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PART I: Neurons and the Nerve Impulse

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PART  I:    

Neurons  and  the   Nerve  Impulse  

   

(3)

Identify  each  of  the  labeled  structures  of  the  neuron   below.  

 

A.  

B.  

C.  

D.  

E.  

F.  

G.  

(4)

Identify  each  of  the  labeled  structures  of  the  neuron   below.  

 

A.    dendrites   B.    nucleus   C.    cell  body   D.    axon  

E.    axon  endings  

F.    nodes  of  Ranvier  

G.    Schwann  cells/myelin  sheath  

(5)

Fill  in  the  blanks  in  the  sentences  below  with  the  

NAME  of  the  STRUCTURE  of  a  NEURON  that  provides   the  described  FUNCTION.  

The  ___________  of  a  neuron  contains  the  DNA  and  is  the  

“ control  center”  of  the  cell.  

The  ___________  of  a  neuron  contains  the  nucleus  and  

most  of  the  cellular  organelles.  

(6)

Fill  in  the  blanks  in  the  sentences  below  with  the  

NAME  of  the  STRUCTURE  of  a  NEURON  that  provides   the  described  FUNCTION.  

The  nucleus  of  a  neuron  contains  the  DNA  and  is  the  

“ control  center”  of  the  cell.  

The  cell  body  of  a  neuron  contains  the  nucleus  and  most  of  

the  cellular  organelles.  

(7)

Fill  in  the  blanks  in  the  sentence  below  with  the  

NAME  of  the  STRUCTURE  of  a  NEURON  that  provides   the  described  FUNCTION.  

Signals  “come  in”  to  the  neuron  through  the  ________,   and  travel  “out”  of  the  neuron  along  the  ________,  at  the   end  of  which  the  __________  contact  the  next  neuron  in   the  communication  chain.  

 

(8)

Fill  in  the  blanks  in  the  sentence  below  with  the  

NAME  of  the  STRUCTURE  of  a  NEURON  that  provides   the  described  FUNCTION.  

Signals  “come  in”  to  the  neuron  through  the  dendrites,   and  travel  “out”  of  the  neuron  along  the  axon,  at  the  end   of  which  the  axon  endings  contact  the  next  neuron  in  the   communication  chain.  

 

(9)

Neurotransmitters  are  contained  in  _____  that  are  located   in  the  _____  of  a  neuron.  

A.    vesicles;    axon  endings   B.    axon  endings;    dendrites  

C.    calcium  ions  (Ca

2+

);    synapses  

D.    cell  membranes;    synaptic  gaps  

 

(10)

Neurotransmitters  are  contained  in  _____  that  are  located   in  the  _____  of  a  neuron.  

A.    vesicles;    axon  endings   B.    axon  endings;    dendrites  

C.    calcium  ions  (Ca

2+

);    synapses  

D.    cell  membranes;    synaptic  gaps  

 

(11)

Neurotransmitters  are  _______  that  travel  across  a   ________  to  another  neuron.    

               a.    electrical  signals;    receptor  

               b.    electrical  signals;    synapse  

               c.    chemical  signals;    receptor  

               d.    chemical  signals;    synapse  

 

(12)

Neurotransmitters  are  _______  that  travel  across  a   ________  to  another  neuron.    

               a.    electrical  signals;    receptor  

               b.    electrical  signals;    synapse  

               c.    chemical  signals;    receptor  

               d.    chemical  signals;    synapse  

 

(13)

Generally,  neural  impulses  travel:    

A.  electrically  between  and  within  each  neuron   B.   chemically  between  and  within  each  neuron.  

C.   electrically  between  neurons  and  chemically  within  each   neuron.    

D.   chemically  between  neurons  and  electrically  within  each   neuron.  

 

(14)

Generally,  neural  impulses  travel:    

A.  electrically  between  and  within  each  neuron   B.   chemically  between  and  within  each  neuron.  

C.   electrically  between  neurons  and  chemically  within  each   neuron.    

D.   chemically  between  neurons  and  electrically  within  each   neuron.  

The  ELECTRICAL  SIGNAL  of  neurons  is  an  action  

potential  which  travels  WITHIN  a  single  neuron  from  the   dendrite  and  out  along  the  axon.    At  the  axon  endings,  this   action  potential  activates  the  release  of  neurotransmitters,   which  are  CHEMICAL  SIGNALS,  into  the  synapse  

BETWEEN  two  neurons.  

(15)

Which  of  the  following  types  of  molecules  are  the  major   structural  components  of  the  cell  membrane?  

a)  phospholipids  and  cellulose         b)  nucleic  acids  and  proteins  

c)  phospholipids  and  proteins         d)  proteins  and  cellulose  

 

(16)

Which  of  the  following  types  of  molecules  are  the  major   structural  components  of  the  cell  membrane?  

a)  phospholipids  and  cellulose         b)  nucleic  acids  and  proteins  

c)  phospholipids  and  proteins         d)  proteins  and  cellulose  

 

(17)

Plasma  membranes  are  “selectively  permeable”.  This   statement  means  that  

a)  No  substances  can  enter  or  exit  the  cell  through  the   plasma  membrane.  

b)  The  plasma  membrane  allows  some  substances  to  enter   or  exit  a  cell  more  easily  than  others.  

c)  All  substances  are  able  to  enter  or  exit  the  cell  through   the  plasma  membrane.  

d)  It  is  random  chance  whether  a  molecule  can  or  cannot   enter  or  exit  the  cell  through  the  plasma  membrane.  

 

(18)

Plasma  membranes  are  “selectively  permeable”.  This   statement  means  that  

a)  No  substances  can  enter  or  exit  the  cell  through  the   plasma  membrane.  

b)  The  plasma  membrane  allows  some  substances  to  enter   or  exit  a  cell  more  easily  than  others.  

c)  All  substances  are  able  to  enter  or  exit  the  cell  through   the  plasma  membrane.  

d)  It  is  random  chance  whether  a  molecule  can  or  cannot   enter  or  exit  the  cell  through  the  plasma  membrane.  

 

(19)

What  kinds  of  molecules  pass  through  the  cell  membrane   most  easily?  

a)   ions  

b)  small  and  hydrophobic       c)  large  and  hydrophobic     d)   small  and  polar  

e)   large  and  polar  

 

(20)

What  kinds  of  molecules  pass  through  the  cell  membrane   most  easily?  

a)   ions  

b)  small  and  hydrophobic       c)  large  and  hydrophobic     d)   small  and  polar  

e)   large  and  polar  

 

(21)

1.   For  each  of  following  molecules,  indicate  whether  it  CAN  or   CANNOT  pass  through  the  phospholipid  bilayer  of  the  plasma   membrane  by  simple  diffusion.  

2.  Then,  for  EACH  molecule  EXPLAIN  WHY  it  can  or  cannot  pass   through  based  upon  the  SIZE  and  CHARGE  characteristics  of  the   molecule.          

A.  CO

2

:

 

B.   O

2

:

 

C.  H

2

O:

 

D.   C

6

H

12

O

6

:

 

E.   K

+

 :

 

F.  Na

+

 :

 

G.   Ca

2+

  :

 

(22)

1.   For  each  of  following  molecules,  indicate  whether  it  CAN  or   CANNOT  pass  through  the  phospholipid  bilayer  of  the  plasma   membrane  by  simple  diffusion.  

2.  Then,  for  EACH  molecule  EXPLAIN  WHY  it  can  or  cannot  pass   through  based  upon  the  SIZE  and  CHARGE  characteristics  of  the   molecule.          

A.  CO

2

:  

YES!  It  CAN!    Its  both  SMALL  and  NONPOLAR  (hydrophobic)!  

B.   O

2

:  

YES!  It  CAN!    Its  both  SMALL  and  NONPOLAR  (hydrophobic)!  

C.  H

2

O:  

WATER!!!      NO!  It  CANNOT!    Yes,  its  SMALL,  but  it  is  POLAR  (hydrophilic)!  

D.   C

6

H

12

O

6

:  

GLUCOSE!!!    NO!  It  CANNOT!    Its  both  LARGE  and  POLAR  (hydrophilic)!  

E.   K

+

:  

NO!  It  CANNOT!    Yes,  its  SMALL,  but  it  is  an  ION  with  a  CHARGE  (hydrophilic)!  

F.  Na

+

:  

NO!  It  CANNOT!    Yes,  its  SMALL,  but  it  is  an  ION  with  a  CHARGE   (hydrophilic)!  

G.  Ca

2+

:  

NO!  It  CANNOT!    Yes,  its  SMALL,  but  it  is  an  ION  with  a  CHARGE   (hydrophilic)!  

(23)

Which  of  the  following  statements  regarding  diffusion  is   FALSE?  

a)  Diffusion  is  a  result  of  the  thermal  energy  of  atoms  and   molecules.  

b)  Diffusion  requires  no  input  of  energy  into  the  system.  

c)  Diffusion  occurs  when  particles  spread  from  areas  where  they   are  less  concentrated  to  areas  where  they  are  more  

concentrated.  

d)  Diffusion  occurs  even  after  equilibrium  is  reached  and  no  net   change  is  apparent.  

 

(24)

Which  of  the  following  statements  regarding  diffusion  is   FALSE?  

a)  Diffusion  is  a  result  of  the  thermal  energy  of  atoms  and   molecules.  

b)  Diffusion  requires  no  input  of  energy  into  the  system.  

c)  Diffusion  occurs  when  particles  spread  from  areas  where  they   are  less  concentrated  to  areas  where  they  are  more  

concentrated.  

d)  Diffusion  occurs  even  after  equilibrium  is  reached  and  no  net   change  is  apparent.  

 

Statement  c  above  is  FALSE:  In  reality  diffusion  occurs  

when  particles  spread  from  areas  where  they  are  MORE  

concentrated  to  areas  where  they  are  LESS  concentrated,  

in  other  words  from  HIGH  to  LOW  concentration.  

(25)

Water  moves  in  and  out  of  cells  by  the  process  of   a)  Passive  diffusion  

b)  Osmosis  

c)  Active  transport   d)  Phagocytosis  

 

(26)

Water  moves  in  and  out  of  cells  by  the  process  of   a)  Passive  diffusion  

b)  Osmosis  

c)  Active  transport   d)  Phagocytosis  

 

(27)

When  two  aqueous  solutions  that  differ  in  solute  concentration   are  placed  on  either  side  of  a  semi-­‐permeable  membrane  and   osmosis  is  allowed  to  take  place,  the  water  will  

a)  exhibit  a  net  movement  to  the  side  with  lower  free  water   concentration.  

b)  exhibit  a  net  movement  to  the  side  with  higher  free  water   concentration.  

c)  exhibit  a  net  movement  to  the  side  with  lower  solute   concentration.  

d)  exhibit  an  equal  movement  in  both  directions  across  the   membrane.  

 

(28)

When  two  aqueous  solutions  that  differ  in  solute  concentration   are  placed  on  either  side  of  a  semi-­‐permeable  membrane  and   osmosis  is  allowed  to  take  place,  the  water  will  

a)  exhibit  a  net  movement  to  the  side  with  lower  free  water   concentration.  

b)  exhibit  a  net  movement  to  the  side  with  higher  free  water   concentration.  

c)  exhibit  a  net  movement  to  the  side  with  lower  solute   concentration.  

d)  exhibit  an  equal  movement  in  both  directions  across  the   membrane.  

 

(29)

The  diagram  to  the  right  represents    a  plant  cell  in    

distilled  water  as  seen  with  a  compound  light  microscope.  

Which  diagram  below  best  represents  the  appearance     of  that  cell  after  it  has  been  placed  in  a  15%  salt  solution   for  two  minutes?  

 

 

 

A.  1   B.  2   C.  3   D.  4      

   

 

(30)

The  diagram  to  the  right  represents    a  plant  cell  in    

distilled  water  as  seen  with  a  compound  light  microscope.  

Which  diagram  below  best  represents  the  appearance     of  that  cell  after  it  has  been  placed  in  a  15%  salt  solution   for  two  minutes?  This  is  a  high  salt  concentration  solution,  

therefore  a  hypertonic  solution.    Water  will  move  OUT  of  the  cell,   causing  it  to  shrink  within  its  plasma  membrane,  but  the  cell  wall  (a   rigid  structure)  will  maintain  it ’ s  shape,  a  situation  shown  in  (3)   below.  

A.  1   B.  2   C.  3   D.  4      

   

 

(31)

Which  of  the  following  statements  regarding  active  transport  is   FALSE?  

a)  Active  transport  uses  ATP  as  an  energy  source.  

b)  Active  transport  can  move  a  solute  against  its  concentration   gradient.  

c)  Active  transport  requires  the  cell  to  expend  energy.  

d)  Active  transport  is  driven  by  the  potential  energy  represented   by  a  concentration  gradient.  

 

(32)

Which  of  the  following  statements  regarding  active  transport  is   FALSE?  

a)  Active  transport  uses  ATP  as  an  energy  source.  

b)  Active  transport  can  move  a  solute  against  its  concentration   gradient.  

c)  Active  transport  requires  the  cell  to  expend  energy.  

d)  Active  transport  is  driven  by  the  potential  energy  represented   by  a  concentration  gradient.  

 

ATP  is  an  energy  source  that  drives  active  transport,  active  

transport  can  move  a  solute  against  its  concentration  gradient   (meaning  move  it  from  LOW  to  HIGH  concentration),  and  

requires  the  cell  to  expend  energy  (usually  in  the  form  of  ATP).    

Only  d  is  FALSE.  

 

(33)

Which  of  the  following  statements  about  the  sodium-­‐potassium  pump   (SHOWN  BELOW)  is  FALSE?  

 

a)  Sodium  ions  in  the  cytoplasm  and  an  ATP  molecule  bind  to  the  carrier   protein  on  the  cytoplasmic  side  of  the  cell  membrane.  

b)  ATP  is  broken  down  into  ADP  and  potassium  to  supply  the  energy.  

c)  The  carrier  protein  changes  shape  as  it  transports  ions  from  the  cytoplasm   to  the  extracellular  fluid.  

d)  The  ions  from  inside  the  cell  are  transported  across  the  cell  membrane.  

e)  The  ions  are  then  released  into  the  extracellular  fluid  outside  the  cell.      

(34)

Which  of  the  following  statements  about  the  sodium-­‐potassium  pump   (SHOWN  BELOW)  is  FALSE?  

 

a)  Sodium  ions  in  the  cytoplasm  and  an  ATP  molecule  bind  to  the  carrier   protein  on  the  cytoplasmic  side  of  the  cell  membrane.  

b)  ATP  is  broken  down  into  ADP  and  potassium  to  supply  the  energy.  

c)  The  carrier  protein  changes  shape  as  it  transports  ions  from  the  cytoplasm   to  the  extracellular  fluid.  

d)  The  ions  from  inside  the  cell  are  transported  across  the  cell  membrane.  

e)  The  ions  are  then  released  into  the  extracellular  fluid  outside  the  cell.      

(35)

The  sodium-­‐potassium  pump  (SHOWN  BELOW)  functions  to  move  

a) 

2  sodium  ions  out  of  the  cell  and  3  potassium  ions  into  the  cell.  

b) 

2  sodium  ions  into  of  the  cell  and  3  potassium  ions  out  of  the  cell.  

c) 

3  sodium  ions  out  of  the  cell  and  2  potassium  ions  into  the  cell.  

d) 

3  sodium  ions  into  of  the  cell  and  2  potassium  ions  out  of  the  cell.  

(36)

The  sodium-­‐potassium  pump  (SHOWN  BELOW)  functions  to  move  

a) 

2  sodium  ions  out  of  the  cell  and  3  potassium  ions  into  the  cell.  

b) 

2  sodium  ions  into  of  the  cell  and  3  potassium  ions  out  of  the  cell.  

c) 

3  sodium  ions  out  of  the  cell  and  2  potassium  ions  into  the  cell.  

d) 

3  sodium  ions  into  of  the  cell  and  2  potassium  ions  out  of  the  cell.  

(37)

The  function  of  the  sodium-­‐potassium  establishes  two  concentration   gradients  across  the  plasma  membrane  of  neuron,  such  that  sodium   ion  concentration  is  high  ________  the  cell  and  potassium  ion  

concentration  is  high  ________  the  cell.  

a) 

inside;  inside  

b) 

inside;  outside  

c) 

outside;  inside  

d) 

outside;  outside  

(38)

The  function  of  the  sodium-­‐potassium  establishes  two  concentration   gradients  across  the  plasma  membrane  of  neuron,  such  that  sodium   ion  concentration  is  high  ________  the  cell  and  potassium  ion  

concentration  is  high  ________  the  cell.  

a) 

inside;  inside  

b) 

inside;  outside  

c) 

outside;  inside  

d) 

outside;  outside  

(39)

The  function  of  the  sodium-­‐potassium  establishes  the  resting  

membrane  potential  of  a  neuron  ,  in  which  the  outside  of  the  cell   has  a  _______  charge,  and  the  inside  of  the  cell  has  a  ______  charge.  

a. 

positive;  positive  

b. 

positive;  negative  

c. 

negative;  positive  

d. 

negative;  negative  

(40)

The  function  of  the  sodium-­‐potassium  establishes  the  resting  

membrane  potential  of  a  neuron  ,  in  which  the  outside  of  the  cell   has  a  _______  charge,  and  the  inside  of  the  cell  has  a  ______  charge.  

a. 

positive;  positive  

b. 

positive;  negative  

c. 

negative;  positive  

d. 

negative;  negative  

(41)

Identify  each  of  the  labeled  phases    of  an  action  potential  of  a  neuron    as  shown  in  the  graph  to  the  right.  

        A.    

B.    

C.    

D.    

E.    

 

(42)

Identify  each  of  the  labeled  phases    of  an  action  potential  of  a  neuron    as  shown  in  the  graph  to  the  right.  

       

A.  Resting  Membrane  Potential   B.    Depolarization  

C.    Repolarization  

D.    Hyperpolarization  or   “ Undershoot ”   E.      Threshold  

 

(43)

The  part  of  the  curve  labeled  “A” is   MOST  DIRECTLY  the    result  of  the     activity  of    

   

a) 

the  sodium-­‐potassium  pump.  

b) 

voltage-­‐gated  Na

+

 channels.  

c) 

ligand-­‐gated  ion  channels.  

d) 

voltage-­‐gated  K

+

 channels.  

e) 

voltage-­‐gated  Ca

2+

 channels.  

 

 

 

(44)

The  part  of  the  curve  labeled  “A” is   MOST  DIRECTLY  the    result  of  the     activity  of    

   

a) 

the  sodium-­‐potassium  pump.  

b) 

voltage-­‐gated  Na

+

 channels.  

c) 

ligand-­‐gated  ion  channels.  

d) 

voltage-­‐gated  K

+

 channels.  

e) 

voltage-­‐gated  Ca

2+

 channels.  

 

 

 

(45)

The  part  of  the  curve  labeled  “B” is   MOST  DIRECTLY  the    result  of  the     activity  of    

   

a) 

the  sodium-­‐potassium  pump.  

b) 

voltage-­‐gated  Na

+

 channels.  

c) 

ligand-­‐gated  ion  channels.  

d) 

voltage-­‐gated  K

+

 channels.  

e) 

voltage-­‐gated  Ca

2+

 channels.  

 

 

 

(46)

The  part  of  the  curve  labeled  “B” is   MOST  DIRECTLY  the    result  of  the     activity  of    

   

a) 

the  sodium-­‐potassium  pump.  

b) 

voltage-­‐gated  Na

+

 channels.  

c) 

ligand-­‐gated  ion  channels.  

d) 

voltage-­‐gated  K

+

 channels.  

e) 

voltage-­‐gated  Ca

2+

 channels.  

 

 

 

(47)

The  part  of  the  curve  labeled  “C” is   MOST  DIRECTLY  the    result  of  the     activity  of    

   

a) 

the  sodium-­‐potassium  pump.  

b) 

voltage-­‐gated  Na

+

 channels.  

c) 

ligand-­‐gated  ion  channels.  

d) 

voltage-­‐gated  K

+

 channels.  

e) 

voltage-­‐gated  Ca

2+

 channels.  

 

 

 

(48)

The  part  of  the  curve  labeled  “C” is   MOST  DIRECTLY  the    result  of  the     activity  of    

   

a) 

the  sodium-­‐potassium  pump.  

b) 

voltage-­‐gated  Na

+

 channels.  

c) 

ligand-­‐gated  ion  channels.  

d) 

voltage-­‐gated  K

+

 channels.  

e) 

voltage-­‐gated  Ca

2+

 channels.  

 

 

 

(49)

The  part  of  the  curve  labeled  “D” is   MOST  DIRECTLY  the    result  of  the     activity  of    

   

a) 

the  sodium-­‐potassium  pump.  

b) 

voltage-­‐gated  Na

+

 channels.  

c) 

ligand-­‐gated  ion  channels.  

d) 

voltage-­‐gated  K

+

 channels.  

e) 

voltage-­‐gated  Ca

2+

 channels.  

 

 

 

(50)

The  part  of  the  curve  labeled  “D” is   MOST  DIRECTLY  the    result  of  the     activity  of    

   

a) 

the  sodium-­‐potassium  pump.  

b) 

voltage-­‐gated  Na

+

 channels.  

c) 

ligand-­‐gated  ion  channels.  

d) 

voltage-­‐gated  K

+

 channels.  

e) 

voltage-­‐gated  Ca

2+

 channels.  

 

 

 

(51)

Which  of  the  following  statements     about  is  TRUE  about  the  phase  of     the  curve  labeled  “B”?  

           

a) 

The  cell  membrane  of  the  neuron  is  becoming  repolarized.  

b) 

K

+

 ions  are  moving  out  of  the  cell  as  voltage-­‐gated  K

+

-­‐channels  open.  

c) 

Na

+

 ions  are  moving  into  the  cell  as  voltage-­‐gated  Na

+

-­‐channels  open.  

d) 

The  sodium-­‐potassium  pump  stops  functioning  because  the  carrier   protein  becomes  denatured.  

e) 

None  of  the  above.    

(52)

Which  of  the  following  statements     about  is  TRUE  about  the  phase  of     the  curve  labeled  “B”?  

           

a) 

The  cell  membrane  of  the  neuron  is  becoming  repolarized.  

b) 

K

+

 ions  are  moving  out  of  the  cell  as  voltage-­‐gated  K

+

-­‐channels  open.  

c) 

Na

+

 ions  are  moving  into  the  cell  as  voltage-­‐gated  Na

+

-­‐channels  open.  

d) 

The  sodium-­‐potassium  pump  stops  functioning  because  the  carrier   protein  becomes  denatured.  

e) 

None  of  the  above.    

(53)

Which  of  the  following  statements     about  is  TRUE  about  the  phase  of     the  curve  labeled  “C”?  

           

a) 

The  cell  membrane  of  the  neuron  is  becoming  repolarized.  

b) 

K

+

 ions  are  moving  out  of  the  cell  as  voltage-­‐gated  K

+

-­‐channels  open.  

c) 

Most  of  the  voltage-­‐gated  Na

+

 channels  are  closed.  

d) 

The  outside  of  the  cell  membrane  now  has  a  positive  charge  (+)   while  the  inside  has  a  negative  charge  (-­‐)  

e) 

All  of  the  above.  

 

(54)

Which  of  the  following  statements     about  is  TRUE  about  the  phase  of     the  curve  labeled  “C”?  

           

a) 

The  cell  membrane  of  the  neuron  is  becoming  repolarized.  

b) 

K

+

 ions  are  moving  out  of  the  cell  as  voltage-­‐gated  K

+

-­‐channels  open.  

c) 

Most  of  the  voltage-­‐gated  Na

+

 channels  are  closed.  

d) 

The  outside  of  the  cell  membrane  now  has  a  positive  charge  (+)   while  the  inside  has  a  negative  charge  (-­‐)  

e) 

All  of  the  above.  

 

(55)

Once  an  action  potential  has  been    fired,  the  neuron  cannot  fire    

again  until:  

             

a) 

the  resting  membrane  potential  has  been  restored.  

b) 

the  rising  phase  of  the  action  potential  has  reached  its  peak.  

c) 

the  reuptake  of  neurotransmitters  has  been  blocked.  

d) 

the  direction  of  the  nerve  impulse  within  the  axon  has  been   reversed.  

 

(56)

Once  an  action  potential  has  been    fired,  the  neuron  cannot  fire    

again  until:  

             

a) 

the  resting  membrane  potential  has  been  restored.  

b) 

the  rising  phase  of  the  action  potential  has  reached  its  peak.  

c) 

the  reuptake  of  neurotransmitters  has  been  blocked.  

d) 

the  direction  of  the  nerve  impulse  within  the  axon  has  been   reversed.  

 

(57)

The  chemical  signaling  of  neurons,  provided  by  the  action  of   neurotransmitters,  is  depicted  in  the  figure  below.        

Arrange  the  following  in  the  proper  order  in  which  they  occur  at  the  pre-­‐

synaptic  side  of  a  neuromuscular  junction.  

1.  Calcium  ions  enter  the  pre-­‐synaptic  cell  via  voltage-­‐gated  calcium   channels.  

2.  An  action  potential  arrives  at  the  pre-­‐synaptic  axon  terminal.  

3.  Neurotransmitter  is  released  into  the  synapse.  

  A)  1,  2,  3    

B)  2,  1,  3    

C)  2,  3,  1    

D)  3,  2,  1    

E)  3,  1,  2  

(58)

The  chemical  signaling  of  neurons,  provided  by  the  action  of   neurotransmitters,  is  depicted  in  the  figure  below.        

Arrange  the  following  in  the  proper  order  in  which  they  occur  at  the  pre-­‐

synaptic  side  of  a  neuromuscular  junction.  

1.  Calcium  ions  enter  the  pre-­‐synaptic  cell  via  voltage-­‐gated  calcium   channels.  

2.  An  action  potential  arrives  at  the  pre-­‐synaptic  axon  terminal.  

3.  Neurotransmitter  is  released  into  the  synapse.  

  A)  1,  2,  3    

B)  2,  1,  3    

C)  2,  3,  1    

D)  3,  2,  1    

E)  3,  1,  2  

(59)

The  chemical  signaling  of  neurons,  provided  by  the  action  of   neurotransmitters,  is  depicted  in  the  figure  below.        

 

Arrange  the  following  in  the  proper  order  in  which  they  occur  at  the  post-­‐synaptic   side  of  a  excitatory  synapse.  

 

1.  The  neurotransmitter  binds  to  its  matching,  specific  ligand-­‐gated  ion-­‐channel  on   the  membrane  of  the  post-­‐synaptic  neuron.  

2.  An  action  potential  is  propagated  along  the  post-­‐synaptic  neuron’s  axon   3.  Depolarization  of  the  post-­‐synaptic  membrane.  

4.  Sodium  ions  move  into  the  post-­‐synaptic  cell.    

 A)  1,  2,  3,  4    

B)  2,  1,  3,  4     C)  4,  2,  3,  1     D)  1,  4,  3,  2     E)  3,  1,  2,  4  

(60)

The  chemical  signaling  of  neurons,  provided  by  the  action  of   neurotransmitters,  is  depicted  in  the  figure  below.        

 

Arrange  the  following  in  the  proper  order  in  which  they  occur  at  the  post-­‐synaptic   side  of  a  excitatory  synapse.  

 

1.  The  neurotransmitter  binds  to  its  matching,  specific  ligand-­‐gated  ion-­‐channel  on   the  membrane  of  the  post-­‐synaptic  neuron.  

2.  An  action  potential  is  propagated  along  the  post-­‐synaptic  neuron’s  axon   3.  Depolarization  of  the  post-­‐synaptic  membrane.  

4.  Sodium  ions  move  into  the  post-­‐synaptic  cell.    

 A)  1,  2,  3,  4    

B)  2,  1,  3,  4     C)  4,  2,  3,  1     D)  1,  4,  3,  2     E)  3,  1,  2,  4  

(61)

PUTTING  IT  ALL  TOGETHER!!!!      

List  the  following  in  order  of  their  occurrence:  

A. An  action  potential  travels  along  axon  of  the  pre-­‐synaptic  neuron.  

B. An  action  potential  is  propagated  along  the  post-­‐synaptic  neuron’s  axon.    

C. The  neurotransmitter  crosses  the  synaptic  gap  and  binds  with  its  matching   ligand-­‐gated  ion  channel  on  the  membrane  of  the  post-­‐synaptic  neuron.    

D. Sodium  ions  move  into  the  post-­‐synaptic  cell.  

E. Calcium  ions  enter  the  pre-­‐synaptic  cell  via  voltage-­‐gated  calcium  channels.  

F. The  action  potential  arrives  at  the  pre-­‐synaptic  axon  endings.  

G. Neurotransmitter  is  released  into  the  synapse.  

H. Depolarization  of  the  post-­‐synaptic  membrane.  

 

(62)

PUTTING  IT  ALL  TOGETHER!!!!      

List  the  following  in  order  of  their  occurrence:  

A. An  action  potential  travels  along  axon  of  the  pre-­‐synaptic  neuron.  

B. An  action  potential  is  propagated  along  the  post-­‐synaptic  neuron’s  axon.    

C. The  neurotransmitter  crosses  the  synaptic  gap  and  binds  with  its  matching   ligand-­‐gated  ion  channel  on  the  membrane  of  the  post-­‐synaptic  neuron.    

D. Sodium  ions  move  into  the  post-­‐synaptic  cell.  

E. Calcium  ions  enter  the  pre-­‐synaptic  cell  via  voltage-­‐gated  calcium  channels.  

F. The  action  potential  arrives  at  the  pre-­‐synaptic  axon  endings.  

G. Neurotransmitter  is  released  into  the  synapse.  

H. Depolarization  of  the  post-­‐synaptic  membrane.  

 

A  ,  F  ,  E  ,  G  ,  C  ,  D  ,  H  ,  B    

(63)

PUTTING  IT  ALL  TOGETHER!!!!      

OR,  REARRANGING  THEM  TO  BE  IN  ORDER….  

 

1. An  action  potential  travels  along  axon  of  the  pre-­‐synaptic  neuron.  

2. The  action  potential  arrives  at  the  pre-­‐synaptic  axon  endings.  

3. Calcium  ions  enter  the  pre-­‐synaptic  cell  via  voltage-­‐gated  calcium  channels.  

4. Neurotransmitter  is  released  into  the  synapse.  

5. The  neurotransmitter  crosses  the  synaptic  gap  and  binds  with  its  matching   ligand-­‐gated  ion  channel  on  the  membrane  of  the  post-­‐synaptic  neuron.    

6. Sodium  ions  move  into  the  post-­‐synaptic  cell.  

7. Depolarization  of  the  post-­‐synaptic  membrane.  

8. An  action  potential  is  propagated  along  the  post-­‐synaptic  neuron’s  axon.    

 

(64)

The  process  by  which  neurotransmitter  molecules  detach  from  a   postsynaptic  neuron  are  reabsorbed  by  a  pre-­‐synaptic  neuron  so   they  can  be  recycled  and  used  again.  

   

A.  axon  terminals    

B.  synaptic  transmission     C.  reuptake    

D.  diffusion  

(65)

The  process  by  which  neurotransmitter  molecules  detach  from  a   postsynaptic  neuron  are  reabsorbed  by  a  pre-­‐synaptic  neuron  so   they  can  be  recycled  and  used  again.  

   

A.  axon  terminals    

B.  synaptic  transmission     C.  reuptake    

D.  diffusion  

(66)

Which  of  the  following  mechanisms  can  serve  to  remove   neurotransmitter  from  the  synaptic  cleft?  

A)  Reuptake  by  the  axon  terminus  of  the  pre-­‐synaptic  cell   B)  Breakdown  by  enzymes  

C)  Diffusion  away  from  the  synaptic  cleft   D)  All  of  the  above  

 

(67)

Which  of  the  following  mechanisms  can  serve  to  remove   neurotransmitter  from  the  synaptic  cleft?  

A)  Reuptake  by  the  axon  terminus  of  the  pre-­‐synaptic  cell   B)  Breakdown  by  enzymes  

C)  Diffusion  away  from  the  synaptic  cleft   D)  All  of  the  above  

 

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