When observing, remember the Sweet 16!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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Stop Student Notes! - _______________

Write Your Observations In This Packet – Sometimes Hints Are Given! Refer to the Reference Guide for more Goodies (pictures, charts, maps, and details – oh my!) regarding each location!! Your My Takeaways are significant!!!

Intros – Big Ideas

Reference Guide Pages: F1-F16

-My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:

Jackson, WY – Grand Junction, CO Reference Guide Pages: G1-G24 What Do I Observe?

Watch for evidences of large water flows in the past - especially South of Kemmerer all the way into the Flaming Gorge area. I suspect these

“channels” are major outwash flows. If they are, they are many miles wide with high bluffs on each side. Record what you see and your thoughts.

Note changes in vegetation patterns. Start at Jackson--Go down in

elevation and note changes in vegetation--then go back up as you go over the pass, then back down to Vernal and back up to Douglas Pass and then down again to Grand Junction. Elevation certainly dictates the biology.

Fossil Butte National Monument Reference Guide Pages: G1-G3 What Do I Observe? 1. Important? 2. History? 3. Terrain? 4. Rock Types? 5. Layers? 6. Colors? 7. Lines? 8. Curves? 9. Canyon Shape? 10. Erosion? 11. Faulting? 12. Fossils? 12. Past Water? 13. Current Water? 14. Climate? 15. Vegetation? 16. Wildlife?

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My Takeaways:

-_________________ Animals

-No _________________

-In a __________? (a lot of water)

-Modern Environments can’t ______________________.

Dinosaur National Monument Reference Guide Pages: G4-G5 What Do I Observe?

My Takeaways:

-Bones ______________________ in due to a ________________!

Colorado National Monument Reference Guide Pages: G5-G24 What Do I Observe?

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Record your observations and notes regarding “Two Hats.”

My Takeaways:

-________________ and ______________ Fold – gradual _______________

-________________Rock and ____________________________Rock

-Great ___________________________________

-__________________ __________________________ Layers are not present here.

-___-shaped canyons – ___________________, very little ________________, very little

______________ at the bottom, sharp-______________________cliffs

-Secular Model – Changes over time ( _____-_____-ing)

Valley, Fossil Sites, and River Road between Grand Junction, CO and Moab, UT Reference Guide Pages: H1-H7

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En Route to Moab: Recall the huge lake at Missoula Montana. Can you imagine what the Grand Valley looked

like as a huge lake? As we drive to Moab, look for water channels, mud piles, and other evidence of a draining lake.

Note that shorelines are not visible like they are at Missoula or the Salt Lake region. Why?

Describe the characteristics of the Morrison Formation where many of the dinosaurs are found.

Note _______________________ overtaking the region: Watch changes in vegetation patterns.

My Takeaways:

-Morrison Formation – Dinosaurs – very _______– very _________________________

-Dave’s _____ _____Story

-Fossil Site – shells all _______________ up together (similar to Dinosaur National Monument)

-Dinosaur Museum – Fossil Definition & Death _______________

-Monuments, Desert ___________________, ____________________, ____________________Beetle,

_______________Species, Evidence of _______________, ______________________Erosion - Holes

in Sandstone Rock (Dave’s Story)

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Moab, UT

Reference Guide Pages: H7-H17 What Do I Observe?

__________ Zone: Record your observations

___________________ Drawing:

Large __________________ deposits—How did they get here?

My Takeaways:

-Tremendous ___________ – _____ ft of difference

-__________ Fold and curve – still _______

-____________________ Petroglyph – did ancient people see these creatures?

-Elements can still __________ through tight oil shale

-Large __________ ____________________ better explained from quick and massive

_________________________ during flood as opposed to slow Evaporative Model

-A lot of minerals and _______________ in the area

-_______________ south of Moab – evidence of a lot of __________ moving them

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Canyonlands National Park Reference Guide Pages: H18-H30 What Do I Observe?

While Driving: Look closely again at a different rock type – many sandstones/ conglomerates

Green River Overlook

Record similarities between what you see here and what you may have seen at Dry Falls.

Upheaval Dome

Record the different theories of the formation of this feature. What do you think? Do you have your own suggestion? (Why did I not call that a theory?)

Vegetation and Micro-ecosystems:

Pay attention to the relationship of slope orientation to sun, slope angle, water availability, etc. in the distribution of plants. Record notes:

My Takeaways:

-_______________ ____________________/Plants ____________________ Strategies – Wax coating,

water storage, selective die-back, smaller leaves, deep and/or shallow spreading roots, ability to quickly

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sweating, coloration, shade-resting, reduced metabolism, estivation, hibernation, burrowing

underground, nocturnal nature, migration, concentrated waste products, efficient kidneys, convoluted

nasal passages,

-Definition of Evolution? – How much _______________?

-____________________ and __________________ ____________________ are not Creative

mechanisms.

-We see evidence of Genetic Entropy!

-Upheaval Dome – Meteorite strike or Salt Dome (now dissolved)?

-Origins Science – hypotheses – how do you proof or know what’s true.

-Overlooks – __________ erosion → _________________________ erosion, possible ripple marks,

___-shaped (receding) waterfalls, Great _________________________, different

_________________________ of layers – _________________________ – __________ Model

Arches National Park

Reference Guide Pages: H30-H37 What Do I Observe?

____________-___________________ in Navajo Sandstone.

-Note features that indicate deposition by fast-moving currents, rather than windblown sand. Sketch here:

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Also note changes in vegetation patterns.

My Takeaways:

-__________ Arches, have to be 3 feet wide openings

-Arches form from normal erosion of _______________ sediments dropping away from

_______________ sediments

-More common due to _____ formation

-______ – formed as _________ _____________ push up from below and crack the rocks above

lengthwise

-Holes (__________) in Sandstone Rock – less _______________ bubbles?

-_______________

-______________________________ Soil

-__________-____________________

Natural Bridges

Reference Guide Pages: I1-I11 What Do I Observe?

Note the Native American rock art on one of the bridges. What is it? Why would the Park rangers say it was nothing but graffiti?

Note life on the edge. How would you like to raise a family at the ruins?

Describe the difference in formations of the arches at Arches National Monument and those found here at Natural Bridges.

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My Takeaways:

-_______________ Meandering River creates Natural Bridges

-Natural Bridges form from ____________________ _______________

-Potential __________-_______________ ____________________ Petroglyph

-__________ within the ledges all over

Monument Valley

Reference Guide Pages: I12 What Do I Observe?

My Takeaways:

-_________________________ Remnants – think flowing __________!

Petrified Forest National Park (And Meteor Crater) Reference Guide Pages: I13-I18

What Do I Observe?

Look for evidences of Water flow channels on way to Petrified Forrest

Petrified Forest: Forest or Log-jam? What do you think?

Note that many of the logs are replaced with Agate (Silica). How does that relate to the time needed to petrify the trees?

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My Takeaways: -Large Petrified __________ -____________________ Layers -Tree __________ Studies -My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway: Grand Canyon

Reference Guide Pages: GC1 – 145 What Do I Observe?

En Route to Grand Canyon: Notice the following features. My Observations:

Caverns: Are you aware that there are big caverns below us at some sections along this route? Red Butte

Note massive erosion of plateau. Is it flat?

Red Butte shows that there used to be more layers above us!

San Francisco Peaks (Volcanic)

Ponderosa Pine Forest (Extensive Ponderosa Pine forest between Williams and the Canyon) Initial Observations from the Rim:

Questions to Consider from the Rim:

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How Big is the Grand Canyon? -How far across? -How far down?

-How long would it take to walk down to the River? -How much sediment is missing??

What do you notice about the Rock Layers? -Colors, Lines, Shapes, Canyons, etc.??

Are there any vegetation changes corresponding to elevation change? What zone are you in at the rim or at the bottom?

How did the Rock Layers form? How long did it take to deposit them? How did the Canyon erode? How long did it take to erode?

How did the Side Canyons form?

Other Observations:

Driving through the Park

Note vegetation changes along the way. (Pinyon-Juniper Zone and Ponderosa Pine Zone)

Fossil Site near Bright Angel Lodge/Trailhead:

What kind of fossils are found here? What rock strata are they in? What is significant about them?

Do you think the Canyon was formed by slow, gradual processes or by catastrophic ones? Why?

What lessons can you learn from the Canyon experience about God, about yourself, about geology, about biology etc.?

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Things to Ponder & Observe as You Hike the Grand Canyon!!

• Observe rock layers “up close and personal”

• Observe changing ecological zones as elevation changes

• Look for evidences regarding formation and erosion of the canyon.

• Stop at various points. Take time to look and reflect upon what you are seeing. • Think of Scripture verses that talk about the power of God.

• Think about the loving God who also brought great destruction on the Earth due to sin. Then think about how God can take something destroyed and make it so beautiful.

• How does that relate to us? Record your thoughts in your journal.

Kaibab and Toroweap Limestone Layers

Pinyon-Juniper Zone (Rabbit Brush, Sage, Cliff Rose, Banana Yucca, etc.) Chert Nodules -- Indicates lots of silica in water

Petroglyphs on left immediately after first tunnel (Bright Angel Trail) Brachiopod & sponge fossils

Yo-yo Seas

Coconino Sandstone

Cross-bedding!

Note contact between Coconino and Hermit Shale Discuss fossil trackways in Coconino Sandstone

Do you think the tracks were formed under water or in wind-blown dunes? Why?

Supai Formation

Note the brilliant red.

Redwall Limestone

Really grey limestone. Red color comes from erosion of Supai above. Micritic vs. Skelatal Limestone (Redwall is mostly micritic.)

Temple Butte & Muav

Missing time?

Bright Angel Shale

Less resistant to erosion

Tapeats Sandstone:

Extends all the north of Greenland and to East Coast of US!

Tonto Platform

Black Brush Zone (Agave / Century Plants, Yucca, Mormon Tea, Cactus) Bright Angel Shale

Tapeats Sandstone Plateau Point Great Unconformity Inner Gorge Fossil Footprints (?) N

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My Takeaways:

-John Wesley ____________________ – ______ Exploration (GC2)

-__________ Plant + __________ Moth – _________________________ Relationship (GC7-8)

-Variation of _______________-Eared _________________________ on different sides (not

______________________________) (GC11)

-Kaibab __________ Management (GC12)

-Rapid _________________________ of Layers – Not __________ (GC13-35)

-__________ contacts – no ____________________ (GC20-29)

-______________________________

-“Missing __________” – but flat contacts between layers (aka – no erosion)

-Gaps of __________

-What should it look like if there were millions of years of erosion?

-What do we see about today’s erosion and topography?

-Channels, Canyons, Valleys, Hills, Mountains, Deserts, Deltas

– alluvial fans, turbidites -Erosion of Continents __________ =

-_________________________ Layers (_________________________!) (GC29-33)

-Origin of Sediments and Consistency of Composition (GC35)

-____-____Seas (Transgression and Regression – “sloshing back and forth” during the Flood)

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-East Kaibab Monocline – All the layers of the Grand Canyon are __________/_______________together. -Fossils (GC70-80) -______________________________ are necessary -Great ___________________________________ – _________________________ ripped up from below! (GC126-130)

-Rapid _______________ of Layers – Not __________ (GC37-54)

-Lack of _______________/_________________________/_______________at bottom (GC55)

-Sharp, ____________________cliffs (GC55)

-Colorado River cuts through Kaibab _________________ /__________________ /__________

(GC37-45)

-Uplift occurred before ____________________

-________________________ in the Grand Canyon – possibly created side canyons (GC37, 64)

-Secular Theories – lack of ____________________ and too __________ (GC46-47)

-Antecedent _______________ Theory

-Percocious __________ Theory or Stream _______________Theory

-__________ _______________ of a __________

-Creation Theories (GC47-54)

-_________________________ _______________Theory (GC47-53)

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-_______________ Lake and __________Lake

-Sediment Evidence for those Lakes and for possible sediment buildup of

_________________________ Formation – west of Salton Sea west of

San Diego, new delta (GC60-61)

-Erosion evidence similar to that of the ____________________ Flood and the

_____ _____ _______________ canyons. (GC62-63)

-__________ mocked for giant flood idea – but proven true. (Your

____________________ Influences Your ________________________!)

-____________________ formed __-shaped canyons and amphitheater-shaped

rims and the side canyons (GC58-59)

(From GC64)

-Radiometric Dating is faulty due to 3 ______________________________ and as shown by

_________________________ results. (GC65-69)

1. _________________________ Conditions

Quickly

__________

, not Slowly Eroded

1.

__________

Cliffs

2. Very

__________

Tallus

3. Barbed Side

_______________

4.

___-

Shaped Canyons

5. Erosional

_____________________

Quickly

______________

, not Slowly Deposited

1.

_____

Contacts – No Evidence of

Erosion

2.

____________________

and Flat

3. Transport over

__________

Distances

4.

__________-

Bedding and other

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2. ____________________ Rate

3. ____________________ System

Ex. Lava Flows over Canyon date _______________ than Cardenas Basalt at bottom.

Ex. C-14 found in __________ and _________________________.

Layers

-Great _________________________ (GC88-89)

-_______________ __________ Erosion of top layers over the Grand Canyon

-What else could cause such widespread, flat erosion?

-Kaibab Limestone – _________________________ Coral Reef Fossils (GC97)

-Toroweap Limestone (GC100)

-Coconino Sandstone (GC100-110)

-Cross-bedding (______________________________ angle)

-Fossil ______________________________ – like a salamander climbing up in a

____________________.

-__________ contacts between other layers

-______________________________

-Hermit Shale (GC111)

-“_________________________ of the Grand Canyon”

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-Supai Group (GC111-113)

-Too flat and widespread to be _______________

-Redwall Limestone (GC113-117)

-Stained __________ from above

-______________________________

-7 ft ______________________________ Layer – oriented like buried in a

________________ (mud-__________)

-No erosion ____________________ and _______________ smoothly with the Temple

Butte and Muav Layers

-Temple Butte Formation (GC 117-118)

-These are _________________________ in Muav – filled in quick during the Flood

-TONTO GROUP (GC120-126)

-Made up of Muav, Bright Angel and Tapeats

-Even secular scientists see these ______________________________ at the same time

-Coarse-grained to fine-grained going _____

-1 of 6 ________________________________________of Transgression/Regression

-Trilobite fossils found here

-______________________________ eyes and body systems

-No ________________________________________ Fossils

-Muav Limestone (GC118)

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-Tapeats Sandstone (GC118-119)

-Very _____________________________________________

-Smoothly __________

-________________________ (storm beds – like form in modern Hurricanes) at the

bottom

-Great ______________________________ (GC126-130)

-Between 500 million to over 1 billion years of _________________________ time

-What type of event could cause such a ___________ ___________________?

-Supergroup (GC131-133)

-Angled Layers

-Lined up ___________________ (broken pieces of Rock)

-___________________________________ Fossils - formed likely before the Flood

-______________________________ Basalt – bad radiometric dates

-Ripple Marks, Raindrops, footprints – had to be buried _________________________

-____________________? (maybe just contamination) – but if it were there would be

way out of place according to evolution

-___________________________ Mud – sediment that fills the cracks goes up and down

-Basement Rock (GC133-135)

-______________________________-week Rock

-Metamorphic Rock – How could so much become metamorphosed?

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Sunset Crater

Reference Guide Pages: M1-M8 What Do I Observe?

Record your observations at the Visitor Center.

What kind of volcanic activity/volcanic rock do you see here compared with Craters of the Moon?

My Takeaways:

-__________ __________ causing so much volcanic activity

-associated with the ____________________ of the Colorado Plateau?

-Volcanic Mountains near Williams, AZ – 2-3 million years ago

-San Francisco Peaks near Flagstaff – 600,000 years ago

-May have been __________ ______________ ______________________________that

catastrophically blew like Mt. St. Helens

-Sunset Crater – around __________ years ago

-_______________ Cone, _______________ Cone, Lava Flows, Lava _____________, Volcanic Peaks

Wupatki Ruins

Reference Guide Pages: M9-M16 What Do I Observe?

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"America's oldest apartment house"? Pueblo ruin abandoned before 1250 AD Anasazi -- Navaho for "Ancient Ones" Anasazi Culture

Beautiful basketry and pottery with geometric designs Hunting, gathering, dry land farming

Metate -- grinding stones

Most likely animists (i.e. believe plants, animals, wind, rocks, people all have life consciousness and indwelling spirits; spirits appeased with dances and ceremonies)

Kivas -- circular buildings used for religious and social events Sipapu -- symbolizes entrance to spirit world

Decline of culture

Implications in creation/evolution debate

These people had sophisticated culture -- not primitive

Connection with Tower of Babel (Ancient pagan religions and New Age) Flood legends in many cultures (Havasupai)

My Takeaways:

-Edge of __________ Lake – in Painted Desert – primarily colored _______________ Formation –

known also for petrified wood

-Large ______________________________ – ________________ center

-More _______________ in the past (residual _______________ from the

___________________________________ _______________ not from Hopi Lake?)

Spillway Overlook (Marble Canyon) Reference Guide Pages: N1

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My Takeaways:

-______________________________ Water Draining and ____________________

-____________________

-__________ and ____________________ Layers – suggest _________________________

-_______________

Glen Canyon Dam

Reference Guide Pages: N1-N4 What Do I Observe?

What is cavitation and what are the implications for the flood scenario?

Ecological changes on river below

Discuss some of the environmental issues relating to endangered species and ecological changes as a result of dams?

My Takeaways:

-Rethinking Dams – __________________ (Fish, Temperature, Sediments, Water Control, lost heritage

sites, etc)

-_______________of Water (Erosion - ______________________________, hydraulic

_________________________, hydraulic vortex - ____________________)

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The Grand Staircase

What is the Grand Staircase: What do you see?

Notice potential water channels and describe what you see.

My Takeaways:

-Great ___________________________________ -My Neato-Spiffy-Superfantasmic-Takeaway:

Zion National Park

Read carefully the Brochure of Zion National Park and find points for which we would have alternative explanations.

Checkerboard Rock:

Describe this feature. What is its significance?

Note the Hanging Valleys: What are they and what do they indicate?

Sapping Structures

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My Takeaways:

-___________-bedding

-Widespread Layer very _______________ here

-______________________________ erosion at the __________ of Flood _______________-_____

-Sapping – ____________________ Gardens

Bryce Canyon National Park Reference Guide Pages: N20 What Do I Observe?

Read through the park brochure carefully. Compare what they say regarding the “canyon” aspect to the statement: “In essence it is a major canyon.”

Notice the interesting structures formed by erosion. What kind of erosion does this look like?

My Takeaways:

-__________ of Grand Lake

-Lakeshore and Lake Bottom – ____________ sediments (or from __________ of the Flood)

-Fast Erosion of Who? – _________________________!!

-_________________________

-Top of Grand ________________________________________

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Kodachrome Basin

Note specifically the “pushy-up” columns and their composition compared to the layers around. How would you explain these features? What is the significance of this site?

My Takeaways:

-Sandstone ___________________________________

-_______________ - indicating an underwater environment

-Sapping (______________________________?)

Zion/Kodachrome → Salt Lake → Jackson Reference Guide Pages: N30-N34

En Route: Notice the geology and biology as you travel to Salt Lake City. Record any items of significance

along the way today.

Begin looking for ancient shorelines of Lake Bonneville.

In the Salt Lake City area:

Just as the shorelines were recognized for ancient Lake Missoula in Montana, watch again for terraces on slopes east of I-15 in the Salt Lake valley beginning a long way South of SLC. A candy bar prize goes to the one who first spot these shorelines along the way. (Your bus driver buys the candy bar!) Record approximate milepost.

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They are evidence of ancient shorelines of the ancient Lake Bonneville. Lake Bonneville had a surface area of 22,500 square miles. The Great Salt Lake is all that remains of this ancient lake. It catastrophically drained to the ocean, sometime flowing up-river toward Jackson and down river past Boise, through Hells Canyon (You may have seen some of the evidence and deposits in Hell’s Canyon last fall), through Columbia River where Missoula flood flowed. Was Portland flooded again? Very likely!

Imprint the pictures of these shorelines on your brain. Look for similar features throughout the country as you travel. What does absence of notable shorelines do to the theory of an ancient lake in a region that

catastrophically drained? For instance, notable shorelines benches are not found around Grand Junction, CO. Are they necessary evidence? How would you explain lack of them?

If there is time to stop at Fossil Butte National Monument, make sure to re-read the article The Fish of Fossil Butte National Monument in preparation.

As you drive, ponder the significance of the phrase: Great Lakes/Floods of the West. What have you observed regarding that?

My Takeaways:

-Ancient _____________ (including Lake Bonneville)

-that Catastrophically ____________________

-A lot of _________________________

-____________________