The CRM Cycle. CRM plan preparation and adoption. Issue identification and baseline assessment. Action plan and project implementation

(1)

1 Issue identification and baseline assessment CRM plan preparation and adoption

Action plan and project implementation Local legislation Coastal law enforcement Regulation External revenue sources Annual program preparation and budgeting Revenue generation

Monitoring and evaluation Information management, education and outreach Issue identification and baseline assessment CRM plan preparation and adoption

Action plan and project implementation Local legislation Coastal law enforcement Regulation Local legislation Coastal law enforcement Regulation External revenue sources External revenue sources Annual program preparation and budgeting Annual program preparation and budgeting Revenue generation Revenue generation

Monitoring and evaluation Information management,

education and outreach

(2)

Issue identification and baseline assessment CRM plan preparation and adoption

Action plan and project implementation Local legislation Coastal law enforcement Regulation External revenue sources Annual program preparation and budgeting Revenue generation

Monitoring and evaluation Information management, education and outreach Issue identification and baseline assessment CRM plan preparation and adoption

Action plan and project implementation Local legislation Coastal law enforcement Regulation Local legislation Coastal law enforcement Regulation External revenue sources External revenue sources Annual program preparation and budgeting Annual program preparation and budgeting Revenue generation Revenue generation

Monitoring and evaluation Information management,

education and outreach

The CRM Cycle

Commitment and Willingness of the LGU and the Communities

?Data gathering, consolidation and analysis ?Community consultations

?Drafting of plan

?Legislation

?Implementation, monitoring and evaluation

(3)

3

Data Gathering through PCRA, identification of:

Resources - elements in the environment used by individuals or society to satisfy particular needs

Resource -Uses

- ways of utilizing the elements in the specific area and time

Resource -Users

- the stakeholders in Coastal Resources Management - individuals or group of individuals who tap

various elements in the environment to satisfy needs and wants

(4)

Objectives:

1.

1.Provide the rationale for PCRA in the context of Provide the rationale for PCRA in the context of

good governance in CRM

2.

2.Familiarize participants with some participatory Familiarize participants with some participatory

methods and apply these in actual coastal habitat,

fisheries and socio

fisheries and socio--economic assessmenteconomic assessment

3.

3.Compile a preliminary coastal environment and Compile a preliminary coastal environment and

socio

socio--economic and cultural profile based on PCRA economic and cultural profile based on PCRA

results

4.

4.Analyze results to identify issues and recommend Analyze results to identify issues and recommend

possible management guidelines.

Importance of PCRA:

•

•facilitates validation of the status of coastal facilitates validation of the status of coastal

habitats and resources, their current uses and

habitats and resources, their current uses and

resource users by local community members

•

• generates quantitative technical descriptions of generates quantitative technical descriptions of

coastal habitats and resources (e.g. fisheries)

•

• documents local and indigenous knowledge crucial documents local and indigenous knowledge crucial

for CRM

for CRM

•

• generates baseline information for the formulation generates baseline information for the formulation

of management strategies

•

• generates baseline information for monitoring and generates baseline information for monitoring and

evaluation (i.e. revision and refinement of

management actions)

(5)

5

Why is it important to be

participatory?

•

• Facilitates broader understanding of coastal Facilitates broader understanding of coastal

resources uses and users so that communities

resources uses and users so that communities

can make informed decisions about how to best

manage local coastal resources

•

• Provides an opportunity to develop and enhance Provides an opportunity to develop and enhance

the knowledge of local communities

the knowledge of local communities

•

• Contributes to community empowerment Contributes to community empowerment

•

• Enhances ownership in decisionEnhances ownership in decision--makingmaking

•

• Facilitates consensus building and information Facilitates consensus building and information

dissemination

Who participates?

The trainors and trainees

•Scientists and fishers, managers or …

What are the resources available?

•SCUBA and snorkeling; video and other tools

How to analyze assessment information for feedback

and validation?

Frameworks approaches, models and management objectives

How to facilitate the linkage to informed decisions?

•Ecosystem and area based decision support process

(6)

Understanding ecological connectivities important to

Integrated area management

Understanding ecological

connectivities

important to

Integrated area management

•The water cycle interconnects the terrestrial and aquatic ecosy stems and the atmosphere

•

•The water cycle interconnects the terrestrial and aquatic ecosyThe water cycle interconnects the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems stems

and the atmosphere

and the atmosphere

• coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves are major life-support systems

- source of products and diverse fishery resources - serve as nursery and feeding grounds

- provide areas for recreation and tourism - prevent soil erosion and stabilize coastal areas - buffer wave action and protect coastlines

Coastal Habitats and Fisheries

(7)

7

Coral Reefs

?

?One of the worldOne of the world’’s most productive and diverse ecosystem;s most productive and diverse ecosystem;

?

?Coral Coral --is an animal is an animal

?

?Reef Reef --massive deposits of CaCOmassive deposits of CaCO₃₃ produced by coralsproduced by corals

?

?Types of corals: soft coral and hard coralTypes of corals: soft coral and hard coral

?

?Two groups of hard corals: Two groups of hard corals: hermatypichermatypicand and ahermatypicahermatypic

?

?ZooxanthellaeZooxanthellae-- symbiotic plant cells responsible for symbiotic plant cells responsible for reef formation

reef formation

(8)

Common Benthic

Common Benthic Lifeforms

Lifeforms

Hard coral

Soft coral

Macroalgae

Coral Reefs

Importance:

? provide shelter to various fishes and invertebrates

? breeding and feeding grounds for various organisms

? protects the coastline from erosion and typhoons

? tourism and recreational area

? provide source of income to coastal communities

Threats:

? illegal and destructive fishing

? overfishing

? sedimentation

(9)

9

Assessment Methods

1. Manta Tow

Rapid reconnaissance technique to gauge the condition of coral reefs, its spatial distribution and evaluate synoptic threats in a coastal area.

Parameters measured: lifeform benthos e.g. live hard coral, soft coral, sand

(10)

2. Belt and Quadrat Transect Method

A method used for estimating the relative

abundance of living and non-living things on the reef bottom observed within a defined area.

Parameters Measured:

?percentage cover of hard corals, dead corals, algae,

various reef substrates and abundance macro invertebrates Within the belt transect

Expected Output:

?average percentage cover of various reef life form

and substrates

(11)

11

3. Underwater Fish Visual Census

?identification and counting of fishes observed within

a defined area.

Common Reef Fish Families

Epinephelinae Lutjanidae Haemulidae

Lethrinidae _Caesionidae

(12)

Common Reef Fish Families

Chaetodontidae Pomacanthidae Labridae

Scaridae Acanthuridae Siganidae

Pomacentridae Anthiinae _{Zanclus cornutus}

Parameters Measured:

Fish species, density and biomass Fish species, density and biomass

Expected Output:

FISH GRAPHING FORM

Site Name: Tuka Reef Municipality & Province: Kiamba, Sarangani

Zone/Sector: Outside Outside Outside Inside Inside Inside

Month & Year: Oct 1998 Mar 1999 Apr 2000 Oct 1998 Mar 1999 Apr 2000

Types/groups Groupers Snappers Sweetlips Jacks Fusiliers Parrotfishes Surgeonfishes Rabbitfishes

(13)

13

Mangrove Forest

?

?tropical inshore communities dominated by several tropical inshore communities dominated by several

species of trees or shrubs that have the ability to

grow in salt water;

?

?well developed in estuarine areas;well developed in estuarine areas;

Requirements for growth:

?

?moderate salinity (25 moderate salinity (25 pptppt))

?

?neutral acidity (pH 6 to 7)neutral acidity (pH 6 to 7)

?

?yearyear--round warm temperatureround warm temperature

?

?regular surfaceregular surface--water flushingwater flushing

?

?exposure to moderate terrestrialexposure to moderate terrestrial--water runoffwater runoff

Adaptations

_?_{shallow rooted;}

?prop roots; ?pneumatophores;

?tough and succulent leaves; ?reproductive strategy

(14)

Common Mangrove Genus

Avicennia Bruguiera

Rhizophora Sonneratia

Importance:

? provide protection from erosion and typhoons

? feeding/breeding ground of various organisms

? maintains water quality

? source of timber products

? provide shelter for coastal communities

Threats:

? land conversion and reclamation

? unsustainable harvest of timber products

(15)

15

Parameters

measured

:

•encountered species; •number of mature trees; •number of saplings; •number of seedlings

•diameter at breast height (DBH) •total plant height

Expected Output

:

• species diversity

• relative abundance of seedlings saplings, trees (per hectare) •stem density (per hectare) •basal area

1. Transect Plot Method

Seagrass Beds

?flowering terrestrial plants

?adapted to living submerged in seawater ?seed-producing marine plants

?reproduce by vegetative spreading and by

(16)

Common Seagrass Genus

Seagrass Beds

Importance:

? bottom stabilizer

? sediment trap

? maintains water quality

? source of food of various marine organisms

Threats:

? illegal and destructive fishing methods

? aquaculture

(17)

17

Parameters Measured:

Expected Output:

• species of segrass and macro invertebrates

•% cover of segrass •Substrate type

•Species composition •Average % seagrass cover •Density of macroinvertebrates

1. Transect Quadrat Method

Coastal Fishery Resources

(18)

Common Gear Types

Economic benefits from fisheries and

coastal ecosystems

Municipal fisheries- food security and livelihood

Total fishery production per fishery sector

•comprise ~32% of total fishery production

Contribution to employment per fishery sector

•provides employment to 5% of the national labor force; ~68% involved in municipal fisheries

(19)

19 Municipal fisheries production is declining

Trends of catch per unit effort since 1948

•legally most municipal waters are reserved exclusively for use of municipal fishers

Total fishery production trends per sector

1. Seasonal Calendar

Summarize fishery – related activities and resources harvested throughout the year

(20)

2. Gear Inventory and Mapping

Spatial Distribution of major fishing gears at different times of the year.

3.Trend Line

?graphically illustrates the community’s perception of

certain events and changes;

?focuses on changes in fisheries catch, income and

availability of coastal resources

0 10 20 30 40 50 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s Year Fish catch (Kg)

(21)

21

1. Community Resource and Resource Use Map

•

Collective perception of a group of

community members about the spatial distribution of

coastal resources and habitats

Validated and

enriched during PCRA

Data Collation and

Analysis

2. Indicative Zoning Map

Initial delineation of primary uses in particular areas based on analysis of PCRA results

(22)

Identification of environmental, socio-economic and legal-institutional issues through:

?Ecological Profiling/Situational Analysis

?Community Resource- and Resource-Use Mapping

Validation of PCRA Results

The Participatory Coastal Resources Assessment

(23)

23

Assessment and

Monitoring Methods

Manta Tow

Rapid reconnaissance technique to gauge the condition of

coral reefs, its spatial distribution and evaluate synoptic

threats in a coastal area.

Many coral reef areas were seen to have

poor cover

Living hard coral cover with butterfly fish

Massive and encrusting hard corals with some soft corals

Sandy areas and coralline macro algae

(24)

Fish Visual Census

Poblacion LEGEND

HARD CORAL SOFT CORAL

DEAD CORAL W/ ALGAE ABIOTIC

Sabang

The coral and fish communities are in better

condition in

(25)

(26)

AIMS:

1. Characterize the state and 1. Characterize the state and pressures of the coastal resources pressures of the coastal resources of

of MorongMorong;;

2. Evaluate the causes, threats 2. Evaluate the causes, threats and opportunities in the

and opportunities in the

management of these resources management of these resources 3. Propose some possible actions 3. Propose some possible actions that may be taken;

that may be taken;

Community Consultations

Consolidation of Zonation Plans

Village 1 Village 2 Village 3 Village x Village 1 Village 2 Village 3 Village x Village 1 Village 2 Village 3 Village x Village 1 Village 2 Village 3 Village x

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster x

Consensus on Municipal Coastal Zonation Scheme

Setting of Vision, Mission and Goals Refined/improved Situational Analysis and

Resource- Resource-Use Maps

(27)

27

Expected Intermediate Outputs

of PCRA

1. Spatial and temporal profile of coastal habitats and fisheries

2. Identification of issues to be addressed

3. Preliminary recommendations and possible management guidelines

•

To be presented for feedback and validation

during barangay (Village) consultations

Next Steps

?

Facilitating agreements

?

Action plans and timelines

?

linking to CRM governance

SMART objectives:

?

Specific,

?

e.g. sustaining fish catch

?

e.g. tourism

?

Measurable,

?

e.g. catch, biomass, production per unit area

?

Achievable,

?

e.g. capacity to do, to be and to become

?

Realistic (Relevant)

?

e.g. within functional decision cycles

?

Timebound

?

short term objectives, medium term mission and long term goals and vision