Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS

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WHAT IS GIS

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GIS – SOME DEFINITIONS

• GIS may include manual systems, however, it usually refers to a computerised database system for capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spatial data (Huxhold, 1991).

• GIS is capable of assisting the storage, retrieval and manipulation of spatially referenced data such as street address or a census tract (Nedovic-Budic, 1999).

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GIS – SOME DEFINITIONS (cont.)

• application

– acts as a problem solving solution

– example: water pollution, traffic, land management

• _toolbox

– emphasize on the generic aspect of GIS in it’s definition

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The History

• First developed in North America,

particularly the U.S. and Canada in the

mid-1960s

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Period Name of Database/ System

Objective/Purpose/Use The relevant body in Charge

1986 Digital Cadastral Database (DCDB) National Topographic Database

Management of country’s natural Resources

Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia

1990 DOA’s GIS-Based Land Resource Database

Land and land use investigation, creation and maintenance of a spatial and attribute database and the storage, processing and management of this information for the purpose of producing land use maps

Department of Agriculture

1992 National Infrastructure for Land Information System (NaLIS).

Provide timely access to land information, eliminate/reduce duplication of data capture and promote effective data sharing among related agencies.

Ministry of Land and Cooperative Development

1992 Penang Geographic Information System (PEGIS)

Creation of digital data for all land-related administration

Penang Development Corporation

1992 Darul Ehsan GIS (DEGIS) Integrating the diverse datasets through the internet to create an

The State of Selangor

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1994 PEGIS handed over to the Penang Government

- same as above - Penang Development Corporation 1994 Computerized Planning

Information System

Convert all land-related information within the Council Administrative area, into a more efficient and integrated digital Format

Melaka City Council

1995 'AGISWlk' (stand for Aplikasi GIS Wilayah Lembah Klang).

Land use/resource

management and planning

Bahagian Kemajuan Wilayah Persekutuan dan Perancangan Lembah Klang, Jabatan Perdana Menteri (now

Kementerian Wilayah Persekutuan)

1995 GIS for forest resources To establish an efficient and operational Forest Management Information System using GIS as a tool to support and strengthen the department to carry out its mandate as the custodian of the state's forest Resources

Forest Department of Sarawak

2002 Malaysian Cadastral Digital Data Infrastructure

Provide the technology, policies and standards necessary to acquire, distribute and improve the utilization of land

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Tutorial question

• Briefly review the history of Geographic

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GIS: OLD AND NEW

Traditional GIS

MAP TYPEWRITER MANUAL DRAFING TOOLS

New GIS

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THE NEED FOR GIS

• the real world has a lot of spatial data

– manipulation, analysis and modeling can be effective and efficiently carried out with a GIS

• the neighborhood of the intended purchase of house • the route for fire-fighting vehicles to the fire area

• location of historical sites to visit

• the earth surface for purposes of army

• the earth surface is a limited resource

• rational decisions on space utilization

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... THE NEED FOR GIS

 complexity of management

– due to the need to combine and process many sets of data, in addition to judge as many as possible, situation that might happen.

 intense competition

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TABULAR DATA MAP

A. DATA VISUALISATION

Which one do you prefer: tabular data or map data?

State Population (1991)

Johor 2,074,297

Kedah 1,304,800

Kelantan 1,181,680

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P

S Y

10 11 12

3

4

5

S

O

U

T

H

EAST

1. WHERE IS OBJECTP?

ANSWER: P = 3Y SOUTH, 12X EAST

2. WHAT CAN BE FOUND AT A CERTAIN LOCATION ?

EXAMPLE: What can be found at 5x SOUTH, 11y EAST? ANSWER: Y

B. LOCATION

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C. ATTRIBUTE QUESTION:

1. ATRIBUTE EXPLANATION

EXAMPLE: WHAT IS THE ATTRIBUTE FOR ITEM 2?

2. WHERE A CERTAIN SENARIO MIGHT HAPPEN?

NO. AREA (HECTARE) OWNER TAX CODE MINERAL QUALITY

1 100,000 TALATU B HIGH

2 50,100 BRAUDO A MEDIUM

3 90,900 BRAUDO B LOW

4 40,800 ANUNKU A LOW

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3. SELECTION OF AN AREA (ACCORDING TO RULES) EXAMPLE: WHICH ITEM HAS

a) AREA >40,000 HECTARE

b) OWNER: NOT SILIMA

c) TAX CODE: B

d) MINERAL QUALITY: HIGH

NO. AREA (HECTARE) OWNER TAX CODE MINERAL QUALITY

1 100,000 TALATU B HIGH

2 50,100 BRAUDO A MEDIUM

3 90,900 BRAUDO B LOW

4 40,800 ANUNKU A LOW

5 120,200 SILIMA B HIGH

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QUESTION: PATTERN AND RELATIONSHIP

X

X Y

Y

Z

Z Z

1. IS OBJECT X IN THE PATTERN?

YES, IN THE FORM OF LINE, FROM NORTHWEST TO SOUTHEAST IN THE FORM OF A LINE

2. IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN X AND Y?

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TREND QUESTION

A

B C

A B

D C

1980 1990

1. WHAT ARE THE CHANGES FOR A,B AND C FROM 1980 TO 1990?

A: INCREASE IN SIZE

B: DECREASE IN SIZE AND CHANGE IN LOCATION C: CHANGES IN SHAPE

2. WHAT HAS CHANGED SINCE 1980?

A AND B HAVE CHANGED IN SIZE B RELOCATES

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Information System Information System Non-spatial Information Systems Spatial Information Systems Spatial Information Systems Management Information Systems Geographic Information Systems Geographic Information Systems Other Types (CAD/CAM) GIS AND OTHER INFORMATION

GIS AND OTHER INFORMATION

SYSTEMS

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GIS

USES

VARIOUS DATA SOURCES

VARIOUS DATA FORMATS

AND

MAPS IMAGE PRODUCTSDIGITAL GPS DATATEXT TABULARDATA

MAPS

DATABASE

REPORTS 1

2

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GIS APPLICATION (I)

• environment

– management of natural resources • land, forest, marine, etc.

– monitoring/control of environmental pollution – environment impact study

• infrastructure

– transport and irrigation management and maintenance

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GIS APPLICATION (II)

• socio-economy

– town and country planning

– monitoring of population migration – disperse of resources/services

• clinics, schools, etc

• military

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Residential Real Estate

• A single map lets your customer compare

multiple properties and their respective

proximity to desired amenities such as

schools, parks, and shopping centers.

• Introduce the subject of disclosure by

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Commercial Real Estate

• Evaluate and analyze key factors when siting new premise for restaurants, stores, warehouses, corporate offices etc.:

* Proximity to suitable customers * Location of potential competitors * Crime rates

* Transportation infrastructure

* Regional labor pool characteristics

* Environmental risk factors (i.e., flood plains, toxic sites, and others)

• Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) can gain a competitive edge over traditional investments by using GIS to quantifying the investment potential of portfolios.

• GIS can show properties in the context of potential

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Multiple Listing Services

• Multiple Listing Services (MLSs) can add features and

functions to the standard MLS menu of services such as an

interactive map to show qualifying properties in the context of neighborhood amenities or perceived nuisances. Layers such as toxic sites can be added to address the sometimes thorny issue of disclosure.

• A prospective buyer can browse listings, look at an appropriate map, and choose an agent without ever leaving home. A good Internet site can link visitors to agents' e-mails and office Web sites.

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Title Companies

• Title companies can use GIS for relatively simple customer care mapping services, preliminary title searches, and the creation of GIS-based land information systems (LISs).

• LIS projects can involve the conversion of an existing paper-based land registration/taxation system to an automated interactive GIS system. Projects also include the creation of GIS/LIS from

historical records and aerial photogrammetry.

• The title industry can also take advantage of internet-enabled GIS systems to allow free public access to a county's parcel ownership data and maps with a gateway to a fee-for-service section.

• In the fee-for-service section, customers can order/down proprietary data and reports and initiate title searches. More

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Appraisers

• Map current and recently retired listings for a more

accurate representation of sales information for

comparison.

• GIS maps properties based on searchable features such

as address and parcel number, so we can review all

properties in a given area using these ‘connectors’

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GIS USAGE

• Data recall

Land Ownership

MAJLIS DAERAH KULAI

Geomdk_id: 252 Area: 147: 147.477900 Geodmk_: 640

Account_no: A0546142 Owner: LAM MEE WONG No_k_p: 2224567

Bangsa: CINA

Address: 142, JLN. BERJASA, TMN. TIMUR,

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•

Modeling

– predict information from data within the GIS using a certain model

Population Density Year 2010

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BENEFITS OF GIS

• improves/enhances the effects of physical/environmental growth

• better management of resources • adding new value-added services

• perform analysis on spatial and non spatial components

• fast recall of data

• ability for complex analysis

• recalling of non spatial data through object location • display of information in a different light/view