Chapter 14

Chapter 14

Stalin takes over the USSR

• _{Russian Revolution 1917 the Bolshevik}

Party was led by Vladimir Lenin, Communist.

• _{They changed the name from Russia to the}

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

• _{After Lenin came Joseph Stalin ( man of steel) as the Soviet Dictator.}

• _{Called The Great Terror or Purge he killed 8-10 million peasants}

The Rise of Dictators

•

Mussolini “IL Duce” or The Leader

– _{Fascism is an aggressive nationalism}

that believes that the nation is more important than the person.

– _{Country needs a strong dictator to impose order.}

– _{Fascism is anticommunist. Mussolini’s Black Shirts – vigilantes .}

– _{Italian parliament convinced the king to appoint Mussolini as}

the premier.

• _{Outlawed political parties, took over the press, created a secret police,}

Hitler and Nazism in Germany

•

He was anticommunist

•

Fought for Germany in

World War I.

•

Angry over the treatment

of Germany after the

Treaty of Versailles.

•

National Socialist German

•

Nazi’s tried to seize power by marching on city hall in

Munich – failed and Hitler was arrested.

•

While in Jail Hitler writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

–

He claimed that Germans, blue eyed, blond belonged

to the Master Race.

–

Germany needed more living space = Lebensraum

–

Needed to take over Poland, Russia and Austria.

–

He believed that the Jews were responsible for many

Hitler continued.

• _{Instead of trying to seize power Hitler did it by getting elected}

to the Reichstag – German Parliament.

• _{German president appointed Hitler as Chancellor or prime}

minister.

• _{New elections: Nazi paramilitary units were called Storm}

Troopers and wore Brown Shirts.

• _{Hitler’s group won control of the Parliament and they made}

Militarists Gain

Control of Japan

•

Japanese Prime Minister

Osachi Hamaguchi - 1929-1931

Japan imported almost all of its

resources.

This led to limited economic growth

Japan/Manchuria

•

Sept. 1931 Japan invaded

resource-rich Manchuria.

•

When the prime Minister tried to stop the war he

was assassinated and the military took control of

Japan.

•

Controling Manchuria Japan decided to move against

China taking control of Nanjing.

– _{In the battle for Nanjing the Japanese killed more than}

200,000 resients of the city.

Spanish Civil War

•

Started in 1936 -1939

•

Nationalists - fascist

rebelled against Spain’s

democratic Republican Gov.

•

Germany and Italy supported General Francisco Franco.

Hitler and Mussolini threaten the Peace

• _{Hitler rebuilt the German economy, enlarged the military under direct}

violation of the treaty.

• _{His goal was to unify all German people into one State.}

• _{His goal was “Lebensraum” = more living space for Germans.}

• _{He moved his troops into Saar region in France, and into the Rhineland.}

(no one stopped him).

• _{Mussolini moved his troops into Ethiopia against Haile Selassie. (no one}

stopped him).

• _{The League of Nations proved to be a total failure for not stopping Hitler}

Aggression goes unchecked

• _{Appeasement – granting concessions to a potential enemy in hope that it}

will maintain peace.

• _WHY??

– _{Because WWI was so horrible that they decided never to go to war again.}

– _{They were more concerned with the Communist threat from the Soviet Union.}

• _{Hitler takes advantage of this by moving into Austria = this is called the}

Anschluss.

• _{Later that fall Hitler moved into Czechoslovakia and the Sudetenland}

because there were Germans living there.

• _{Even with all this Britain and France did nothing but did have Hitler sign the}

Section 2 From Isolation to involvement

•

Roosevelt opposes aggression

–

Roosevelt wanted a meeting of peace-loving

nations to stop the aggressive ones.

•

Britain Poland and France sign a treaty that if

Hitler invades Poland they will declare war on

Germany.

Blitzkrieg in

Poland

•September 1, 1939 Germany Invades Poland

•Blitzkrieg means “lightening fast war” Tanks, Planes, and then infantry

•September 17 Russia invades Poland from the East

•September 27, 1939 the Polish Government had to surrender.

France falls to the Axis Powers

• _{Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, and Japan.}

• _{Allies Britain, France, and later the US, China and Soviet Union.}

• _{The “phony war” 18 month period between the fall of Poland and full}

involvement with Britain.

• _{April 9, 1940 Germany attacked Denmark and Norway.}

• _{May 10, 1940 he took Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg.}

The Miracle at Dunkirk

•

French and British troops had to be evacuated from

Belgium.

•

The British had 3 days to get their men out of the

region.

•

850 ships of all sizes – warships to sailboats = helped

evacuate 338,000 British and French troops.

•

June 22, 1940 Hitler accepted French surrender in the

Britain remains defiant

• Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain – surrender or peace is not an option with

Germany.

• Battle of Britain

– _{German air force called the Luftwaffe began aerial attacks on Britain.}

– German planes drop bombs on London

– British planes bomb Berlin the following night.

– _{Hitler increases the bombing on London}

– British fighter pilots had radar so could detect incoming German planes.

American involvement debated

• _{America favors isolation - American’s were still feeling the}

affects of WWI.

• There were conspiracy theories that the only reason we fought in WWI was because of the “profit of war” that companies got selling weapons.

• _{Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936 and 1937}

– _{Americans were prohibited from sailing on ships owned by enemies.} – Americans could not make loans to enemies

Interventionists (those that wanted to help)

• _{FDR was anti-Nazi and wanted to help out European countries.}

• _{Neutrality Act of 1939 did allow the gov. to issue a}

cash-and-carry policy- countries could buy goods and arms as long as they paid cash and came and got them.

• _{Interventionists wanted us to help the allies, isolationists}

wanted to stay away and focus on American problems.

• _{Isolationists had the backing of Charles Lindberg and others}

Roosevelt moves toward involvement

• _{Edward R. Murrow, CBS newsman, did live radio reports}

describing the bombing of London.

• Sept. 1940 Germany, Italy, and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact.

• Congress passed a Selective Service Act – peacetime draft

providing for the training of 1.2 million troops and 800,000 of reserve troops.

• _{Roosevelt gives Britain fifty WWI battleships in exchange for}

some military bases.

America moves toward War

•

Lend-lease Act ; Britain needed more aid but had run

out of money.

•

Gave the president the power to sell, transfer title to

exchange lease or lend any defense articles to Britain.

•

By 1945 the US had sent more than $40 billion worth

of aid to British and Soviet Union leaders.

•

Atlantic Charter

–

Roosevelt and Churchill met secretly in Newfoundland

to discuss Britain's problems in the war.

–

Atlantic Charter document that endorsed national self

rule for countries after the war.

•

US Navy battles German U-Boats

–

Hitler orders his U-boats to attack American Ships

–

They shot at the USS Greer, they hit the USS Kearny,

and sunk the USS Reuben James.

–

Roosevelt - although we are still not at war with

Japan attacks the US

• _{America’s presence in Guam and the Philippines and support of}

China were seen as a threat to Japan.

• _{Japan needed our natural resources.}

• _{Japan tries to move into Indochina.}

• _{Roosevelt cuts off oil, iron ore, fuel, steel and rubber.}

• _{General Hideki Tojo becomes Japan’s prime minister.}

Pearl Harbor & Statistics

•

Japan’s Navy heads to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

–

Under the command of Vice Admiral Chuichi

Nagumo

–

6 aircraft carriers, 360 airplanes, battleships and

cruisers and submarines.

–

To eradicate the US presence in the Pacific

When it was over, the U.S. losses were: Casualties

**************

USA : 218 KIA, 364 WIA. USN: 2,008 KIA, 710 WIA. USMC: 109 KIA, 69 WIA. Civilians: 68 KIA, 35 WIA.

TOTAL: 2,500 KIA, 1,178 WIA.

Aircraft – 160 destroyed, 128 more damaged

Battleships

*************

USS Arizona (BB-39) - total loss when a bomb hit her magazine.

USS Nevada - (BB-36) Beached to prevent sinking. Later repaired.

USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) - Light damage.

USS Maryland (BB-46) - Light damage.

USS Tennessee (BB-43) Light damage.

USS Utah (AG-16) - (former battleship used as a target) - Sunk. USS Oklahoma (BB-37) - Total loss when she capsized and sunk in The harbor.

USS California (BB-44) - Sunk at her berth. Later raised and Repaired.

Cruisers ********

USS New Orleans (CA-32) - Light Damage.. USS San Francisco (CA-38) - Light Damage. USS Detroit (CL-8) - Light Damage.

USS Raleigh (CL-7) - Heavily damaged but repaired. USS Helena (CL-50) - Light Damage.

USS Honolulu (CL-48) - Light Damage..

Destroyers

***********

USS Downes (DD-375) - Destroyed. Parts salvaged. USS Cassin - (DD-372) Destroyed. Parts salvaged. USS Shaw (DD-373) - Very heavy damage.

Minelayer ************

USS Ogala (CM-4) - Sunk but later raised and repaired.

Seaplane Tender

*********************

USS Curtiss (AV-4) - Severely damaged but later repaired.

Repair Ship

***************

USS Vestal (AR-4) - Severely damaged but later repaired.

Harbor Tug

****************

USS Sotoyomo (YT-9) - Sunk but later raised and repaired.

Aircraft ********

America Declares War

• _{Americans rallied together}

• _{December 8, 1941 Roosevelt addresses Congress in which he}

says:

– _{“December 7}th _{a day that will live in infamy, the United States of}

America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by the naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan”

• _{Only one person voted “no” to declaring war on Japan =}

Jeannette Rankin on Montana.

• _{Three days later Japan, Germany and Italy declared war on the}

Building an Army

• _{Selective Service and Training Act: to increase the military to}

227,000 men.

– _{16 million Americans served in WWII.}

– _{From 1941 – 1942 Army grew from 1.4 million to more than 3.1 million}

– _{Military could not handle all of the draftees - Not enough weapons,}

tanks, etc.

– _{Clothing had a tag on it said “Government Issue” therefore soldiers were}

called “G.I.’s”

– _{Basic training was for 8 weeks - Purpose was to build a “team” to develop}

Women in the Military

• _{Main reason for women to serve in the}

military was “to release a man for combat”

• _{Women’s Army Corp.}

• _{Jobs were primarily clerical, administrative.}

• _{The Coast Guard, Navy and marines also set up their own}

women’s unit.

American Industry

War Production Board

•

Manufacturing changed from

making cars to making trucks,

jeeps and tanks.

•

They also built/made artillery,

•

rifles, mines, helmets, pontoon bridges and various

military equipment.

•

Henry Ford launched assembly of “The Liberator” his

The Liberty Ship

• _{Most liberty ships were welded instead of riveted. When a}

riveted ship was hit the rivets became loose and the ship sank.

• _{With a welded ship you could be hit but the hull would not}

The Early Battles in the Pacific

•

The Fall of the Philippines

–

Japan attacked the Philippines.

–

American forces were led by General Douglas

MacArthur.

–

Retreated to Bataan

Bataan Death March

•

75,000 prisoners of war were forced to march 55 miles

to a Japanese prison camp. 7,000 died.

Japanese Forces Advance

•

By the summer of 1942 Japanese controlled

The Doolittle Raid

•

Lt. Col. James Doolittle was

placed in charge of creating

a means of bombing Japan.

Using 16 B-25 for the mission they

took off from the USS Hornet ,

Shift in the Pacific

•

With the Battle of the Coral Sea and Doolittle

Raid gave the US confidence that they could

win.