the internet &
world wide web — a brief history
Sputnik launched by the Soviet Union
Shocked the world! Especially the USA, who was thinking about satellites, just not quite there.
ARPA (the Advanced Research Projects Agency)
•TheUSDepartmentofDefensecreatedARPA(nowDARPA)toresearch/develop
technology beyond current identified needs.
•TheirmostfamousprojectwasTHEINTERNET.
TheInternet
•ARPAsponsored/researched“internetting”tolinkresearchinstitutions’computers.
•Fouroriginalhost:UCLA,Stanford,UCBerkley,UofUtah
•Packets—datarequestsbeingsplitupintosmallchunkswhichcanbepro- cessedquicklywithoutblockingcommunicationfromotherparties.
•Everythingistext-basedatthispoint.
TCP/IP(TransmissionControlProgram/InternetProtocol)
•Anewstandardmaskingthedifferencesbetweenexistingnetworkprotocols
(whichhadbecomeaproblem).
•Thetrafficcop/rulesofthedigitalroadfortransmittingpacketsofdata.
•Easilyjoinedallnetworkstogether.
1957
1960’s
1974
—1971:emaildeveloped
—late70s:emoticons
developed:)
TheWorldWideWebDeveloped
•TimBurnersLeecreatedaninformationmanagementsystem
wheretextcouldcontainlinksandreferencestootherworks.
•Createdaserverforthehypertextdocs.andaprogramfor
readingthemcallingittheWorldWideWeb.
•Releasedthesourcecodetothepublicsoanyonecouldbuild
upon it.
•Mosaicreleased,beginningtheBrowserWars.
•Focusedonimplementingnewfeaturesratherthanonfixing
problemswithfeaturestheyalreadysupported.
•Lotsofincompatibility=developersnightmare.
WorldWideWebConsortium(W3C)
•TimBurnersLeefoundedtheW3C
•W3CVision:tostandardizetheprotocolsandtechnologies
usedtobuildthewebformaximumglobalaccessibility.
•Theyproduceasetofrecommendations,notrules,butguide- lines that we call Web Base Standards
•TheWebStandardsProjectwascreatedtopromoteW3CRec- ommendations
1990
1993
1994
—1984:DomainNameSystem
introduced.Firstregistered
domain:symbolics.com
—1994:Firstbanneradsappear
(Zima);Firstinternetradiosta- tions;PizzaHutinternetorder- ing;AOL,Prodigy,Compuserve
provide internet access.
—1997+:Streamingmedia,
Java,rapiddevelopmentof
interactive technologies
—1990:300,000hosts
—1989:Firstcommercialemail
service
CurrentandFuture
•Expanded3Dcapabilities
•ForceFeedback
•Smell
•Improveaccessibilityfordisabled.
•StreamingcontentforinternetTV,etc
•RSS(livesharingofcontentfromothersites)
•Podcasts
•VOIP/InternetPhone
•MicroBlogs
•Mobileapps
•HTML5/CSS3
2000
THE FUTURE
1994
—2002+:Blogging,SocialNet- works,BroadbandDSL/Cable
becomesmorepopular/avail- able.
—2005:353,284,187host.80
millionsites
ADDITIONAL RESOURCE LINKS:
OperaWebCurriculum:HistoryoftheInternetandtheWeb
internet vs www
internet
TheInternetisamassivenetworkofnetworks,anetworking
infrastructure.Itconnectsmillionsofcomputerstogether
globally,forminganetworkinwhichanycomputercancom- municatewithanyothercomputeraslongastheyareboth
connectedtotheInternet.Informationthattravelsoverthe
Internetdoessoviaavarietyoflanguagesknownasproto- cols.
•Asystemofcomputers,servers,routersandcablesthat
connectthem.
•Informationistransferredinpacketsofinformationthatis
passedtotheappropriateTCP/IPaddress.
•TheInternetisglobal,publiclyaccessibleandphysical.Non- global,privatenetworksareIntranetsorExtranets.
www
TheWorldWideWeb,orsimplyWeb,isawayofaccessing
informationoverthemediumoftheInternet.Itisaninforma- tion-sharingmodelthatisbuiltontopoftheInternet.Web
services,whichuseHTTPtoallowapplicationstocommuni- cateinordertoexchangebusinesslogic,usetheWebtoshare
information.TheWebalsoutilizesbrowsers,suchasInternet
ExplorerorFirefox,toaccessWebdocumentscalledWeb
pages that are linked to each other via hyperlinks.
•Avirtualspaceforstoring,representinginformationacross
theinternetusinghypertextaddresses/URL(universalre- source locator).
•URLsarehypertextlinks—HTTP(hypertexttransferproto- col)—thatcanbesearchedandorganizedbyabrowser.
•DataisgenerallydisplayedusingHTML(HyperTextMarkup
Language)andviewedinabrowser.
client/server model
•Internetisbasedonclient/servermodelofnetworking.The
computeristheclientthatrequestsanddisplaysdatafrom
theserver.Browsersoftwareiswhatisgenerallyusedtodis- playthecontentsentfromtheserver.
•Designingfortheclientsideofaprojectisoftenreferredto
as “front-end” design.Thecomputeryoudevelopaninter- activeprojectonisthelocalrootofyourproject.
•Designingfortheserversideofaprojectidoftenreferredto
as “back-end”designordevelopment.Theserveryouhost
yourinteractiveprojectonistheremotelocation
the browser
•Softwaredevelopedtopresentdata/contentsentfroma
serverinvisualmannerthroughaGraphical User Interface (GUI)
•BrowsersfollowW3Cstandardsbutvarytosomedegreein
defaultpresentationsandvarymoresoinsupportforad- vancedfeaturesofCSS.
•TheWeb Standards Project (WaSP) created a test, called theAcidTest,tohelpbrowsermanufacturersgaugethecom- plianceofthesoftwaretothelateststandards.
•Opera,Chrome,SafariandFirefoxperformthebest.Internet
Explorerhistoricallylagsbehind.
the language of web: xhtml
html
•HTMLwasdevelopedtoallowcommonformattingoftext
documentsforexchangeofscientific/researchinformation.
•HTMLisnowdeprecated/obsoleteandwasreplacedbyXHT- ML.
xhtml
•XHTMLisamuchstricterstandardthanHTMLtoensure
compatibilitywithnewbrowsersanddevices.
•XHTMLwasalsostrippedofpresentationcodeleavingcode
that is structural and content-related in nature.
css
•Cascading Style Sheets (CSS),aseparatemarkuplanguage,
wasdevelopedtohandlethepresentationofXHTMLcon- tent.TheseparationofcontentandappearanceintoXHTML
andCSSisreferredtoasStandards-Based Design.
TheWorldWideWebConsortium(W3C)isthegoverningbody
thatcontrolsandsetsthestandards/rulesofXHTMLandCSS.
xhtml + css = standards-based design
structure /
content