CHEMISTRY PROJECT

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INTRODUCTION

A soft drink, also referred to as soda, soda pop, or fizzy drinks, is a non-alcoholic beverage A soft drink, also referred to as soda, soda pop, or fizzy drinks, is a non-alcoholic beverage usually containing water and a flavouring agent. Many of these beverages are carbonated and usually containing water and a flavouring agent. Many of these beverages are carbonated and sweetened with either sugar, or high-fructose corn syrup, and they may contain additional sweetened with either sugar, or high-fructose corn syrup, and they may contain additional ingredients such as fruit juice. They are called “soft” in contrast to “hard” because “hard” ingredients such as fruit juice. They are called “soft” in contrast to “hard” because “hard” generally refers to drinks

generally refers to drinks with a significant alcohol content. Small amount of alcohol may bewith a significant alcohol content. Small amount of alcohol may be present in a soft drink, but i

present in a soft drink, but it must be less than 0.5 % of the tt must be less than 0.5 % of the total volume if the drink otal volume if the drink is to beis to be considered non-alcoholic.

considered non-alcoholic.

Types of soft drinks:

Widely, soft drink includes c

Widely, soft drink includes cola , lemon ola , lemon lime , root beer , orange soda , lime , root beer , orange soda , grape soda , creamgrape soda , cream soda , ginger ale , flavoured water, sparkling lemonade , sparkling water , iced tea, sweet tea soda , ginger ale , flavoured water, sparkling lemonade , sparkling water , iced tea, sweet tea , squash and fruit punch.

, squash and fruit punch.

Soft drinks do not contain milk or any other dairy products. Beverages that are not soft Soft drinks do not contain milk or any other dairy products. Beverages that are not soft drinks include hot chocolate, hot tea, coffee, milk shake, juice and iced tea

drinks include hot chocolate, hot tea, coffee, milk shake, juice and iced tea

Some people drink soda pop as if it is water, some even instead of water. Sure , the primary Some people drink soda pop as if it is water, some even instead of water. Sure , the primary ingredient is water , but , with all the other “ stuff ” it contains it can have a toxic , poisonous ingredient is water , but , with all the other “ stuff ” it contains it can have a toxic , poisonous ,lethal , venomous , seriously harmful effect on your entire body.

,lethal , venomous , seriously harmful effect on your entire body.

Drinking soda pop is sure way to age faster. Soda pop has an alarming amount of sugar, Drinking soda pop is sure way to age faster. Soda pop has an alarming amount of sugar, calories and harmful additives in

calories and harmful additives in it that have absolutely no nutritional value. Studies haveit that have absolutely no nutritional value. Studies have linked soda to osteoporosis, obesity, tooth decay and heart disease. And we wonder why we linked soda to osteoporosis, obesity, tooth decay and heart disease. And we wonder why we can‟t lose weight and why we

can‟t lose weight and why we have health problems. We encourage illness have health problems. We encourage illness and disease littleand disease little -- by- little every day by not preventi

by- little every day by not preventing their cause.ng their cause.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Test Tubes

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Test Tube Holder

Test Tube Stand

Stop Watch

Beaker

Burner

pH Paper

Tripod Stand

China Dish

Wire Gauge

Water Bath

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:

Lime Water

Benedict „s Solution

Fehling‟s Solution A & Fehling‟s Solution B

Concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO

₃₃

))

Ammonium Molybdate

Iodine Solution

Potassium Iodide Solution

Sodium Hydroxide

Finding pH

EXPERIMENT:

Few drops of the soft drink sample of each brand was taken in separate test tubes and put on Few drops of the soft drink sample of each brand was taken in separate test tubes and put on the pH paper. The change in the colour of pH paper was noted for each sample and was the pH paper. The change in the colour of pH paper was noted for each sample and was compared with the standard pH scale.

compared with the standard pH scale.

OBSERVATION:

SR.

SR. NO.

NO.

NAME

NAME OF

OF

THE SOFT

COLOUR

CHANGE

pH value

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DRINK

1. FANTA

2. LIMCA

3.

3. COCA

COCA COLA

COLA

4. SPRITE

INFERENCE:

The acidic nature of soft drinks is because of the presence of citric acid and The acidic nature of soft drinks is because of the presence of citric acid and phosphoric acid in them . pH values of soft

phosphoric acid in them . pH values of soft drinks of different brands are different due to thedrinks of different brands are different due to the variation in amount of acidic contents in

variation in amount of acidic contents in them.them.

TEST FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

EXPERIMENT

::

As soon as the bottles of soft drinks were opened, the gas evolved from the samples was As soon as the bottles of soft drinks were opened, the gas evolved from the samples was passed through lime water. Simultaneousl

passed through lime water. Simultaneously the time interval for wy the time interval for which the soft drinkhich the soft drink produced the brisk effervescence was noted.

produced the brisk effervescence was noted.

OBSERVATON:

SR.

SR. NO.

NO.

NAME

NAME OF

OF

THE SOFT

DRINK

TIME

TAKEN(SEC)

CONCLUSION

1.

1. FANTA

FANTA

CO

22

is present

2.

2. LIMCA

LIMCA

CO

22

is present

3.

3. COCA

COCA COLA

COLA

CO

22

is present

4.

4. SPRITE

SPRITE

CO

22

is present

INFERENCE:

The lime water turned milky. The lime water turned milky. All the soft drink samples

All the soft drink samples contained dissolved carbon dioxide in water. The contained dissolved carbon dioxide in water. The carbondioxidecarbondioxide (CO

(CO22) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is responsible for soft) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is responsible for soft drink‟s tangydrink‟s tangy

taste. taste.

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TEST FOR GLUCOSE

Glucose is a reducing sugar due to the presence of an aldehyde in its structure. Its presence is Glucose is a reducing sugar due to the presence of an aldehyde in its structure. Its presence is detected using the following tests:

detected using the following tests:

1.

1. BENEDICTS’S REAGENT TEST:

BENEDICTS’S REAGENT TEST:

EXPERIMENT:

Soft drink samples of different brands were

Soft drink samples of different brands were taken in test tubes and a few drops of Benedict‟staken in test tubes and a few drops of Benedict‟s reagent was added to each test tube. The test tubes were heated for a few seconds. Formation reagent was added to each test tube. The test tubes were heated for a few seconds. Formation of reddish colour precipitate confirms the presence of glucose in soft drinks.

of reddish colour precipitate confirms the presence of glucose in soft drinks.

OBSERVATON:

Sr.

Sr. No.

No.

Name of

Name

of the

the

soft drink

Change

Change seen

seen

Conclusion

1.

1. Fanta

Fanta

Reddish

precipitate

Presence of

glucose

2.

2. Limca

Limca

Reddish

precipitate

Presence of

glucose

3.

3. Coca

Coca cola

cola

Reddish

precipitate

Presence of

glucose

4.

4. Sprite

Sprite

Reddish

precipitate

Presence of

glucose

INFERENCE:

All

All the samples gave positive test for gthe samples gave positive test for glucose with Benedict‟s reagent. Hence all the softlucose with Benedict‟s reagent. Hence all the soft drinks contain glucose.

drinks contain glucose. The principle of Benedict's test is that when reducing sugars areThe principle of Benedict's test is that when reducing sugars are heated in the presence of an alkali, they get converted to powerful reducing compounds heated in the presence of an alkali, they get converted to powerful reducing compounds known as enediols. Enediols reduce the cupric ions (Cu

known as enediols. Enediols reduce the cupric ions (Cu2+2+) present in the Benedict's reagent) present in the Benedict's reagent to cuprous ions (Cu

to cuprous ions (Cu++) which get precipitated) which get precipitated as insoluble redas insoluble red copper(I) oxide. copper(I) oxide.

2. FEHLING’S SOLUTION TEST

EXPERIMENT:

Small samples of soft drinks of different brands were taken in test tubes and a few drops of Small samples of soft drinks of different brands were taken in test tubes and a few drops of Fehling‟s

Fehling‟s A and Fehling‟s B solution were addA and Fehling‟s B solution were added in equal amounts. The test tubes ed in equal amounts. The test tubes werewere

heated in a water bath for 10 minutes . Appearance reddish precipitate confirms the presence heated in a water bath for 10 minutes . Appearance reddish precipitate confirms the presence of glucose in soft drinks.

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OBSERVATON:

Sr.

Sr. No.

No.

Name of

Name

of the

the

soft drink

Change

Change seen

seen

conclusion

1.

1. Fanta

Fanta

Reddish

precipitate

Presence of

glucose

2.

2. Limca

Limca

Reddish

precipitate

Presence of

glucose

3.

3. Coca

Coca Cola

Cola

Reddish

precipitate

Presence of

glucose

4.

4. Sprite

Sprite

Reddish

precipitate

Presence of

glucose

INFERENCE:

All the samples gave positive

All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Fehling‟s (A & B) solutions. Hence alltest for glucose with Fehling‟s (A & B) solutions. Hence all the soft drinks contain glucose. The bistartratocuprate(II) complex oxidizes the aldehyde to the soft drinks contain glucose. The bistartratocuprate(II) complex oxidizes the aldehyde to aa carboxylate carboxylate anion, and in the process the copper(II) ions of the complex are reduced toanion, and in the process the copper(II) ions of the complex are reduced to copper(I) ions. Red copper(I) oxide then precipitates out of the reaction mixture, which copper(I) ions. Red copper(I) oxide then precipitates out of the reaction mixture, which indicates a positive result .

indicates a positive result .

TEST FOR PHOSPHATE

EXPERIMENT:

Small samples of each brand of soft drinks were taken in separate test tubes Small samples of each brand of soft drinks were taken in separate test tubes and concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO

and concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO33) was added, then Ammonium Molybdate solution was) was added, then Ammonium Molybdate solution was

added. The solution was heated. Appearance of canary-yellow added. The solution was heated. Appearance of canary-yellow precipitate confirms the presence of phosphate ions in

precipitate confirms the presence of phosphate ions in soft drinks.soft drinks.

OBSERVATON:

Sr.

Sr. No.

No.

Name of

Name

of the

the

soft drink

Change

Change seen

seen

conclusion

1.

1. Fanta

Fanta

Canary

Canary yellow

yellow

precipitate

PO

443-3-

is present

2.

2. Limca

Limca

Canary yellow

Canary

yellow

precipitate

PO

443-3-

is present

3.

3. Coca

Coca Cola

Cola

Canary

Canary yellow

yellow

precipitate

PO

443-3-

is present

4.

4. Sprite

Sprite

Canary yellow

Canary

yellow

precipitate

PO

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INFERENCE:

All the soft drinks samples gave positive test for phosphate ions. Hence all All the soft drinks samples gave positive test for phosphate ions. Hence all the cold drinks contain phosphate

the cold drinks contain phosphate

TEST FOR ALCOHOL

EXPERIMENT:

Small samples of each brand of soft drinks were taken in

Small samples of each brand of soft drinks were taken in separate test tubesseparate test tubes

and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution was and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes. added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes. Appearance of yellow coloured precipitate confirms the presence of alcohol in cold drinks. Appearance of yellow coloured precipitate confirms the presence of alcohol in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON:

Sr.

Sr. No.

No.

Name of

Name

of the

the

soft drink

Change

Change seen

seen

Conclusion

1. Fanta

2. Limca

3.

3. Coca

Coca Cola

Cola

4. sprite

INFERENCE:

All the soft drink samples gave negative test for alcohol. Hence none of the soft drinks All the soft drink samples gave negative test for alcohol. Hence none of the soft drinks contain alcohol.

contain alcohol.

TEST FOR SUCROSE

EXPERIMENT:

5 ml samples of each brand of soft drinks were taken in separate china dishes and were 5 ml samples of each brand of soft drinks were taken in separate china dishes and were heated very strongly .

heated very strongly . Formation of a blFormation of a black coloured residue ack coloured residue confirms the presence ofconfirms the presence of sucrose.

sucrose.

OBSERVATON:

Sr.

Sr. No.

No.

Name of

Name

of the

the

soft drink

Change

Change seen

seen

Conclusion

1.

1. Fanta

Fanta

Black

Black residue

residue

Sucrose

Sucrose is

is

present

2.

2. Limca

Limca

Black residue

Black

residue

Sucrose

Sucrose is

is

present

3.

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present

4.

4. Sprite

Sprite

Black residue

Black

residue

Sucrose

Sucrose is

is

present

INFERENCE:

All the brands of soft drinks contain sucrose. But the amount of sucrose varies All the brands of soft drinks contain sucrose. But the amount of sucrose varies in each brand of soft drink. Fanta contains the highest amount of sucrose.

in each brand of soft drink. Fanta contains the highest amount of sucrose.

RESULT:

After conducting several tests, it was concluded that the different brands of After conducting several tests, it was concluded that the different brands of soft drinks namely:

soft drinks namely:

1. Fanta 1. Fanta 2. Limca 2. Limca 3. Coca Cola 3. Coca Cola 4. Sprite 4. Sprite

All contains glucose, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. All All contains glucose, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. All

cold drinks are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of different cold drinks are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of different brands Coca Cola is the most acidi

brands Coca Cola is the most acidic and Limca is least acidc and Limca is least acidic of all the fouric of all the four brands taken.

brands taken.

Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and Fanta has the minimum amount of amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and Fanta has the minimum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide.

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