Hip Rotators:
Friend or Foe
Hip Rotators:
Friend or Foe
Michael
Griffith
MSPT,
CSCS
Michael
Griffith
MSPT,
CSCS
Hip
Globally
•
Most
Power
(Gluteus
Maximus)
•
Biggest
Deficits
•
Anatomy
•
Function
•
Performance
Anatomy/Function/Performance
• Anatomy–Deep to the Glutes
–6 Muscles
–Only muscle group in the human body located
exclusively in the horizontal/transverse plane. •Gravity eliminated plane of motion
•Categorically distinct and requires unique analysis and training
• Function
–Goniometric Method – Sitting and non‐functional
–Manual Muscle Testing Method – Again, non‐
Performance
Model
•
Implications
of
Text
Book
Model
–Clinical/Training Room/Weight Room–Exercise philosophy based on text book definitions yields a model
contrary to function in sport
–Proprioceptively confusing to the tissue & inhibits carryover
•
Performance
Definition
of
the
Hip
External
Rotators
–Foot Strike: The External rotators decelerate femoral (hip) Internal
Rotation
–Along with the Gluteus Max, via its attachment to the IT Band, the hip
external rotators decelerate TIBIAL Internal Rotation
Drivers
of
LE
Internal
Rotation
• Flexion of the lower extremity is due to GRAVITY • ROTATION?
–Rotation is not directly driven by gravity
–What causes rotation of the lower extremity (Tibia, Femur, Hip)?
• Subtalar Joint
–Torque Converter Mechanism of the LE
–Takes frontal plane motion of the heel (calcaneal eversion at heel
strike) and converts it into Internal Rotation of the Tibia and up the
kinetic chain
–Likened to a Mitered Hinge
–The main cause of rotation of the lower extremity
Text
Book
vs.
Performance
•
Text
Book
Definition
–Piriformis: Externally Rotates the Femur
•CONCENTRIC
•
Performance
Definition
–Eccentrically lengthens and contracts to
decelerate femoral Internal Rotation
FRIEND
•
Decelerates
GRF
in
the
entire
lower
extremity
•
Attenuates/Dissipates
forces
from
the
knee
•
Provides
rotational
stability
to
the
Ankle
•
When
doing
its
job,
the
Hip
Rotators
are
the
most
significant
players
in
preventing
injuries
in
the
LE
Rotation
in
Sport
• Football
–Suh – right foot about to plant and drive ® LE into internal rotation
combined with left hand reaching across further driving ® LE into IR
with increased force and velocity
• Soccer
–Cristiano – (L) Foot about to plant and drive (L)LE into internal rotation
and ®LE kicking ball ACROSS body to further drive (L) Hip into IR
–Same for Corner Kick
• Volleyball
–Dig – (R) Foot plant combined with UE rotational reach across body
drives (R) Hip into further and faster internal rotation
Rotation
in
Sport
• Baseball–Hip external rotators ECCENTRICALLY lengthen
(S.E.E. Stored Elastic Energy) to generate power
for swing
• Main Point
–Every step drives HIP into internal rotation and
external rotators get lengthened and have to
“Foe”
‐
Deficits
•
Intrinsic
– Inherent
in
the
hip
rotators
–
Tight/Weak
•
Extrinsic
– Biomechanical
influences
that
CAUSE
the
hip
rotators
to
be
deficient
INTRINSIC
Decreased
Internal
Rotation
•
Amplified
Torque
on
ACL
•
Increased
Demand
on
IT
Band
•
Patellofemoral
out
of
SYNC
•
Achilles
takes
up
the
slack
for
weak
hip
rotators
•
Ankle
Sprains
•
Posterior
Tibialis
Tendonitis
•
Hamstring
Strains
ACL
• Deceleration does not occur at the knee but at the
FOOT and the HIP.
–The knee is more of a “reactor” and is influenced by GRF coming up from the foot as well as strengths/deficiencies present in the hip
–For example, a compensated forefoot varus can drive the knee into a valgus position predisposing the ACL to valgus stress
–The well researched occurrence of gross weak hip musculature playing into ACL injuries. More importantly, tight/weak hip rotators predispose the ACL to increased torque and valgus stress
IT
Band
(Chronic)
More
of
a
Rotational
problem
than
Frontal
• Traditionally thought of only in the FRONTAL PLANE• Yet, the IT Band strongly anchored to the femur by
obliquely oriented fibrous strands (therefore reacts
in the transverse plane to femoral internal rotation). –Key Anatomy – Inserts at Gerdy’s Tubercle on the lateral
aspect of the Tibia. Again, at heel strike, the internal rotation of the Tibia influences the IT Band in the transverse plane.
–Clinical incidence of IT Band Syndrome patients have decreased hip internal rotation on the affected side
Patellofemoral
•
The
patella
is
caught
in
the
middle
and
strongly
influenced
by
the
Hip
and
Foot
–Only 4 Muscles directly attach to the patella
(Quads) while over 21 attached to the femur
–Not the VMO’s fault. The patella is out of sync
with femur and tibia.
•Tight hip rotators, via its attachment to the patella through the ITB, can directly cause PFP or out of sync.
•Leg length discrepancy and other biomechanical issues have greater influence on patella than the VMO
Achilles
• During the gait cycle and running, push off is more the result of momentum or the body’s forward movement over its center of mass than actual concentric contraction of the calf group.
• Push off is not because of the Achilles but is due to the energy transfer from the Hip to the Achilles. The hip has a huge impact on push off and GRF. Tight hip flexors in the sagittal plane shorten the stride length, cause early heel rise and premature push off, thereby affecting the Achilles. Not necessarily due to weak calf as in traditional models
–Tight hip external rotators decreased hips ability to attenuate torque
coming up the chain, coupled with hypermobile calcaneus, cause the
Hamstring
Strains
• Traditionally viewed exclusively in the Sagittal Plane
• However, has a significant role in the transverse
plane.
–Decelerates INTERNAL ROTATION of the femur and the TIBIA via the insertion of the Biceps Femoris on the head of the fibula & lateral tibial condyle
• Clinical incidence of patients with hamstring strains
with concurrent tight hip external rotators with
decreased hip internal rotation
Hamstring
Strains
–Subsequent attenuation of forces (torque) occurring at the hamstring due to transverse plane deficiencies at the hip. In other words, the hamstring takes the hit for decreased hip IR.
–The dissipation of forces to the hamstring from the hip (top down) can be exacerbated by biomechanical factors at the foot (bottom up) such as a hypermobile rearfoot varus, leg length discrepancy, late pronation of the forefoot in the gait cycle, etc. causing either increased amount or velocity of tibial internal rotation which in turn increases moments or torque attenuated to the hamstring.
Hamstring
Strains/LE
Injuries
•
Strategy
– Rehab
and
Train
the
hamstring
through
facilitating
hip
internal
rotation.
•
Once
the
affected
tissue
has
been
treated
(such
as
in
the
above
slide
of
the
ACL
,
IT
Band,
PFP,
Achilles,
Ankle
Sprain)
attention
given
to
increasing
the
motion
and
eccentric
strength
of
the
hip
external
rotators
will
address
the
CAUSE
and
be
missing
link
to
EXTRINSIC
• Biomechanics
–Leg Length Discrepancies
•Longer Leg – Compensation of increased pronation to functionally shorten the LE causing increased Internal Rotation and torque but tight hip rotators won’t allow for it. Tug – O – War at knee
–Patellofemoral
–IT Band Syndrome
–Quad Strains
EXTRINSIC
•
Leg
Length
Discrepancy
–Short Leg – Compensates by externally rotating at
the hip which shortens the hip external rotators
►►►Decreased Hip Internal Rotation
•ACL
•Medial Meniscus
•Hamstring Strains (Decreased hip IR)
•Hip Flexor Strains
•Achilles Tendonitis
EXTRINSIC
•
COUPLING
–External rotators are tight (decreased hip IR)
compounded with biomechanical deficits layered
on top of this, thereby amplifying its affects. •Example: Compensated Forefoot Valgus – The forefoot
(LAMTJ) is everted or down and the 1st Ray gets to the ground before the rest of the foot and undergoes increased GRF. The rearfoot (RF) comes in to help (RF Compensation) and INVERTS in order to unload the 1st
Ray. This inversion of the RF causes the lateral border of the foot to get overloaded (if rigid LAMTJ) leading to subsequent instability and ankle sprains.
Extrinsic
Coupling
•
Compensated
Forefoot
Valgus
Example
–
Stress
Fracture
to
5
thMet
–
Lateral
Ankle
Instability
(As
above)
HIP
Approach
•
Hip
Approach
–
Focus
on
Compensatory
Deficits
at
the
Hip
•Cause/Compensation – The foot may be theCause(Compensated FF Valgus, etc.) with
possible orthotic for treatment. For the sake of
this course, we will focus on the HIP
(Compensation) because it’s ALWAYS a
component of the deficiency.
The
PROBLEM
•
Lack
of
Assessment
–
Current
trends
neglect
testing
of
unilateral
hip
function,
especially
Hip
Rotation
Testing
•
Lack
of
Training
–
Emphasis
on
linear
and
lateral
movements
with
neglect
of
movements
to
train
the
hip
Performance
Model
vs.
Traditional
Model
• Traditional Model
–Concentric Textbook Exercises/Nonfunctional and not sport specific
• Performance Model
–Takes into account the FOOT and GRF
–Dynamic vs. Static
–Agility Drills to drive Hip IR
–Explosive Drills to drive Hip IR
–ECCENTRIC ECCENTRIC ECCENTRIC
Lab
Session
• Ladder Drills–Lateral Lunge with UE Contra‐lateral rotational
reach to touch floor on outside of lunge leg
•Not just a lateral lunge but a ROTATIONAL
Reach
•Warm‐Up Forward
•Forward and Backward
•Once form is good, increase SPEED
•Add dumbbells for progression
Lab
Session
•
Star
Drill
–9 Cones
–3 steps plus approx. 6” from center cone to perimeter cones
•Use step length of person doing drill if possible
•Always TIME this drill and document
–As with ladder drill, contra‐lateral reach
–Once forwards is mastered, progress to backwards
–Add bands at ankles for resistance as well as dumbbells
Lab
Session
• 3D Lunges–Front Lunge with Contra‐lateral reach
–Side Lunge with Contra‐lateral reach
–Rotational Lunge with Contra‐lateral reach
•Right: Right foot rotates back to between 4:00‐5:00 on a clock. Left foot stays STRAIGHT
•Left: Left foot rotates back to between 7:00‐8:00 on a clock. Right foot stays straight.
•Reach low to touch floor outside of foot. Do not reach high – just rotates through back instead of hip
Bibliography
• Garrison JC, Bothwell J, Cohen K, Conway J. Effects of hip strengthening on
early outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Int J
Sports Phys Ther 2014;9(2):157‐167.
• Hreljac A. Etiology, prevention, and early intervention of overuse injuries
in runners: a biomechanical perspective. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am
2005;16(3):651‐667.
• Lawrence RK, Kernozek TW, Miller EJ, et al. Influences of hip external
rotation strength on knee mechanics during single‐leg drop landings in
females. Clin Biomech 2008;23(6):806‐813.
• Maffulli N, Longo UG, Maffulli GD, et al. Achilles tendon ruptures in elite
athletes. Foot Ankle Int 2011;32(1):9‐15.
• Meardon S, Ross M. A new approach to iliotibial band syndrome in
Bibliography
• McCulloch P et al. Asymmetric Hip Rotation in Professional Baseball
Pitchers. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, February 2014; vol. 2, 2:
2325967114521575, first published on February 13, 2014
• Moroz A, Fetto J et al. Evaluation of the Koch model of the hip: A clinical
perspective. J Orhop Sci. 2002: 7:724‐730.
• Noehren B, et al. Assessment of Strength, Flexibility, and Running
Mechanics in Men With Iliotibial Band Syndrome Journal of Orthopaedic &
Sports Physical Therapy, 2014, Volume: 44 Issue: 3: 217‐222
doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.49914).
• Popchak A, Burnett T, Weber N, Boninger M. Factors related to injury in
youth and adolescent baseball pitching, with an eye towards prevention.
Am J Phys Med Rehab 2015;94(5): 385‐409
Bibliography
• Saito M et al. RelationshipBetween Tightness of the HipJoint and Elbow
Pain in Adolescent Baseball Players. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports
Medicine, May 2014; vol. 2, 5: 2325967114532424, first published on May
12, 2014
• Sauers EL, Huxel Bliven KC, Johnson MP, et al. Hip and glenohumeral range
of motion in healthy professional baseball pitchers and position players.
Am J Sports Med 2014;4(2):430‐436
• Shirzad K, et al. Return to football after Achilles tendon rupture. Lower
Extremity Review March 2010
• Smith BI, Docherty CL, Curtis D, et al. Hip strengthening protocol effects on
neuromuscular control, hip strength, and self‐reported deficits in
individuals with functional ankle instability. J Athl Train 2014;49(3 Suppl):S‐
29.
Bibliography
• Szu‐Ping L, Powers C. Description of a Weight‐Bearing Method to Assess Hip Abductor and External Rotator Muscle Performance. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(6):392‐397
• Zeppieri, Giorgio. Shoring up the Rotation: The Importance of Hip Mechanics in Pitching. Lower Extremity Review.April, 2016.
CONTACT
I
have
my
own
continuing
education
course
or
for
speaking:
Michael
Griffith
MSPT,
CSCS
www.3dperformancesystems.com