Spawning and Casing Supplements David M. Beyer, Penn State

(1)

Spawning and Casing Supplements David M. Beyer, Penn State

(2)

Spawning and Casing Supplements

• What is our current understanding of mushroom nutrition?

• What is the purpose of supplementation?

• How many years have gone by without learning anything new about compost and

supplementation?

• Today you are going to find out the answers to

these and other questions as we discuss mushroom nutrition and supplementation!

(3)

“Mushroom substrate has developed

from a “hodge-podge” of ingredients

mixed with water, fed through a turner

and mastered through trial and error”

(4)

Questions needed to be asked?

What nutrients does the mushroom need?

What type of carbohydrates does the mushroom use? What type of nitrogen does the mushroom use?

(5)

Absorption of Food by Fungi

Enzyme Secretion

Absorption

Insoluble Food Particles

Soluble Food Particles Membrane Cy toplasm _Vac u ole Cell wall

(6)

C

N

P

F&O

M

(7)

 Carbohydrates

 Simple carbs used by microbes

 Early Phase I

 Phase II

 Complex carbs

 Formed during Phase I

 Used after casing

(8)

Soluble/Simple Carbohydrates



Simple carbohydrates used by microbes

–

During composting most soluble sugars used

• Creates heat

• Dissolves waxes on the cuticle

–

Luckily these are first carbon sources used

• Readily digestible sugars the mushroom can but would not use

(9)

More complex carbohydrates

– Few microbes have ability to dissolve cellulose

– Complex sugars are only used by mushroom

– Formed by linking together the simple sugars

• Cellulose and hemicellulose

– Carbohydrates are changed during composting

(10)

 _{Carmelization}

 _Sugars _{Brown Pigments + H20}

 _{Mailliard Reaction}

 _{Reducing sugars + N-amines} _{Brown Pigments}

 _Pyrolysis

 _Sugars _{Brown/Black Pigments}

 _{Enzymatic Browning}

 _Phenolics _{Brown Pigments}

High Temps + NH3

Polyphenol oxidase enzymes Extremely High Temperatures

No Oxygen

High Temps + NH3

(11)

Carmelization

(Darkening of Straw)

 At higher temperatures carmelization takes place.

 Water eliminated from carbohydrates concentrates carbon  Carbon now more available to only the mushroom

 Ammonia and high temperatures speed this process

Chemical Reactions

(12)

C

N

P

F&O

M

(13)

Sugars Become Exhausted During Composting

 _{When sugars (simple carbs) are used up}

_{Complex carbohydrates are left}

 _{Hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin}

Except for lignin

(14)



Lignin-Nitrogen Complex

Formed during Phase I composting

Used during Phase III spawn run

(15)

 Throughout Phase I and II

 _{Lignin concentration remains the same}

 _{Lignin relatively untouched by microbes}

 _{Most microbes lack enzyme to dissolve it}  But it is chemically altered

 Lignin is also hydrophobic

_{Influences WHC}



_{Mushroom nutrient in the form of}

lignin-humus complex

LIGNIN

(16)

Lignin-Nitrogen Complex

• Microbial Degradation

– Disrupts lignin molecule reacts Nitrogen

• Forms the dark colored humic substance

– Ammonia creates stable adsorption of nitrogen to lignin

– N content increases with treatment length

• Reaction occurs more rapidly with:

– Higher temperatures

– Higher ammonia concentrations

(17)

 Change in type (quality) and quantity of N

 Nitrogen combines with lignin

 _{Ammonification}  _{Ammonia (NH}₃₎

 Important for chemical reactions  Gas lost in the air

 Ammonium salts

 Phase II microbial food

(18)

C

N

P

F&O

M

(19)

 Proteins

 Found in Phase II microbial biomass

 From Spawn/case supplements

 Used during spawn run (and later)?

(20)

 Fats and Oils (Lipids)

 Influence

 Rate and “quantity” of spawn growth

 Stimulate pinning  Sources

 Phase II Microbial Biomass

 Packages to deliver protein and fat

 Scytalidium thermophilum

 Spawn/case supplements

(21)



Micronutrients

_{Phosphorus, Selenium, Boron, Manganese}



Phase I and Phase II



Added to Spawn/case supplements

(22)

Mushroom has adapted a system to use lignin, complex carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in a low

soluble carbohydrate system

(23)

23

Glucose Enzymes _{Fruit Bodies}Mannitol Chitin Cell Wall Fatty Acids Enzymes and Acetate Fatty Acids Ergosterol Proteins

Lignin-N Amino Acids

Cellular Protein

(24)

Nutrient Transport

Physiological Mechanism

– Protoplasm accumulates in spawn

(compost) before fruiting

(25)

L

Protoplasm Ooze

Protoplasm oozes up through rhizomorphs to form tissue or expand cells in the rapidly

developing mushroom

– Compost nutrition and spawn metabolism is the “PUMP”

– Casing “PIPES” need to be

(26)

Questions needed to be asked?

• Does compost quality have any relationship to supplement performance?

• Do supplements improve poor compost performance?

(27)

What needs to be optimize in compost to

achieve maximum mushroom yield and

fresh quality from supplements?

S

M

N

DOES COMPOST QUALITY HAVE ANY

(28)

• Compost Selectivity

– Creating a mushroom niche

– One reason composting is necessary

WHAT NEEDS TO BE OPTIMIZE IN COMPOST TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM MUSHROOM YIELD AND FRESH QUALITY FROM SUPPLEMENTS?

(29)

What needs to be optimize in compost to

achieve maximum mushroom yield and

fresh quality from supplements?

S

M

N

(30)

• Compost Moisture

– Key component for mushroom quality and yields

(31)

What needs to be optimize in compost to

achieve maximum mushroom yield and

fresh quality from supplements?

S

M

N

(32)

• Compost Nutrition

– Spawn growth vigor and metabolism – High lipid/protein ratio in compost

• Indicates good yield potential

(33)

 _{Protein Content}

 _{Isoleucine an amino acid}  _{Lipid (Fats/Oils) Content}

 _{Affects both rate and quantity of growth}  _{Affects pinning}

 _{Micronutrients}

 _{Phosphorus, Selenium, Boron}

 _{Microbial – Adding Phase II compost}  _Other?

(34)

• How did supplements develop over time?

• What kinds of supplements are there?

(35)

• Sinden – Schisler (1960 – 1972)

• Increase yield whole seeds added at casing

• _{Meals little increase in yields}

• Oils added more increase yields

(36)

At Spawning

Supplement % Increase

Cotton Seed Meal +22

Soybean Meal +24

Corn Gluten +23

Skim Milk +11

Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein +18

At Casing

Supplement % Increase

Cotton Seed Meal +49

Soybean Meal +51

Corn Gluten +33

Brewers Grain +51

Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein +78

Sinden and Schisler, 1962

(37)

Supplement % Protein Yield (lbs/sq.ft.)

None - 2.52

Cotton seed meal 42.7 3.13

Ground cotton seeds 22.9 3.68

Peanut meal 45.0 3.14

Ground peanuts 29.2 3.86

Soybean meal 45.4 3.07

Ground soybeans 36.6 3.41

Adapted from Schisler, 1972

(38)

Supplement Amt. Added Yield (lbs/sq.ft.) None 0 g 3.63 CS Meal 500 g 4.06 CS Oil 400 ml 4.56 CS Meal + Oil 500 + 400 ml 5.18 Schisler, 1972

(39)

 _{Yield increases with vegetable oils}

 _Not_{Mushroom Size, but….. More Pins}

 Lipids are a “Pinning Stimulator”

 Spawn grains (rye, millet, wheat)

 _{Hay has enough lipid to improve yield}

 _{Metabolic pathway to produce Mannitol}

39

(40)

• Synthesized in the mushroom fruit bodies

• Not found in the mycelium

• Increase Mannitol concentration

• Osmotic gradient

• Low levels in compost

• High levels in mushroom fruit bodies

• Encourages flow of water thru rhizomorphs

(41)

L

Function of Mannitol

All food/ most water comes from compost

“Half of the food and water for half the

break’s yield is moved to and supplied to the

mushroom in one day”

(42)

• Schisler & Carroll – Delayed Release Nutrient

• Need to develop oil delivery system for bed farm growers

• Develop a packet of oils and lipids for mushroom

• Not readily available to other competitors

• Denatured protein cottonseed, soybean, and peanuts

Protein

Denaturant

Matrix

Lipid

(43)

 No delay

 Grounds seeds – CAC only

 Slight delay

 Early heat surge – less forgiving

 Delayed release

 Later heat surge – more forgiving

 Protein-Fat Content

 Low protein – Low fat

 Medium protein – Low fat  Medium protein – High fat  High protein – Low fat

(44)

Less Forgiving More Benefit More Forgiving Less Benefit Low Protein Low Fat Medium Protein Low Fat Medium Protein High Fat High Protein Low Fat

Source: adapted from Wach and Wheeler, 1998

(45)

Are all supplements suited to all growing operations? How to Choose the Right Supplement?

What Supplement Rate to Use? Which Supplement to Use?

(46)

• Different compost – different supplement

• Protein enhanced compost normally yield higher

• Compost quality

• Makes a good compost better

• Does not make a bad compost better

• Sometime makes it worst

• Spawning or casing

• More “protected” delayed needed for spawning

• > $$$$

• Less “protected” for casing

• < $$$$$

(47)

 Compost quality

 Moisture and conditioning

 Farm design and air handling capacity  Cooling and fan capacity

 Mixing equipment

 Uniform mixing critical

 Ease of use

 Type and timing of nutrient release

 Grower experience

 Anticipation of heat surge

(48)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

SM II S S-41 CS-36 Promycel 450 Millichamp Promycel 600 CG-60 Feathermeal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 % Protein % Dry weight

(49)

• What role does microbes play in mushroom nutrition?

(50)

Traditional compost supported more fungal diversity during Phase I Fungal profiles were similar between composting methods at end of Phase II

Scytalidium thermophilum was the dominant compost mold

 All fungal strains, except Scytalidium, have not been previously reported...

 Commercial mushroom compost contains many New uncharacterized fungi

K. Ivors, PSU 2000

(51)

• During Phase II thermophilic fungus Scytalidium becomes abundant

• Correlated with mushroom yield

• Stimulates mycelium growth rate

• Added to pasteurized compost as a “supplement” increases yield

• Important for conversion straw to compost

• Catalase enzyme catalyzes hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) into H₂O and O₂

Straatsma, et al 1994

(52)

Problems associated with supplements?

(53)

• Poor quality ingredients

• Contaminated with pests and molds

• Increased metabolic activity requires additional cooling and anticipation

• Surface molds

• Nuisance and reduces the food for mush

room

(54)

 Supplement added at casing results in higher yields than when added at spawning

 _{Nutrients readily available directly to spawn}  _{No competitors}

 _{Increased heat production – additional cooling capacity}

and management

 Casing management adjusted

(55)

(56)

What supplement research needs to be done?

(57)

• Compost supplies carbohydrates, lignin-N and microbial fats and oils

• Supplements provide protein and fats/oils directly for the spawn

– Important for nutrition and mannitol synthesis

• Type used depends on?

Your Farm!

“Correlated with Compost Quality”

(58)

Thank You! David M. Beyer [email protected]

(59)

56th Mushroom Short Course September 28-30th 2014

Kennett Square, PA

http://agsci.psu.edu/mushroom-conference