• No results found

Sn2P2S6

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2020

Share "Sn2P2S6"

Copied!
5
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

20\V,0DUW\Q\XN/RWRWVND$*UDEDU<X9\VRFKDQVNLLDQG59ORNK ,QVWLWXWHRI3K\VLFDO2SWLFV'UDJRPDQRY6W/YLY8NUDLQH

HPDLOYORNK#LIROYLYXD

,QVWLWXWHIRU6ROLG6WDWH3K\VLFVDQG&KHPLVWU\RI8]KJRURG1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\ 9RORVK\Q6W8]KJRURG8NUDLQHHPDLODJUDEDU#XQLYX]KJRURG

5HFHLYHG

$EVWUDFW

3LH]RRSWLFFRHIILFLHQWVRI6Q36FU\VWDOVDUHH[SHULPHQWDOO\GHWHUPLQHGIRUl QP DQG7 . ZLWK WKH DLG RI LQWHUIHURPHWULF WHFKQLTXH 7KH FRPSRQHQWV RI WKH HODVWLF VWLIIQHVVWHQVRUIRUWKHVHFU\VWDOVDUHFDOFXODWHGRQWKHEDVLVRIVWXGLHVIRUWKHDFRXVWLFZDYH YHORFLWLHV,WLVVKRZQWKDWDFRXVWRRSWLFILJXUHRIPHULWFDQDFKLHYHH[WUHPHO\KLJKYDOXHV IRU6Q36FU\VWDOV0±íVNJ

.H\ZRUGV6Q36FU\VWDOVSLH]RRSWLFFRHIILFLHQWVXOWUDVRQLFYHORFLWLHVVHPLFRQGXFWRUV IHUURHOHFWULFV

3$&6+SD'F

,QWURGXFWLRQ

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

SRVVLELOLW\ IRU JURZLQJ HSLWD[LDO OD\HUV LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ

6Q36FU\VWDOV PDQLIHVW DSURSHUVHFRQG RUGHUSDUDHOHFWULFWRIHUURHOHFWULFSKDVHWUDQVLWL RQDW.ZLWKWKHFKDQJHRISRLQWV\PPHWU\ JURXSP)PZKLOH6Q36HLVFKDUDFWHUL]HG ZLWK WKH SKDVH WUDQVLWLRQ LQWR D SURSHU IHUUR HOHFWULFSKDVHZLWKWKHV\PPHWU\P7F . 7KHVH FU\VWDOV DUH VHPLFRQGXFWRUV ZLWK WKH EDQGJDSHQHUJ\(J H9DW7 .>@

(2)

KDVEHHQVKRZQWKDWWKH(2FRHIILFLHQWDFKLHYHV H[WUHPHO\KLJKYDOXHVU íP9DWWKH URRPWHPSHUDWXUHDQGl QPZKLOHDWWKH SKDVH WUDQVLWLRQ WHPSHUDWXUH LW EHFRPHV VWLOO ODUJHUíP92QHFDQH[SHFWWKDWVXFK WKH KLJK YDOXHV RI (2 FRHIILFLHQWV LQ 6Q36 FU\VWDOVFRXOGEHFDXVHG E\ D VHFRQGDU\ SLH]R RSWLF 32 HIIHFW GXH WR SLH]RHOHFWULF HIIHFW 1HYHUWKHOHVVDVIDUDVZHNQRZWKH(2GDWDIRU 6Q36 >±@ DUH DOPRVW WKH RQO\ DYDLODEOH LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH IRU 6Q\3E\36[6H[ IDPLO\ LQ ZKDW WKH HIIHFWV RI RSWLFDO ELUHIULQJHQFH LQGXFHG E\ H[WHUQDO ILHOGV DUH FRQFHUQHG $W OHDVW ZH FDQ RQO\ UHPLQG WKH UHVXOWV IRU WKH HIIHFWLYH 32 FRHIILFLHQW RI 6Q36 FU\VWDOV SUHVHQWHGLQWKHVWXG\>@ZKLFKKDVFRQILUPHG WKDW WKH FRHIILFLHQW LV LQGHHG KLJK 7KH 32 FRHIILFLHQW UHSRUWHG LQ >@ LV DOVR KLJK p íP1 DQG WKH VDPH LV DOVR WUXH RI WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ DFRXVWRRSWLF $2 ILJXUH RI PHULW HVWLPDWHG LQ WKLV ZRUN 0 íVNJ ,W LV ZRUWKZKLOH WKDW WKH 32 RU HODVWRRSWLF FRHIILFLHQWV DQG WKH XOWUDVRQLF ZDYH YHORFLWLHV UHSUHVHQW WKH GDWD QHFHVVDU\ IRU SUHGLFWLQJ SUDFWLFDO DSSOLFDELOLW\ RIPDWHULDOLQDFRXVWRRSWLFV

)ROORZLQJ IURP WKH PHQWLRQHG DERYH ZH KDYH XQGHUWDNHQ GHWDLOHG VWXGLHV IRU WKH 32 HODVWRRSWLF DFRXVWLF DQG $2 HIIHFWV LQ WKH FU\VWDOV RI 6Q\3E\36[6H[ IDPLO\ :H EHJLQ IURP WKH 32 FRHIILFLHQWV DQG WKH XOWUDVRQLFYHORFLWLHVIRU6Q36FU\VWDOVZKLFK DUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKLVZRUN

([SHULPHQWDOSURFHGXUHDQGUHVXOWV

6\QWKHVLVRI6Q36FRPSRXQGVDQGWKHJURZWK RI VLQJOH FU\VWDOV KDYH EHHQ SHUIRUPHG RQ WKH EDVLVRIFKHPLFDOYDSRXUWUDQVSRUWUHDFWLRQV>@ ,Q RUGHU WR LPSOHPHQW 32 H[SHULPHQWV DIWHU ;UD\RULHQWDWLRQSURFHGXUHZHKDYHSUHSDUHGD VDPSOH ZLWK WKH VKDSH RI SDUDOOHOHSLSHG ííPP DQG WKH IDFHV SHUSHQ GLFXODU WR SULQFLSDO FU\VWDOORJUDSKLF GLUHFWLRQV IRUWKHOLJKWSURSDJDWLRQDQG WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI FRPSUHVVLYH PHFKDQLFDO VWUHVVHV $OO WKH

H[SHULPHQWDO PHDVXUHPHQWV KDYH EHHQ SHUIRUPHG RQ VLQJOHGRPDLQ VDPSOHV ,W LV QHFHVVDU\WRUHPLQGWKDW6Q36FU\VWDOVEHORQJ WRORZV\PPHWU\PRQRFOLQLFSRLQWJURXS7KXV WKHRULHQWDWLRQRIRSWLFDOLQGLFDWUL[2,GHSHQGV RQ WKH ZDYHOHQJWK WHPSHUDWXUH HWF < D[LV RI WKHFU\VWDOORJUDSKLFFRRUGLQDWHV\VWHPFRLQFLGHV ZLWKWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJD[LVRIWKH2,ZKLOH ; DQG=D[HVRIWKHODWWHUDUHURWDWHGE\;ŠLQ ;= SODQH ZLWK UHVSHFW WR FU\VWDOORJUDSKLF GLUHFWLRQV DW WKH URRP WHPSHUDWXUH DQG WKH ZDYHOHQJWKRIUDGLDWLRQQP7KHIRUPRI WKH32WHQVRUIRUWKHSRLQWV\PPHWU\JURXSP LVDVIROORZV

% % % % % %

s s s s s s

p p p p

p p p p

p p p p

p p

p p p p

p p

D D D D D D

,WGRHVQRWGHSHQGRQWKHRULHQWDWLRQRI2, ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH D[HV RI FU\VWDOORJUDSKLF V\VWHPXQOLNHWKHPDJQLWXGHRI32FRHIILFLHQWV 7KXV IRU DYRLGLQJ DPELJXLW\ LQ WKH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI 32 FRHIILFLHQWV ZH KDYH XVHG WKH FU\VWDOORJUDSKLF FRRUGLQDWH V\VWHP ZLWK D SRVVLELOLW\ RI IXUWKHU UHFDOFXODWLRQ RI WKH FRHIILFLHQW WR WKH SULQFLSDO FRRUGLQDWH V\VWHP LH WKH V\VWHP RI WKH 2, DIWHU DOO WKH FRHIILFLHQWVLQ(TDUHGHWHUPLQHG

,W LV VHHQ WKDW WKH PDWUL[ LV UDWKHU FRPSOLFDWHG DQG LQFOXGHV WZHQW\ LQGHSHQGHQW FRHIILFLHQWV ,Q WKH SUHVHQW SDSHU ZH UHSUHVHQW WKHUHVXOWVIRUWKHQLQHRIWKHPpppp

p p p p DQG p /HW XV FRQVLGHU HTXDWLRQIRUWKH2,SHUWXUEHGE\WKHPHFKDQLFDO VWUHVV s DQG ZULWWHQ LQ WKH FU\VWDOORJUDSKLF V\VWHP

% ; % <

% = =;

p s p s

p s p s

+ + + + + + + =

(3)

WDQ

<

% % p s x

p p s

=

- +

-ZKLFK LV RI WKH RUGHU RI---UDG 7KLV VPDOO 2, URWDWLRQ FDQQRW HVVHQWLDOO\ DIIHFW WKH DFFXUDF\RIGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIppDQGp ZKHQWKHLQFLGHQWOLJKWLVSRODUL]HGSDUDOOHOWR; <DQG=D[LVUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHVDPHLVWUXHIRU WKH RWKHU FRPSRQHQWV RI FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHVVHV 7KXVRQHFDQQHJOHFWWKHLQIOXHQFHRIWKHFRP SRQHQWVp p DQG p +RZHYHU LW LV QH FHVVDU\ WR UHPHPEHU WKDW WKH PHFKDQLFDO VWUHVV FRPSRQHQWVs DQGs LQ WKH FU\VWDOORJUDSKLF V\VWHPFRUUHVSRQGWRWKHFRPSRQHQWVsDQGs LQWKHFRRUGLQDWHV\VWHPRI2,

:H VWXGLHG WKH 32 HIIHFW ZLWK LQWHUIHURPHWULF WHFKQLTXH EDVHG RQ HPSOR\LQJ 0DFK=HKQGHU LQWHUIHURPHWHU VHH )LJ DQG GHWHUPLQLQJRSWLFDOUHWDUGDWLRQWKDWFRUUHVSRQGV WRDKDOIZDYHPHFKDQLFDOVWUHVVl sP

7KH 32 FRHIILFLHQWV ZHUH FDOFXODWHG ZLWK WKHIRUPXODVHHHJ>@

N LP

P LQ GN l

d p

s

D

=

ZKHUHdDNLVWKHRSWLFDOUHWDUGDWLRQFKDQJHQL WKHUHIUDFWLYHLQGH[IRUL WK- SRODUL]DWLRQRIWKH LQFLGHQWOLJKWDQGGNWKHVDPSOHWKLFNQHVVDORQJ WKHGLUHFWLRQRIOLJKWSURSDJDWLRQ

7KH DFFXUDF\ IRU GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH 32 FRHIILFLHQWV GLUHFWO\ REWDLQHG IURP WKH H[SHULPHQW ZDV HTXDO WR 7KH PHDVXUHPHQWV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG XQGHU FRQVWDQW ILHOGFRQGLWLRQVIRUWKHFDVHRI+H1HODVHUWKH ZDYHOHQJWK RI UDGLDWLRQ QP DQG WKH WHPSHUDWXUH 7=. 7KH H[SHULPHQWDO JHRPHWU\DQGWKHYDOXHVRI32FRHIILFLHQWVDUH SUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH

7KH PHDVXUHPHQWV RI WKH YHORFLW\ RI ORQJLWXGLQDO DQG WUDQVYHUVH XOWUDVRQLF ZDYHV ZHUHSHUIRUPHGRQVLQJOHFU\VWDOVE\WKHSXOVH HFKR RYHUODS PHWKRG 7KH DFFXUDF\ RI WKH YHORFLW\ PHDVXUHPHQWV ZDV DERXW +RZHYHUWKHWRWDOHUURUIRUWKHDEVROXWHYDOXHRI DFRXVWLF ZDYH YHORFLWLHV ZDV KLJKHU DQG GHSHQGHG DOVR RQ WKH PLVDOLJQPHQW RI VDPSOH RULHQWDWLRQ7KHDFRXVWLFZDYHVLQVDPSOHVZHUH H[FLWHG XVLQJ /L1E2 WUDQVGXFHUV WKH UHVRQDQFHIUHTXHQF\I 0+]WKHEDQGZLGWK )LJ([SHULPHQWDOVHWXSIRU32 PHDVXUHPHQWV ± +H1H ODVHU ±VHPLUHIOHFWLQJ PLUURU FX EHV±PLUURUV±l SODWH ± SRODUL]HUV ± VHWXS IRU DSSOLFDWLRQ RI PHFKDQLFDO VWUHVVHV±REMHFWLYHOHQV± GLDSKUDJP ± SKRWRGHWHFWRU ±PXOWLPHWHU

7DEOH([SHULPHQWDOJHRPHWU\DQG32FRHIILFLHQWVRI6Q36FU\VWDOV /LJKW ZDYH YHFWRU

GLUHFWLRQ 3RODUL]DWLRQ RI LQFLGHQW OLJKWPHFKDQLFDOVWUHVVFRPSRQHQW 0RGXOHRI32FRHIILFLHQW

SP 1

; =s p=

; <s p=

= ;s p=

; <s p=

< =s p=

< ;s p=

; =s p=

< ;s p=

(4)

I 0+] DQG WKH DFRXVWLF SRZHU 3D ±: 1RWLFH WKDW WKH DFRXVWLF YHORFLWLHV DQGWKHHODVWLFPRGXOHVDUHSUHVHQWHGEHORZIRU WKHFU\VWDOORJUDSKLFV\VWHPEXWQRWWKHSULQFLSDO FRRUGLQDWHV\VWHPRIWKHHODVWLFPRGXOHV

6RPHRIWKHXOWUDVRQLFZDYHVYHORFLWLHVIRU 6Q36 FU\VWDOV DQG DOO WKH FRPSRQHQWV RI HODVWLFVWLIIQHVVWHQVRUKDYHSUHYLRXVO\EHHQGH WHUPLQHG ZLWK GLIIHUHQW PHWKRGV LQFOXGLQJ WKH SXOVHHFKRRYHUODSPHWKRG%ULOORXLQVFDWWHULQJ VSHFWURVFRS\ DQG WKH QHXWURQ VFDWWHULQJ

>± @ /DUJH GLVSHUVLRQ RI WKHVH GDWD LV SUREDEO\ FDXVHGE\WKHXVHRIVDPSOHVJURZQZLWKGLIIH UHQW WHFKQLTXHV DQG D ORZ DFFXUDF\ RI VDPSOH RULHQWDWLRQ7KHDFFXUDF\RIWKHVHPHDVXUHPHQWV

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

7DEOH8OWUDVRQLFZDYHYHORFLWLHVIRU6Q36FU\VWDOVDW7 =.

LM

9 'LUHFWLRQRIZDYHSURSDJDWLRQ :DYHGLVSODFHPHQWYHFWRU

GLUHFWLRQ 9HORFLW\P V

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

9 >@ >@ ‹

(5)

2Q WKH EDVLV RI &KULVWRIIHO HTXDWLRQ ZH KDYHFDOFXODWHGVRPHFRPSRQHQWVRIWKHHODVWLF VWLIIQHVV WHQVRU & í1P & í1P & í1P &í1P ZLWK XVLQJ RI 9 DW FDOFXODWLRQ &í1P ZLWK XVLQJ RI

9 DQG9 DW FDOFXODWLRQ &í1P ZLWK XVLQJ RI 9 DW FDOFXODWLRQ & í1P & í1P & í1P & í1P & í1P& í1P

&RQFOXVLRQV

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 pSP1 &í1P DQG ZH JHW 0±íVNJ7KLVLVDWOHDVWPRUHWKDQWZR WLPHVODUJHUWKDQWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJYDOXHIRUWKH EHVW $2 PDWHULDO 7H2 FU\VWDOV +RZHYHU GH WHUPLQDWLRQRIFRPSOHWHPDWULFHVRIWKH32DQG HODVWRRSWLF FRHIILFLHQWV DV ZHOO DV WKH HODVWLF VWLIIQHVV FRHIILFLHQWV DQG HODVWLF FRPSOLDQFHV ZRXOG EH QHFHVVDU\ IRU SUHFLVH HQRXJK HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH $2 ILJXUH RI PHULW DQG RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI $2 LQWHUDFWLRQ JHRPHWU\ 7KH DSSURSULDWH UHVXOWV ZLOO EH D VXEMHFW RI RXU IRUWKFRPLQJSDSHUV

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQW

6RPH RI WKH DXWKRUV 20 ,0/ DQG 59 DFNQRZOHGJH ILQDQFLDO VXSSRUW RI WKLV VWXG\ IURPWKH0LQLVWU\RI (GXFDWLRQ DQG 6FLHQFH RI

8NUDLQHWKH3URMHFW18

5HIHUHQFHV

9\VRFKDQNLL <0 DQG 6OLYND 9< )HUURHOHFWULFV RI 6Q36 IDPLO\ 3URSHUWLHV LQWKHYLFLQLW\RI/LIVKLW]SRLQW/YLY2ULDQD 1RYDLQ5XVVLDQ

6OLYND 2 *HU]DQ\FK ( 6KXVWD 9 DQG *XUDQLFK 3 ,]Y 9X]RY 5XVV $NDG 1DXN 6HU)L]LQ5XVVLDQ

*UDEDU $$ 9\VRFKDQVNLL <X0 3HUHFKLQVNLL6,6DOR/$*XU]DQ0,DQG 6OLYND 9<X 6RYLHW 3K\V 6ROLG 6WDWH

9ORNK 52 9\VRFKDQVNLL <X0 *UDEDU $$ .LW\N $9 DQG 6OLYND 9<X ,]Y $NDG 1DXN 8665 6HU 1HRUJ 0DW

LQ5XVVLDQ

+DHUWOH ' &DLPL * +DOGL $ 0RQWHPH]]DQL**QWHU3*UDEDU$$ 6WRLND ,0 DQG 9\VRFKDQVNLL <X0 2SW &RPPXQ

5RPDVKNR9$0\WV\N%*9\VRFKDQVNLL <X0HWDO8NU-3K\VLQ 8NUDLQLDQ

3ULWV ,3 9RURVK\ORY <X9 DQG 3RWRULL 09 ,]Y $NDG 1DXN 6665 6HU 1HRUJ 0DWLQ5XVVLDQ

1DUDVLPKDPXUW\ 76 3KRWRHODVWLF DQG (2 SURSHUWLHV RI FU\VWDOV .OXZHU $FDGHPLF 3XE

6DPXOLRQLV9%DQ\V - 9\VRFKDQVNLL <X DQG *UDEDU $ 3K\V 6WDW 6RO E

9DO\DYLFKXV 9' 6DPXOLRQLV 9, DQG 9\VRFKDQVNLL <X0 )L] 7YHUG 7HOD

LQ5XVVLDQ

(LMW6:+&XUUDW5/RUHQ]R-(6DLQW *UHJRLUH 3 +HQQLRQ % DQG 9\VRFKDQVNLL <X0(XU3K\V-%

<HY\FK 50 3HUHFKLQVNLL 6, *UDEDU $$9\VRFKDQVNLL<X0DQG6OLYND9<X &RQGHQV0DWWHU3K\V

References

Related documents

AM fungi are known to represent a significant route of nitrogen (N) uptake by the plants, as sustained by several reports describing their involvement in N transfer

In order to provide a theoretical framework and foundational research to guide the development of the current study, this chapter reviews relevant literature on (a)

Jenis-jenis Acanthaceae yang tercatat dalam buku Flora of Java berjumlah sekitar 162 jenis, sedangkan berdasarkan pendataan di Herbarium Bogoriense tercatat

As Table 12 demonstrates, students taught by teachers who scored less than 100% in the mathematics test and who reportedly taught for less than 18 hours per week had lower numeracy

(2001), the theory of organisational capabilities suggests that small firm development depends on the abilities of the firm owners-managers and employees to plan for, make

psychopathic traits only showed an emotional deficit in response to distressing stimuli using the. dot-probe task if they were also high on aggression, a third hypothesis was

Product authenticity in this study covers some perceptions such as the origin, the handmade aspect, the craftsmen skills, the ingredients, the design and moral value of the silver