记制度的成效 ... 21 一、形成了大众创业、万众创新的局面 ... 21 二、强化了 “简政放权” ... 21 三、建立了信息信用公示平台 ... 21 四、扩大了公众参与监督 ... 21

第四章

我国商事登记制度的问题及原因 ... 23

第一节 我国商事登记制度的问题 ... 23 一、立法分散,缺乏统一立法 ... 23 二、管理松散,缺乏有力的监管 ... 23 三、缺乏完善的信用公示平台 ... 24 四、债权人利益缺乏有力的保障 ... 25 五、异常名录涵盖范围较窄 ... 26

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

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六、相关配套制度尚未完善和健全 ... 26 第二节 我国商事登记制度问题的原因 ... 28 一、立法体制方面的原因 ... 28 二、权力部门之间利益博弈方面的原因 ... 29 三、计划经济历史方面的原因 ... 29 四、监管机制不健全 ... 29

第五章

完善我国商事登记制度的建议 ... 31

第一节 制定统一的商事登记法 ... 31 第二节 各部门既要明确分工,又要协同监管 ... 31 一、各职能部门要明确分工 ... 31 二、完善部门协同监管机制 ... 32 第三节 完善商事登记的具体内容和相关配套制度 ... 32 一、完善登记对象 ... 32 二、完善公司人格否认制度 ... 33 三、完善商主体退出机制 ... 33 四、实行个体工商户豁免登记 ... 33 五、完善社会监督机制 ... 34

论 ... 35

参考文献

... 36

谢 ... 39

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

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Table of Contents

Introduction ... 1

Section 1 the background of the study ... 1

Second 2 the significance of the study ... 2

Section 3 domestic and foreign research status ... 2

Section 4 research methods ... 3

Chapter 1 Overview of Commercial Registration System ... 5

Subchapter 1 Definition of Commercial Registration And Features of Commercial Registration System ... 5

Section 1 definition of commercial registration ... 5

Section 2 features of the commercial registration system ... 5

Subchapter 2 The nature of commercial registration………6

Section 1 private law said ... 6

Section 2 public law said ... 6

Section 3 the composite behaviorsaid ... 7

Subchapter 3 Function of the Commercial Registration System ... 8

Section 1 the confirm function ... 8

Section 2 the security function ... 8

Section 3 the service function ... 8

Section 4 the country's supervision and management functions ... 8

Subchapter 4 Value Orientation of Commercial Registration System ... 9

Section 1 the commercial registration system of the free value ... 9

Section 2 the order value of the commercial registration system ... 9

Section 3 the efficiency of commercial registration system value ... 9

Chapter II Foreign Commercial Registration System Model and

Experience ... 10

Subchapter 1 Foreign Commercial Registration System ... 10

Section 1 civil law system ... 10

Section 2 Anglo-American law system ... 11

Subchapter 2 foreign commercial registration system can learn from the successful experience ... 12

Section 1 based on their own national conditions ... 12

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Section 2 natural human rights, limited government" and other advanced

concepts ... 13

Section 3 there is a perfect system of legal system ... 13

Section 4 law enforcement strong ... 13

Section5 a sound personal credit system ... 13

Chapter III: The Theory and Practice of Commercial Registration

System In China ... 14

Subchapter 1 The theory of commercial registration system in china ... 14

Section 1 the market access system theory and commercial registration ... 14

Section 2 public management and commercial registration ... 14

Section 3 limited government and commercial registration ... 15

Section 4 the government and commercial registration ... 15

Section 5 corporate freedom and commercial registration ... 15

Subchapter 2 Practice of Commercial Registration System in developed areas of China ... 16

Section 1 the contents of the reform of Shenzhen commercial registration system ... 16

Section 2 the contents of the reform of commercial registration system in Guangzhou ... 17

Section 3 Xiamen City, the contents of the reform of commercial registration system ... 18

Section 4 the contents of the reform of Shanghai commercial registration system ... 20

Subchapter 3 Effectiveness of Commercial Registration System ... 21

Section 1 the formation of the public entrepreneurship, the situation of innovation ... 21

Section 2 strengthen the "decentralization" ... 21

Section 3 the establishment of the information credit publicity platform ... 21

Section 4 to expand the public participation in supervision ... 21

Chapter 4 Problems and Causes of Commercial Registration System

in China ... 23

Subchapter 1 The first section of China 's commercial registration system ... 23

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Section 1 the legislation scattered, the lack of unified legislation ... 23

Section 2 the management of loose, the lack of strong supervision ... 23

Section 3 the lack of a sound credit platform ... 24

Section 4 the interests of creditors lack a strong guarantee ... 25

Section 5 abnormal directory covers a narrow range ... 26

Section 6 the relevant supporting system has not yet perfect and sound ... 26

Subchapter 2 Reasons for China 's Commercial Registration System ... 28

Section 1 the reasons for the legislative system ... 28

Section 2 the interests of the interests of the sector between the reasons for the game ... 29

Section 3 the reasons for the planned economic history ... 29

Section 4 the reasons for the regulatory mechanism ... 29

Chapter 5 Suggestions on Improving The Commercial Registration

System In China ... 31

Subchapter 1 establishes a unified business registration law ... 31

Subchapter 2 departments should not only clear the division of labor, but also co-supervision ... 31

Section 1 the functional departments to clear division of labor ... 31

Section 2 improve the departmental coordination and supervision mechanism ... 32

Subchapter 3 Improve the specific contents of commercial registration and Related supporting system ... 32

Section 1 improve the registration object ... 32

Section 2 improve the corporate personality denial system ... 33

Section 3 improve the main body to withdraw the mechanism ... 33

Section 4 the implementation of individual industrial and commercial households exempt from registration ... 33

Section 5 improve the social supervision mechanism ... 34

Conclusion ... 35

References ... 36

Thanks ... 39

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导 论 1

一、研究的背景 商事登记制度建设,一直是中央大力推动的社会经济体制改革的热点和重点 问题。 中共十八届三中全会以来,各级政府和国家工商总局大力推行商事登记制度 的建设。深圳、广州、厦门、上海等城市率先垂范,各地其后也纷纷加入商事登 记制度改革的行列。通过对原有商事登记制度的改革,商事登记中的公司住所、 公示制度、异常名录制度、注册资本等制度规定得到了完善,释放和激发了很多 创业热情。 2013 年,国务院制定了《国务院机构改革和职能转变方案》,方案进一步 明确指出,要最大限度地给各类市场主体松绑,从体制机制层面激发市场主体干 事创业的积极性和创造性。① 2014 年 3 月 1 日,商事制度改革在全国范围内实施。自此后,各地商事登 记制度的改革如火如荼的进行。国务院也与时俱进,制度相关措施和制度推动此 项改革。如:2016 年 5 月 18 日,国务院常务会议中提出将“三证合一”、“一照一 码”升级为引入社会保险登记证和统计登记证的“五证合一、一照一码”,并把商 事制度的改革作为“放、管、服”改革的重要抓手。 经过举国上下的努力,在许多方面取得了重大的成效,形成了大众创业、 万众创新的局面。 然而,仍不可避免地出现了一些问题,例如:立法分散,制度滞后,妨碍 商事登记制度体系的构建;主体资格和经营资格混淆;价值取向过于重安全, 轻效率;前置审批程序过多过滥,缺乏有效的法律约束;存在“信息孤岛”现象; 后续监管压力较大等等。②上述问题不解决,现行轰轰烈烈的商事登记制度改革 难免流于形式和走过场,现行商事登记制度的建设就没有完善。 ①雷江帆.我国商事登记制度改革生态性研究(硕士学位论文)[D].广州:华南理工大学,2014.1. ②王晓斌.深化我国商事登记制度改革研究(硕士学位论文)[D].广州:华南理工大学,2014.1.

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试论我国商事登记制度的完善 二、研究的意义 实践需要理论的指导。我国的商事登记制度的建设是在国际经济一体化和 国内经济发展现实需要的大背景下提出的。通过探讨国内外商事登记制度的模式 和我国商事登记制度建设的内容,找出存在的问题,并分析原因,提出对策建议。 以便进一步丰富我国商事登记制度的相关理论。不仅能接地气,而且能够与国际 惯例无缝对接。一方面,为深化我国商事登记制度改革提供理论支持;另一方面, 在现实中加快政府简政放权,提高效率,进行政治体制的改革,以促使市场经济 健康、高效的发展。 三、国内外研究现状 (一)国内研究现状 郭富青教授认为“我国目前在商事登记制度中采用的绝对越权无效原则,不 能逐渐适应市场经济发展需要,应抛弃不再采用这一原则。”① 范斌在其发表的《我国商事登记制度中存在的问题及解决对策》中指出“我 国商事登记制度存在以下问题:一是登记依据及其程序不统一;二是公开性透 明度较差;三是登记之后公示制度不健全;四是审查原则明显不当;五是登记 行为的法律责任不明确。”② 法学专家马怀德、朱少平在接受《中国工商行政管理研究》杂志的访问时③ , 认为之前我国的商事登记制度太过强调严格把关市场准入可能会产生一些负面 效果。 马敬仁教授《还企业以自由——〈深圳经济特区商事登记若干规定〉的启 示》认为,为顺利推进商事登记制度改革,还需在商事登记信息与监管信息互 通共享、监管部门业务协调配合、信息公示、个人和企业信用监管体系健全等 方面予以完善,为改革提供有力支撑。④ 广东省工商局的尚平、田芬、张伟所撰写的《广东商事登记改革探索与实 践》一文就广东省商事登记改革实践情况作阶段性说明,认为广东省四地的改 ①郭富青.论商事登记制度的若干法律问题——兼论我国商事登记的改革与完善[J].甘肃政法学院学 报,2002,(03):30-36. ②范斌.我国商事商事登记制度中存在的问题及解决对策[J].法制与社会,2008,(08):38-39. ③马怀德,朱少平,周天勇,周绍朋,范恒山.积极推进信用建设 加强对市场主体的全面监管——访经济学、法 学专家马怀德、朱少平、周天勇、周绍朋、范恒山[J].中国工商管理研究,2003,(08):11-20. ④马敬仁. 还企业以自由——《深圳经济特区商事登记若干规定》的启示[J].中国经济报告,2013,(06):95-98.

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