A THEORY OF HUMAN MOTIVATION. Abraham H. Maslow

A THEORY OF

A THEORY OF

HUMAN MOTIVATION

HUMAN MOTIVATION

ABRAHAM MASLOW

ABRAHAM MASLOW

Abraham Maslow developed the theory of human Abraham Maslow developed the theory of human

motivation now known as Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. A motivation now known as Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. A

psychologist, Maslow noted that some human needs were psychologist, Maslow noted that some human needs were

more powerful than others. He divided those needs into five more powerful than others. He divided those needs into five

general categories, from most urgent to most advanced: general categories, from most urgent to most advanced:

physiological, safety, belonging/love, esteem, and self physiological, safety, belonging/love, esteem, and self-

-actualization. actualization.

Maslow first published his theory in the 1940s, and it Maslow first published his theory in the 1940s, and it

became a widely accepted notion in the fields of psychology became a widely accepted notion in the fields of psychology

and anthropology. Maslow was a professor at Brandeis and anthropology. Maslow was a professor at Brandeis

University from 1951 until 1969; his major texts included University from 1951 until 1969; his major texts included

Motivation and Personality

Motivation and Personality (1954) and (1954) and Toward a Toward a Psychology of Being

THE HIERACHY OF NEEDS

THE HIERACHY OF NEEDS

PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS

PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS

Needs related to Physiological survival and Needs related to Physiological survival and

biological maintenance biological maintenance „ „ FoodFood „ „ WaterWater „ „ SleepSleep „ „ ShelterShelter „ „ Sex Sex

SAFETY NEEDS

SAFETY NEEDS

The organisms requirement for an orderly, The organisms requirement for an orderly,

stable predictable world stable predictable world

„

„ Job securityJob security „

„ Living in a safe environmentLiving in a safe environment „

BELONGING AND LOVE NEEDS

BELONGING AND LOVE NEEDS

An individual who seeks affection and intimate An individual who seeks affection and intimate

relationships with others relationships with others

„ „ FamilyFamily „ „ FriendsFriends „ „ Sweethearts Sweethearts „ „ ClubsClubs „

„ Peer groupsPeer groups „

SELF

SELF

-

_-

ESTEEM NEEDS

_{ESTEEM NEEDS}

Respect from others as well as a need for Respect from others as well as a need for

self

self--respectrespect

„ „ RecognitionRecognition „ „ AcceptanceAcceptance „ „ Competence Competence „ „ IndependenceIndependence

SELF

SELF

-

_-

ACTUALIZATION NEEDS

_{ACTUALIZATION NEEDS}

The desire to fulfill ones highest potential The desire to fulfill ones highest potential

„ „ AwarenessAwareness „ „ HonestyHonesty „ „ Freedom Freedom „ „ TrustTrust

„ „

CHARACTERISTICS OF

CHARACTERISTICS OF

SELF

AWARENESS

AWARENESS

„

„ Efficient and accurate perception of realityEfficient and accurate perception of reality „

„ Continued freshness of appreciation without Continued freshness of appreciation without

preconceptions preconceptions

„

„ Tendency to have peak experiencesTendency to have peak experiences „

„ Clear ethical awareness and standards but not Clear ethical awareness and standards but not

necessarily conventional ones necessarily conventional ones

HONESTY

HONESTY

„

„ Philosophical sense of humor that pokes fun at Philosophical sense of humor that pokes fun at

our shared human pretensions our shared human pretensions

„

„ Deep feeling of kinship with all humanityDeep feeling of kinship with all humanity „

„ Selective and deep interpersonal relations with Selective and deep interpersonal relations with

small circle of intimates small circle of intimates

„

„ Democratic character structure accepting of all Democratic character structure accepting of all

people people

FREEDOM

FREEDOM

„

„ Detachment and a need for privacyDetachment and a need for privacy „

„ Autonomous and independent of culture and Autonomous and independent of culture and

environment environment

„

„ Creativeness characterizing whatever they doCreativeness characterizing whatever they do „

TRUST

TRUST

„

„ ProblemProblem--rather than selfrather than self--centeredcentered „

„ Acceptance of self, others, and nature for what Acceptance of self, others, and nature for what

they are they are

„

EXCEPTIONS TO THE

EXCEPTIONS TO THE

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

1. People who feel self

1. People who feel self--esteem is more esteem is more important than love

important than love

2. Those who feel creativeness is paramount 2. Those who feel creativeness is paramount 3. Those whose aspirations are permanently 3. Those whose aspirations are permanently

lowered, (I.e.) chronically unemployed lowered, (I.e.) chronically unemployed 4. The

4. The ““Psychopathic PersonalityPsychopathic Personality”” scarred scarred from life's beginnings

5. Satisfaction of one need for a long time 5. Satisfaction of one need for a long time

6. Lack of desire to progress to higher needs 6. Lack of desire to progress to higher needs

7. Those with high standards and values that 7. Those with high standards and values that will give up everything for one particular will give up everything for one particular

ideal ideal

„

„ Degrees of Relative SatisfactionDegrees of Relative Satisfaction-- No need No need

must be satisfied 100% for the next need to must be satisfied 100% for the next need to

emerge emerge

„

„ Unconscious Character of NeedsUnconscious Character of Needs-- Overall Overall

these needs are unconscious rather than these needs are unconscious rather than

conscious conscious

„

„ Cultural Specificity and Generality of NeedsCultural Specificity and Generality of Needs-

-Even in different cultures we are more alike Even in different cultures we are more alike

than different than different

„

„ Multiple Motivations of BehaviorMultiple Motivations of Behavior-

-Motivational determinants are a result of Motivational determinants are a result of

several or all of the basic needs simultaneously several or all of the basic needs simultaneously

„

„ Multiple Determinants of BehaviorMultiple Determinants of Behavior-- There are There are

many determinants of behavior other than many determinants of behavior other than

motives motives

„

„ Goals in Motivational BehaviorGoals in Motivational Behavior-- Most Most

appropriate point for any motivational appropriate point for any motivational

behavior behavior

„

„ Animal and Human CenteringAnimal and Human Centering-- Studying Studying

animal behavior is not necessary to understand animal behavior is not necessary to understand

human motivation human motivation

„

„ Theory of PsychoTheory of Psycho--pathogeneispathogeneis-- The conscious The conscious

motivational content of everyday life which motivational content of everyday life which

can be important or unimportant can be important or unimportant

„

„ The Role of Gratified NeedsThe Role of Gratified Needs--Needs cease to Needs cease to

play an active role as soon as they are gratified play an active role as soon as they are gratified

“

“A healthy man is primarily motivated by his A healthy man is primarily motivated by his needs to develop and actualize his fullest

needs to develop and actualize his fullest

potentials and capacities. If a man has any potentials and capacities. If a man has any

other basic needs in any active, chronic sense, other basic needs in any active, chronic sense,

then he is simply an unhealthy man then he is simply an unhealthy man””

Abraham H. Maslow Abraham H. Maslow