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Abridged Table o f Contents

Introduction 23

I. Of What We Speak 23

II. Why Study the Regulation of Speech: The Canary in a Coal

Mine 28

III. The Lens of this Research 36

IV. Road Map 40

Chapter 1 Regulation of Sexualized Speech in the United States 43 I. Protected v. Unprotected Sexualized Speech 43

II. Child Pornography Separated 140

III. Indecency: Not Quite Obscene 169

IV. Conclusion on American Regulation 191 Chapter 2 Regulation of Sexualized Speech in Europe:

Transnational Level 207

I. Council of Europe 210

II. European Union 301

III. Conclusions on the Council of Europe and the European

Union 369

Chapter 3 Sexualized Speech Regulation in Europe: National Level 371

I. Introduction 371

II. The Example of the United Kingdom 377

III. Conclusion 512

Chapter 4 The Prosecution and Defence of Sexualized Material 515 I. Administrative Enforcement Mechanisms 515

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II. Court Based Enforcement Mechanisms 576 III. Enforcement Issues Concerning User Generated Sexualized

Speech 645

IV. Conclusions on Defence and Prosecution of Sexualized

Material 693

Chapter 5 Concluding Summary: the Road Ahead 695

I. The Road Travelled 695

II. Conflict between two Sacreds: Moralism v. Profits 698

III. The Internet Changes Everything 699

IV. What is Left: Protection of a Victim 709

V. Knowing it When it is Seen 711

VI. A Final Thought 713

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Table o f Contents

Introduction 23

I. Of What We Speak 23

II. Why Study the Regulation of Speech: The Canary in a Coal

Mine 28

III. The Lens of this Research 36

1. Social Control as a paradigm of Criminal Law 36

2. Moral Panic and Social Control 38

3. Economic Status Quo 39

IV. Road Map 40

Chapter 1 Regulation of Sexualized Speech in the United States 43 I. Protected v. Unprotected Sexualized Speech 43

1. The Scarlet Letter of Speech: Obscenity Regulation 1791

to 1957 44

a) Early Years of the Republic to the Civil War 44

b) The Comstock Era 50

c) Re-examination of Speech: the Inter-War Period to the

1950s 60

2. The Warren Court: Brennan’s Ascendancy 64

a) Roth v. United States (1957) 65

b) Between Roth and Miller (1958-1973) 75

aa) Film Litigation 76

bb) Print Litigation 81

3. The Burger Court 94

a) Miller v. California and Paris Adult Theatre v. Stanton

(1973) 94

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4. The Rehnquist and Roberts Courts (1988 to the present) 111

a) The Cultural Wars 111

aa) Art Funding: Mapplethorpe, the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and the Public

Broadcasting Service (PBS) 112

bb) Pornographic Music: Jell-0 Biafra and As Nasty as

We Wanna Be 115

b) Protecting Children from the Internet: CDA, COPA,

CIPA 121

aa) Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997) and United States v. Playboy (2000) 122 bb) American Civil Liberties Union v. Ashcroft (2002) 130 cc) American Civil Liberties Union v. Ashcroft

(Ashcroft II) (2004) 133

dd) United States v. American Library Association

(2003) 134

c) Renewed Interest In Traditional Obscenity Prosecutions 137

II. Child Pornography Separated 140

1. Statutory Authority for Regulation of Child Pornography 140 2. Jurisprudence Regarding Child Pornography 148

a) Ferberv. New York (1982) 149

b) United States v. Dost and Wiegand / United States v.

Knox (1986) 151

c) Ohio v. Osborne (1990) 154

d) United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc. (1994) 159 e) Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002) 161 f) United States v. Williams (2008) 166 g) United States v. Whorley (2008) 167

III. Indecency: Not Quite Obscene 169

1. Broadcast Regulation 169

a) Pacifica: Seven Dirty Words (1978) 170 b) The FCC and a New Interest in Indecency 176 aa) Act I: Fleeting Explicatives 176

bb) Act II: Fleeting Nudity 184

c) Sidestepping Pacifica: the Court rules in Fox v. FCC 186 2. Future of Broadcast Indecency Regulation 190

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IV Conclusion on American Regulation 191

1. Introduction 191

2. Current Trends in the Courts Speech Jurisprudence 194 3. Alternative Theories of Regulation: Feminist Theory 199 a) American Bookseller Association v. Hudnut (1986) 200 b) Canada: Regina v. Butler (1992) 202

4. PostScript 204

Chapter 2 Regulation of Sexualized Speech in Europe:

Transnational Level 207

I. Council of Europe 210

1. History 210

2. Sources of Law 211

a) European Convention on Human Rights - Article 10 211 b) Relevant Article 10 Jurisprudence of the European

Court of Human Rights 212

aa) Handyside v. The United Kingdom (1976) 215

bb) Blasphemy as Regulation 224

(1) Lemon v. United Kingdom (1982) 224 (2) Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria (1994) 228 (3) Wingrove v. United Kingdom (1996) 233 (4) Choudhury v. United Kingdom (1991) 238 cc) Müller v. Switzerland (1988) 240 dd) Scherer v. Switzerland (1994) 248 ee) Perrin v. The United Kingdom (2003) 251 ff) Vereinigung Bildender Künstler v. Austria (2007) 257

gg) Akda§ v. Turkey (2010) 263

hh) Child Pornography Separated 266 (1) O’ Carroll v. the United Kingdom (2005) 267

(2) K.U. v. Finland (2008) 270

ii) Post Script - Looking Forward: Mouvement

Raelien Suisse v. Switzerland (2012) 275 jj) Further Post Script: the Pussy Riot Controversy 282 c) Other Relevant Council of Europe Instruments 284

aa) European Convention on Transfrontier Television

(1989) 285

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cc) Convention on the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (2007) 296 dd) Conclusions on Council of Europe Measures 299 3. Impact of Council of Europe “Involvement” 300

II. European Union 301

1. History 301

a) From Rome to Lisbon and Beyond 302 b) European Union Accession to the European Convention

on Human Rights 307

2. Sources of Law 313

a) Primary Law 313

aa) Treaty on the European Union and Treaty on the

Functioning of the European Union 313 bb) Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European

Union 315

cc) General Principles 324

(1) Principle of Limited Conferral 324 (2) Principle of Subsidiarity and Proportionality 325 (3) Principle of Sincere Cooperation 327 dd) Relevant Sources of Primary Law 327 (1) Judicial Cooperation In Criminal Matters 328 (2) Freedom to Provide Services 329

b) Secondary Law 329

aa) Control based upon Judicial Cooperation in

Criminal Matters 330

(1) Council Framework Decision on Combating the Sexual Exploitation of Children and Child

Pornography (2004) 330

(2) Directive on Combating Sexual Abuse and Sexual Exploitation of Children and Child

Pornography (2011) 333

bb) Control based upon Freedom to Provide Services 338 (1) The Television without Frontiers and

Audiovisual Media Services Directives 338 (i) Television without Frontiers Directive

(1989) 338

(ii) Convention and the Directive compared 342 (iii) Amendments to the Directive (1997) 343

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(iv) The Audiovisual Media Services Directive

(2007) 345

(2) E-Commerce Directive (2000/31/EC) 347 (3) Recommendation on the Protection of Minors

and Human Dignity (2006) 350

c) Jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European

Union 351

aa) Regina v. Henn and Darby (1979) 351 bb) Conegate v. Customs and Excise Commissioners

(1986) 356

cc) Vereinigte Familiapress Zeitungsverlag v. Heinrich

Bauer Verlag (1997) 358

dd) Dynamic Medien Vertrieb v. Avides Media AG

(2007) 361

ee) Erotic Centre BVBA v. Belgische Staat (2010) 363 d) Comparably Related to EU Control: European

Economic Area 365

aa) Introduction 365

bb) TV 1000 Sverige AB v. Norway (1998) 366 3. Impact of European Union “Involvement” 368 III. Conclusions on the Council of Europe and the European

Union 369

Chapter 3 Sexualized Speech Regulation in Europe: National Level 371

I. Introduction 371

1. The Enlightenment 372

2. The French Revolution 373

3. The Industrial Revolution 374

4. The 20th Century to the Present 376

II. The Example of the United Kingdom 377

1. History and Social Context 379

a) Constitutional Authority in the United Kingdom 382

b) Parliamentary Sovereignty 385

c) Common Law 386

2. Obscenity Regulation as Strategy of Social Control 388 a) Romantic and Victorian England: Contextual Overview 390 b) Sexualized Speech Available in Great Britain 393

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c) Moral Panic in Great Britain 398

3. Sources of Regulation 405

a) The Common Law Generally 405

aa) Crimes Involving Libel 406

bb) Blasphemy as Obscenity 413

(1) Regina v. Lemon (1979) 414

(2) Regina v. Choudhury (1990) 416 (3) Wingrove v. the United Kingdom (1996) 417 cc) Outrage to Public Decency and Corruption of

Public Morals 419

(1) Shaw v. DPP (1961) 422

(2) Regina v. Knuller (1972) 422

(3) Regina v. Gibson (1990) 424

b) Obscenity Specific Regulation: Statutes and

Interpretations 427

aa) Obscene Publications Act of 1857 428 (1) Regina v. Hicklin (1868) 432 (2) Henry Vizetelly: the Zola Translations (1889) 436

(3) Regina v. Reiter (1954) 438

(4) Regina v. Martin Seeker Warburg (1954) 439 bb) Obscene Publications Act of 1959 441 (1) Regina v. Penguin Publishers (1960) 442 (2) Regina v. Calder and Boyars (1968) 445 (3) 1970s Obscenity Prosecutions 447 i. Lennon Lithographs (1970) 448 ii. School Kids Oz (1971) 449 iii. Little Red School Book : Regina v.

Handyside (1972) 452

iv. Corbin v. Whyte (1972) 455 v. Regina v..Stamford (1972) 456 vi. Inside Linda Lovelace (1976) 457 (4) Prosecutions 1980 to the Present 459

i. Regina v. Henn and Darby (1979) and

Conegate v. Customs & Excise (1986) 460 ii. Gay’s the Word Raid (1984-6) 462 iii. Lord Horror Prosecution (1991) 463 iv. Regina v. Perrin (2002) 464 v. Girls (Scream) Aloud Case (2009) 467 vi. Regina v. Peacock (2012) 468

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c) Criminal Justice and Immigration Act of 2008: Extreme

Pornography 470

aa) Extreme Pornography Provisions 472

bb) Analysis and Criticism 473

cc) Prosecutions and Potential 480

d) Child Pornography Separated 486

aa) Statutory Authority for Regulation of Child

Pornography 487

bb) Jurisprudence Regarding Child Pornography 491 (1) Regina v. Graham Kerr (1988) 491

(2) Regina v. Bowden (1999) 492

(3) Regina v. Smethurst (2002) 493 (4) Regina v. O’Carroll (2003) 494 (5) Regina v. Oliver (2003) - The Oliver

Guidelines 495

(6) Regina v. Collier (2004) 497

(7) Regina v. Porter (2006) 498

cc) Sex Offender Registration 498

dd) Controversies Involving Enforcement 500 (1) Child Pom Investigations Gone Awry 500 (2) Saatchi Gallery Controversy (2001) 501 ee) Conclusions Regarding Child Pornography

Enforcement 502

e) Impact of the Human Rights Act of 1998 503

aa) Perspectives 503

bb) Provisions of the Human Rights Act 505 cc) Expression Provisions under the Human Rights Act 507

III. Conclusion 512

Chapter 4 The Prosecution and Defence of Sexualized Material 515 I. Administrative Enforcement Mechanisms 515

1. Targeting Offensive Material on the Internet: Blocking v.

Deleting 516

a) Introduction 516

b) Deciding What to Block and Who to Block It 520 aa) The United States Blocking/Deleting Efforts 522

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bb) European Blocking/Deleting Efforts 526

(1) The European Union 527

(2) The Council of Europe 530

(3) Example of an EU Member States’ Response:

the United Kingdom 532

c) Balancing of Rights 543

d) Efficacy of Regulation: Chasing Windmills? 545 2. Application of Administrative Regulation 548 a) Administrative Enforcement in the US 548 aa) Federal Communications Commission 548 bb) Self-Regulation in the United States: Motion

Picture Association of America 556 a) Administrative Enforcement in the United Kingdom 562

aa) Office of Communications (OFCOM) 563

(1) Standards 563

(2) Authority for Television on Demand (ATVOD) 565 bb) British Board of Film Classification 571 3. Conclusions on Administrative Enforcement 575 II. Court Based Enforcement Mechanisms 576

1. Introduction 576

2. Case Study: Pornography Prosecutions in the United States 576 a) Federal Tools in Combatting Adult Pornography 576 b) Federal Tools in Combatting Child Pornography 579

aa) Statutes 581

bb) Means of Interdiction 585

cc) Theories of Prosecution 587

(1) Indictment 590

(2) Pre-trial Detention 592

(3) Plea Bargaining Concerns 598 (4) Evidence: Equality of Arms 601

i. Search and Seizure 601

ii. Brady Material and Jencks Material 608 iii. Statutory Restrictions on Discovery:

Fighting in the Dark 611

(5) Statutory and other Defences 617

(6) Jury Instructions 620

ee) Post-Conviction Liability 625

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(2) Civil Liability 630

(3) Civil Commitment 638

c) Conclusion 644

III. Enforcement Issues Concerning User Generated Sexualized

Speech 645

1. Sexting in the US: One Click with Severe Consequences 647

a) Introduction 647

b) Sexting Prosecutions 648

c) Sexting Legislation in the United States 654 2. Regulation of User Generated Speech on Social Networks 655

a) Social Media Self Regulation 656

aa) The Freedom of Expression on Social Networks

(Legal Precedents) 657

(1) Marsh v. Alabama (1946) 658

(2) Lloyd Corp., Ltd. v. Tanner (1972) 659 (3) Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980) 661 (4) Appleby and Others v. the United Kingdom

(2003) 662

(5) Application to Cyberspace 664 bb) Terms of Service and Community Standards 665

(1) Facebook 666

(2) Twitter 668

(3) Corporate on Corporate Regulation of Speech:

the Apple Store 670

cc) UK’s Response to Anti-Social Speech 672

(1) The Twitter Joke Trial 673

(2) The Guidelines 675

3. Democratization of Pornography 680

a) Pom 2.0: User-Generated Pom 680

b) Charity Pom 683

c) Revenge Pom 684

1. Conclusions on User Generated Sexualized Speech 692 IV. Conclusions on Defence and Prosecution of Sexualized

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Chapter 5 Concluding Summary: the Road Ahead 695

I. The Road Travelled 695

II. Conflict between two Sacreds: Moralism v. Profits 698

III. The Internet Changes Everything 699

1. Increase in Availability of Sexualized Content • 700 2. The Changing Nature of Jurisdiction 701

3. The New Business Model of Pom 707

4. Conclusions on how the Internet Changes Everything 709 IV. What is Left: Protection of a Victim 709

V. Knowing it When it is Seen 711

VI. A Einal Thought 713

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