1.
BLOOD.
1. What is interstitial fluid and what is its function?
Interstitial fluid: is a liquid found among the cells. Substances are
exchanged and renewed by blood, providing nutrients and taking waste
products away.
2. Make a summary scheme about the components of the blood
blood blood plasma
water
minerals
nutrients
waste products urea uric acid Carbon dioxideproteins
hormones
blood cellserythrocytes transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
luekocytes protect the body from infections
3. What is blood plasma? What is made of?
Blood plasma: non-cellular part of the blood. It is made of water with some
substances dissolved (nutrients, waste products, CO2, proteins, hormones,
etc.).
4. Write the most important characteristics of each type of blood cell.
Blood cells: they are produced by bone marrow, which is found inside some
bones.
Erythrocytes or red blood cells:
o Most common type of cells
o They are disc shaped and have no nucleus
o They contain a protein called hemoglobin,
responsible of red colour of erythrocytes and
blood, and which transports O2and CO2.
Leukocytes or white blood cells:
o Different types: neutrophils, eosinophils,
basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes.
o Protect the body from infections and
eliminate cellular waste after infections
(dead cells, pieces of cells, etc.).
Thrombocytes or platelets:
o They are not true cells, but cell fragments.
o They contain substances that allow blood to
5. Name the functions of the blood.
Transport nutrients
Collect waste products: urea, ureic acid and CO2
Transport hormones, that control a lot of body functions
Regulate temperature moving body heat from warmer areas to
cooler ones
Protect the body against infections
Prevent blood losses through coagulation
6. Explain which types of proteins have the erythrocytes of each AB0 group.
Membranes of red blood cells contain different proteins. One type
of these proteins has two forms, A and B, and it may not to be
present. Therefore people can belong to:
- Group A: if all their proteins are type A
- Group B: if all their proteins are type B
- Group AB: if the cells have proteins of both types
7. Explain the function of each type of vessel
- Arteries carry the blood away from the heart. As they get further from
the heart, they are branched out into narrower arteries to the
different organs. In the organs these narrow arteries are divided
again into arterioles.
Arterioles continue branching out until they become to capillaries.
- Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels with so thin walls that allow
substances to be exchanged quickly and easily between the blood and
the interstitial fluid.
Capillaries come together forming thicker vessels called venules.
Venules come together into veins and thicker veins.
- Veins are the vessels which let the blood to flow towards heart. Veins
have valves on their walls that let the blood flow towards heart, but not
in the opposite direction.
8. Activities 9, 13, 15 and 16
3.
THE HEART
9. Describe the anatomy of heart
The heart is the organ which pumps the blood and makes it to move
around the circulatory system. It’s a hollow organ made of muscle tissue
(myocardium). It’s divided by internal wall in two halves not connected by
anyway. Each half is divided into an atrium and a ventricle, connected by
valves (tricuspid and mitral valves). Each atrium receives the blood of an
important vein (vena cava or pulmonary vein) and each ventricle pours its
blood in an important artery. The arteries are connected to the heart by
10. Make an scheme about the parts of the heart
12. Make a diagram about the cardiac cycle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLTdgrhpDCg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H04d3rJCLCE
13. Explain the three characteristics of human circulation
15. Explain the characteristics and functions of the lymphatic vessels
Characteristics of the lymphatic vessels:
They begin in the capillary systems and go
toward veins, joining between them in
thicker lymphatic vessels.
They are blind-ended (close at the end). Interstitial fluid enters by filtration.
Functions:
It maintains the fluid balance
between the interstitial fluid and
the blood plasma
They collect some products of
digestion by lacteal vessels (mainly fats because they cannot
travel by blood)
16. Explain the characteristics and functions of the lymphatic nodes
Characteristics of the lymphatic nodes:
They are located along the route followed by some vessels. They filter waste substances from lymph.
They produce lymphocytes (defensive cells) and release them
into the blood.
Functions of the lymphatic vessels: they protect the body from
infections
17. Name the functions of the lymphatic system
the blood plasma
2. Protects the body from infections
3. They collect some products of digestion by lacteal vessels (mainly
fats because they cannot travel by blood)
18. Activities 41 , 42, 48
6.
The excretory system
19. What is the excretory system made up?
The excretory system is made up of:
Respiratory system: remove CO2 from the blood and expels it.
Sweat glands: they produce sweat with water and waste
mineral salts. Sweat evaporates to cool the skin.
Liver: it eliminates products produced by the breakdown of
haemoglobin
Urinary system: it eliminates waste products in the form of
urine.
20. Explain the functions of the organs which form the urinary system.
They urinary system is made up of:
A pair of kidneys: two organs that remove waste substances
from the blood and produce urine. Each one has three parts:
o renal cortex (corteza renal)
o renal medulla (médula renal)
o renal pelvis (pelvis renal)
Blood is filtered in millions of special cells called nephrons
(nefronas), located in the renal cortex and medulla, and waste
the urine out of the kidneys
Bladder: elastic hollow organ where urine is stored
Urethra: a tube where urine travels to exit the body. It has a
sphincter which is closed unless micturition reflex occurs.
21. Make a picture of a kidney signing its main parts.
22. Make a picture of the urinary system, signing each organ.
