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Certain copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the International Civil Aviation Organisation, the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority, and the Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA).
This book has been written and published to assist students enrolled in an approved JAA Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) course in preparation for the JAA ATPL theoretical knowledge examinations. Nothing in the content of this book is to be interpreted as constituting instruction or advice relating to practical flying.
Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained within this book, neither Jeppesen nor Atlantic Flight Training gives any warranty as to its accuracy or otherwise. Students preparing for the JAA ATPL theoretical knowledge examinations should not regard this book as a substitute for the JAA ATPL theoretical knowledge training syllabus
published in the current edition of “JAR-FCL 1 Flight Crew Licensing (Aeroplanes)” (the Syllabus). The Syllabus constitutes the sole authoritative definition of the subject matter to be studied in a JAA ATPL theoretical knowledge training programme. No student should prepare for, or is entitled to enter himself/herself for, the JAA ATPL theoretical knowledge examinations without first being enrolled in a training school which has been granted approval by a JAA-authorised national aviation authority to deliver JAA ATPL training.
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PREFACE_______________________
As the world moves toward a single standard for international pilot licensing, many nations have adopted the syllabi and regulations of the “Joint Aviation Requirements-Flight Crew Licensing" (JAR-FCL), the licensing agency of the Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA).
Though training and licensing requirements of individual national aviation authorities are similar in content and scope to the JAA curriculum, individuals who wish to train for JAA licences need access to study materials which have been specifically designed to meet the requirements of the JAA licensing system. The volumes in this series aim to cover the subject matter tested in the JAA ATPL ground examinations as set forth in the ATPL training syllabus, contained in the JAA publication, “JAR-FCL 1 (Aeroplanes)”.
The JAA regulations specify that all those who wish to obtain a JAA ATPL must study with a flying training organisation (FTO) which has been granted approval by a JAA-authorised national aviation authority to deliver JAA ATPL training. While the formal responsibility to prepare you for both the skill tests and the ground examinations lies with the FTO, these Jeppesen manuals will provide a comprehensive and necessary background for your formal training.
Jeppesen is acknowledged as the world's leading supplier of flight information services, and provides a full range of print and electronic flight information services, including navigation data, computerised flight planning, aviation software products, aviation weather services, maintenance information, and pilot training systems and supplies. Jeppesen counts among its customer base all US airlines and the majority of international airlines worldwide. It also serves the large general and business aviation markets. These manuals enable you to draw on Jeppesen’s vast experience as an acknowledged expert in the development and publication of pilot training materials.
We at Jeppesen wish you success in your flying and training, and we are confident that your study of these manuals will be of great value in preparing for the JAA ATPL ground examinations. The next three pages contain a list and content description of all the volumes in the ATPL series.
Meteorology (JAR Ref 050)
• The Atmosphere • Air Masses and Fronts
• Wind • Pressure System
• Thermodynamics • Climatology • Clouds and Fog • Flight Hazards
• Precipitation • Meteorological Information
General Navigation (JAR Ref 061)
• Basics of Navigation • Dead Reckoning Navigation • Magnetism • In-Flight Navigation
• Compasses • Inertial Navigation Systems • Charts
Radio Navigation (JAR Ref 062)
• Radio Aids • Basic Radar Principles • Self-contained and • Area Navigation Systems
External-Referenced • Basic Radio Propagation Theory Navigation Systems
Airframes and Systems (JAR Ref 021 01)
• Fuselage • Hydraulics
• Windows • Pneumatic Systems
• Wings • Air Conditioning System
• Stabilising Surfaces • Pressurisation
• Landing Gear • De-Ice / Anti-Ice Systems • Flight Controls • Fuel Systems
Powerplant (JAR Ref 021 03)
• Piston Engine • Engine Systems
• Turbine Engine • Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) • Engine Construction
Electrics (JAR Ref 021 02)
• Direct Current • Generator / Alternator • Alternating Current • Semiconductors
• Automatic Flight Control Systems • Warning and Recording Equipment
• Powerplant and System Monitoring Instruments
Principles of Flight (JAR Ref 080)
• Laws and Definitions • Boundary Layer • Aerofoil Airflow • High Speed Flight • Aeroplane Airflow • Stability
• Lift Coefficient • Flying Controls
• Total Drag • Adverse Weather Conditions • Ground Effect • Propellers
• Stall • Operating Limitations
• CLMAX Augmentation • Flight Mechanics
• Lift Coefficient and Speed
Performance (JAR Ref 032)
• Single-Engine Aeroplanes – Not certified under JAR/FAR 25
(Performance Class B)
• Multi-Engine Aeroplanes – Not certified under JAR/FAR 25
(Performance Class B)
• Aeroplanes certified under JAR/FAR 25 (Performance Class A)
Mass and Balance (JAR Ref 031)
• Definition and Terminology • Limits
• Loading
• Centre of Gravity
Flight Planning (JAR Ref 033)
• Flight Plan for Cross-Country • Meteorological Messages
Flights • Point of Equal Time • ICAO ATC Flight Planning • Point of Safe Return
• IFR (Airways) Flight Planning • Medium Range Jet Transport • Jeppesen Airway Manual Planning
Air Law (JAR Ref 010)
• International Agreements • Air Traffic Services
and Organisations • Aerodromes • Annex 8 – Airworthiness of • Facilitation
Aircraft • Search and Rescue • Annex 7 – Aircraft Nationality • Security
and Registration Marks • Aircraft Accident Investigation • Annex 1 – Licensing • JAR-FCL
• Rules of the Air • National Law • Procedures for Air Navigation
• Human Factors
• Aviation Physiology and Health Maintenance • Aviation Psychology
Operational Procedures (JAR Ref 070)
• Operator • Low Visibility Operations • Air Operations Certificate • Special Operational Procedures • Flight Operations and Hazards
• Aerodrome Operating Minima • Transoceanic and Polar Flight
Communications (JAR Ref 090)
• Definitions • Distress and Urgency • General Operation Procedures Procedures
• Relevant Weather Information • Aerodrome Control • Communication Failure • Approach Control • VHF Propagation • Area Control
CHAPTER 1
Abbreviations and Definitions
Section 1 - Common abbreviations used in the JAA Central Question Bank ...1-1 Section 2 - ICAO Definitions ...1-6
CHAPTER 2
The History of Aviation Law and the Chicago Convention 1944
Background...2-1 Introduction ...2-1 Safety ...2-1 International Law...2-1 Scheduled and Non Scheduled Air Services...2-2 1919 Aeronautical Commission of the Paris Peace Conference...2-2 Convention of the Unification of Certain Rules to International Carriage by Air (Warsaw 1929) ...2-2 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation (the Chicago Convention) ...2-3 Part I – Air Navigation ...2-4 Part II - The International Civil Aviation Organisation...2-8 The Organisation ...2-8 The Assembly ...2-9 Annexes to the Convention...2-9 Other International Agreements made at Chicago ...2-11 The International Air Transport Agreement and the International Air Services Transit Agreement ...2-11 Supplementary Freedoms...2-11 The Convention of Tokyo 1963 ...2-12 The Hague Convention of 1970 ...2-13 The Montreal Convention of 1971...2-13 Addendum to Chapter 2...2-14 Chapter IX - The Council ...2-17 Chapter X - The Air Navigation Commission...2-19
CHAPTER 3
Other International and European Organisations
The International Air Transport Association (IATA)...3-1 The Convention of Rome 1933/1952 ...3-1 Commercial Practices and Associated Rules (Leasing)...3-1 Leasing of Aeroplanes between JAA Operators ...3-2 Leasing of Aeroplanes Between a JAA Operator and Any Body Other Than a JAA Operator...3-2 Leasing of Aeroplanes at Short Notice...3-3 European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) ...3-3 ECAC Objectives ...3-3 Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA)...3-3 JAA Organisation ...3-3 Functions of JAA...3-4 Organisation and Procedures ...3-4 JAA/FAA Harmonisation ...3-5 Eurocontrol...3-5
CHAPTER 4
Flight Crew Licensing (Aeroplanes)
Introduction ... 4-1 JAR-FCL ... 4-1 Licensing Requirements and Regulations... 4-2 Specific Requirements for Licence Issue PPL(A)... 4-3 ATPL(A) Experience ... 4-5 CPL(A) Experience ... 4-5 Instructor Ratings ... 4-6 Examiners (Aeroplane) ... 4-6 Class and Type Ratings ... 4-7 Instrument Rating (IR(A)) ... 4-8 Recent Experience... 4-9 Curtailment of Privileges of Licence Holders Aged 60 Years or More... 4-9 Medical Requirements ... 4-10 JAA Theoretical Knowledge Examinations for ATPL (A)... 4-12
CHAPTER 5
Registration of Aircraft and Aircraft Markings
Nationality, Common, and Registration Marks ... 5-1 Location of Nationality, Common, and Registration Marks... 5-2 Registration of Aircraft... 5-3 CHAPTER 6 Airworthiness of Aircraft Introduction ... 6-1 Certificate of Airworthiness ... 6-1 CHAPTER 7
Rules of the Air
Introduction ... 7-1 General Rules ... 7-2 Negligent or Reckless Operation of Aircraft ... 7-2 Minimum Heights ... 7-2 Cruising Levels... 7-2 Prohibited and Restricted Areas... 7-2 Avoidance of Collisions ... 7-2 Simulated Instrument Flight (SIF)... 7-7 Flight Plans ... 7-7 Communications ... 7-10 Visual Flight Rules (VFR)... 7-12 Instrument Flight Rules ... 7-14 Rules Applicable to IFR Flights within Controlled Airspace... 7-15 IFR Flight Levels ... 7-15 Rules Applicable to IFR Flights Outside Controlled Airspace... 7-15
CHAPTER 8 Signals Introduction ...8-1 Emergency Signals ...8-1 Aerodrome Signals ...8-2 Acknowledgement...8-2 Visual Ground Signals ...8-3 Signals from the Pilot of an Aircraft to a Marshaller ...8-8
CHAPTER 9
Altimeter Setting Procedures
Expression of Vertical Position...9-1 Transition ...9-2 Use of QNH or QFE ...9-3 Flight Planning ...9-4 CHAPTER 10 Instrument Procedures Introduction ...10-1 Publications...10-1 Obstacle Clearance ...10-2 Abbreviations ...10-2 Departure Procedures...10-2 The Instrument Departure Procedure ...10-3 Establishment of a Departure Procedure ...10-3 Standard Instrument Departures...10-5 Contingency Procedures...10-6 Published Information ...10-8 Airways Departure Routes (SID Charts) ...10-8 The Instrument Approach Procedure ...10-13 Obstacle Clearance ...10-15 Accuracy of Fixes...10-21 Descent Gradient ...10-24 Approach Segments ...10-24 Standard Arrivals Routes (STARS)...10-24 Missed Approach ...10-28 Visual Manoeuvring (Circling) VM(C)A in the Vicinity of the Aerodrome...10-30 Published Information ...10-31 Holding Procedures ...10-36 Simultaneous Operations on Parallel or Near Parallel Instrument Runways ...10-42
CHAPTER 11
Aeronautical Information Service
Introduction ...11-1 Responsibilities and Function ...11-1 The Integrated Aeronautical Information Package (IAIP)...11-1 Prohibited, Restricted, and Danger Areas...11-2 NOTAM (Notice to Airmen) ...11-3 Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control (AIRAC) ...11-6 Aeronautical Information Circulars (AIC)...11-7 Pre-Flight and Post Flight Information...11-8 Aeronautical Information Publication (AlP)...11-8 Contents of Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) ...11-9
CHAPTER 12
Air Traffic Services and Airspace
Introduction ... 12-1 Objective of the Air Traffic Services (ATS)... 12-1 Divisions of the Air Traffic Services... 12-2 Determination of the need for Air Traffic Services... 12-2 Classes of Airspace ... 12-2 Required Navigation Performance (RNP) ... 12-5 Units Providing Air Traffic Services ... 12-5 Flight Information Regions (FIRs) ... 12-6 Control Areas ... 12-6 Flight Information Regions or Control Areas in the Upper Airspace ... 12-7 Control Zones... 12-7 Service to Aircraft in the event of Emergency ... 12-10 Time in Air Traffic Services ... 12-10 ATS Route Designators ... 12-10 Air Traffic Incident Report (ATIR) ... 12-14 Collision Avoidance Systems (ACAS – Airborne; TCAS – Traffic) ... 12-15 Use of ACAS/TCAS Indications ... 12-15
CHAPTER 13
Air Traffic Control Services
Introduction ... 13-1 Air Traffic Control Service ... 13-1 Operation of Air Traffic Control Service... 13-3 Emergency and Communication Failure ... 13-8
CHAPTER 14
Flight Information Service (FIS)
Application ... 14-1 What is provided by a FIS ... 14-1 Operational Flight Information Service Broadcasts (OFIS) ... 14-2
CHAPTER 15
Aerodrome Control Service
Introduction ... 15-1 Aerodrome Traffic Zone (ATZ) ... 15-1 Functions of Aerodrome Control Towers... 15-2 Traffic and Taxi Circuits ... 15-2 Information to Aircraft by Aerodrome Control Towers ... 15-5 Control of Aerodrome Traffic... 15-6 Control of other than Aircraft Traffic on the Manoeuvring Area ... 15-7 Control of Traffic in the Traffic Circuit... 15-7 Wake Turbulence Categorization of Aircraft and Increased Longitudinal Separation Minima ... 15-9
CHAPTER 16
Approach Control Service
Introduction ...16-1 Departures ...16-1 Arrivals ...16-2 Approach Sequence (Stacking) ...16-4 Information for Arriving Aircraft ...16-6
CHAPTER 17
Area Control Service
Introduction ...17-1 Separation...17-2 Vertical Separation...17-2 Horizontal Separation ...17-3 Lateral Separation...17-4 Longitudinal Separation ...17-6 Reduced Separation Minima...17-14
CHAPTER 18
Air Traffic Advisory Service
Introduction ...18-1 Objective and Basic Principles...18-1 Operation ...18-1 Aircraft Using the Air Traffic Advisory Service...18-2 Aircraft Not Using the Air Traffic Advisory Service ...18-2 Air Traffic Services Units...18-2
CHAPTER 19
Radar in Air Traffic Control
Introduction ...19-1 Radar Coverage...19-1 Identification of Aircraft ...19-3 SSR Identification Procedures ...19-3 PSR Identification Procedures ...19-3 Position Information ...19-4 Radar Vectoring ...19-4 Use of Radar in the Air Traffic Control Service ...19-7 Radar Separation Minima ...19-7 Emergencies, Hazards, and Equipment Failures ...19-9 Use of Radar in the Approach Control Service ...19-9 Radar Approaches ...19-11 Use of Radar in Aerodrome Control...19-12
CHAPTER 20
Secondary Surveillance Radar
Introduction ...20-1 Operation of Transponders ...20-2 Emergency Procedures ...20-3 Communication Failure Procedures...20-3 Unlawful Interference with Aircraft in Flight ...20-3 Phraseology ...20-3
CHAPTER 21
The Alerting Service
Alerting Service ... 21-1 Phases of the Alerting Procedure... 21-2 Format of Notification of Declaration ... 21-3 Additional Information for the RCC... 21-3 Information to Aircraft Operating In the Vicinity of an Aircraft in a State of Emergency... 21-3 Unlawful Interference ... 21-3
CHAPTER 22
Search and Rescue
Introduction ... 22-1 Organisation... 22-1 Operating Procedures ... 22-2 Search and Rescue Signals... 22-4 Ground/Air Signals used by Rescue Units ... 22-6 Air-To-Ground Signals ... 22-6 CHAPTER 23 Aerodromes Annex 14... 23-1 Types of Aerodrome... 23-1 Parts of an Aerodrome ... 23-1 Aerodrome Reference Code ... 23-1 Aeronautical Data... 23-2 Runways ... 23-5 Taxiways ... 23-7 Taxiway Curve ... 23-9 Holding Bays, Taxi Holding Positions... 23-9 Aprons ... 23-10 Visual Aids for Navigation ... 23-10 Markings ... 23-11 Runway Markings... 23-11 Runway Centre Line Marking... 23-12 Threshold Markings... 23-12 Displaced Threshold Marking... 23-13 Aiming Point Marking ... 23-14 Touchdown Zone Marking... 23-14 Runway Side Stripe... 23-16 Taxiway Markings ... 23-16 Taxiway Centre Line Marking... 23-16 Runway Holding Position Marking... 23-16 Taxiway Intersection Marking... 23-17 VOR Aerodrome Check-Point Marking ... 23-18 Aircraft Stand Markings... 23-19 Apron Safety Lines... 23-19 Information Markings... 23-19 Signs ... 23-19
Runway Lights ...23-34 Taxiway Lighting ...23-34 Obstacles ...23-38 Marking of Vehicles...23-40 Emergency Vehicles ...23-40 Emergency Services ...23-40 Bird Hazard ...23-40 CHAPTER 24 Aviation Security General ...24-1 Aims and Objectives ...24-1 National Organisation ...24-1 International Co-Operation...24-1 Preventative Security Measures ...24-2 Carriage of Legal Weapons ...24-2 Pre-Flight Checks ...24-2 Measures Related to Passengers and their Cabin Baggage ...24-2 Missing Passengers...24-2 Measures Relating to Access Control ...24-2 Management of Response to Acts of Unlawful Interference ...24-3 Flight Deck Door ...24-3 Training Programmes ...24-3 Isolated Aircraft Parking Position ...24-3
CHAPTER 25
Aircraft Accident Investigation
Introduction ...25-1 Definitions ...25-1 Objective of the Investigation ...25-2 Protection of Evidence, Custody, and Removal of Aircraft...25-2 Request from State of Registry or State of Operator ...25-2 Request from State of Design or State of Manufacturer ...25-3 Notification for Accidents or Serious Incidents ...25-3 Reports ...25-4
CHAPTER 26
Facilitation
Introduction ...26-1 Entry and Departure of Aircraft ...26-1 Entry and Departure of Persons and their Baggage ...26-3 Departure Requirements and Procedures ...26-4 Inadmissible Passengers, Deportees and Persons in Custody...26-4
CHAPTER 27
National Law
Introduction ...27-1 The Law of the UK ...27-1 Major UK Differences...27-1 Royal Flights ...27-3 Military Aerodrome Traffic Zones (MATZ)...27-3
INTRODUCTION
This chapter of Aviation Law contains two sections and is intended for use with all the course material provided:
SECTION 1 — COMMON ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE JAA CENTRAL QUESTION BANK A
A Ampere ALT Altitude
ABM Abeam ALTN Alternate
ABN Aerodrome beacon APCH Approach
AC Alternating current APT Airport
AC Altocumulus APU Auxiliary power unit
ACAS Airborne collision avoidance system ARR Arrival
ACFT Aircraft AS Altostratus
ACT Active ASDA Accelerate stop distance available
AD Aerodrome AMSL Above mean sea level
ADC Air data computer ATA Actual time of arrival
ADDN Additional ATC Air traffic control
ADF Automatic direction finding ATIS Automatic terminal information service
ADI Attitude director indicator ATO Actual time overhead
AEO All engines operating ATS Air traffic services
AFIS Aerodrome flight information service AUX Auxiliary
AFM Aircraft flight manual AVG Average
AGL Above ground level AWY Airway
AIP Aeronautical Information Publication AZM Azimuth
B
BKN Broken BRG Bearing
C
ºC Degrees Celsius CI Cirrus
CAS Calibrated air speed CL Lift coefficient
CAT Clear air turbulence Cm Centimetre
CB Cumulonimbus CO Communications
CC Cirrocumulus CP Critical point
CD Drag coefficient CRM Crew resource management
CDI Course direction indicator CS Cirrostratus
CDU Control display unit CTR Control zone
cg Centre of gravity CU Cumulus
D
DA Decision altitude DG Directional gyroscope
DC Direct current DH Decision height
DEG Degrees DIST Distance
DEP Departure DME Distance measuring equipment
DES Descent DP Dew point
DEST Destination DR Dead reckoning
DEV Deviation DVOR Doppler VOR
D/F Direction finding
E
E East EICAS Engine indicator and crew alerting
system
EAS Equivalent airspeed EOBT Estimated off blocks time
EAT Expected approach time EPR Engine pressure ratio
ECAM Engine condition aircraft monitoring EST Estimated
EFIS Electronic flight instrument system ETA Estimated time of arrival
EGT Exhaust gas temperature ETO Estimated time overhead
F
º F Degrees Fahrenheit FL Flight level
FAF Final approach fix FLT Flight
FCST Forecast FMS Flight management system
FD Flight director FT Feet
FIS Flight information system FT/MIN Feet per minute
FIS Flight Information Service
G
G Gramme GP Glide path
GAL Gallons GPWS Ground proximity warning system
GND Ground GS Ground speed
H
HDG Heading HSI Horizontal situation indicator
HF High frequency HT Height
hPa Hectopascal Hz Hertz
HR Hours
I
IAS Indicated airspeed INT Intersection
ILS Instrument landing system ISA International standard atmosphere
K
kg Kilogramme kt Knot
kHz Kilohertz kW Kilowatt
km Kilometre
L
LAT Latitude LMT Local mean time
LB Pounds LONG Longitude
LDG Landing LT Local time
LDP Landing decision point LTD Limited
LEN Length LVL Level
LLZ Localiser (Localizer) LYR Layer
LMC Last minute change
M
m Metre MLS Microwave landing system
M Mass MM Middle marker
M Mach Number MNM Minimum
MAC Mean aerodynamic chord
MAP Manifold pressure
MNPS Minimum navigation performance
specification
MAPt Missed approach point MOCA Minimum obstruction clearance altitude
max Maximum MORA Minimum off route altitude
MDH Minimum descent height MPH Miles per hour
MDH/A Minimum descent height/altitude MPS, mps Metres per second
MEA Minimum enroute altitude MSA Minimum sector altitude
MET Meteorological MSL Mean sea level
MIN Minutes MSU Mode selector unit
N
N Newton NDB Non-directional beacon
NGT Night NM Nautical miles
N North NOTAM Notice to airmen
NAT North Atlantic track NS Nimbostratus
NAV Navigation
O
OAT Outside air temperature OM Operating mass
OBS Omni bearing selector OM Outer marker
OCA(H) Obstacle clearance altitude (height) OPS Operations
OCL Obstacle clearance limit O/R On request
OEI One engine inoperative OVC Overcast
P
P Pressure POS Position
PAX Passenger PSI Pounds per square inch
PET Point of equal time PSR Point of Safe Return
PIC Pilot in command PTS Polar track structure
PLN Flight plan PWR Power
R
r Radius RNAV Area Navigation
RAC Rules of the air and air traffic services ROC Rate of climb
RAS Rectified airspeed ROD Rate of descent
REP Reporting point RVR Runway visual range
RMI Remote magnetic indicator RWY Runway
RMK Remark
S
S South SR Sunrise
SAR Search and rescue SS Sunset
SARPs Standards and Recommended Practices SSR Secondary surveillance radar
SC Stratocumulus ST Stratus
SCT Scattered STAR Standard arrival route
SDBY Standby STD Standard
SEC Seconds STN Station
SEV Severe STNR Stationary
SFC Surface STS Status
SID Standard instrument departure SVFR Special VFR
SIM Simulator SWY Stop way
SKC Sky clear
T
T Temperature THR Threshold
TA Transition altitude TL Transition level
TAS True airspeed T/O Take-off
TAT Total air temperature TOC Top of climb
TC Tropical cyclone TORA Take off run available
TCAS Traffic collision avoidance system TS Thunderstorm
TDP Take-off decision point TWY Taxiway
U
U/S Unserviceable UTC Co-ordinated universal time
US-GAL US gallons
V
V Volt VSI Vertical speed indicator
VAR Magnetic variation VV Vertical visibility
VDF VHF direction finding station VA Design manoeuvring speed
VG Vertical gyro VB Design speed for max gust intensity
VHF Very high frequency VC/MC Design cruise speed / Mach number
VLOF Lift off speed VR Rotating speed
VMAX TYRE Maximum tyre speed VREF Landing reference speed
VMBE Maximum break energy speed VS Stalling speed or minimum steady flight
speed at which the aeroplane is controllable
VMC Minimum control speed VSO Stalling speed or minimum steady flight
speed in landing configuration
VMCA Air minimum control speed VS1 Stalling speed or minimum steady flight
speed obtained in best configuration
VMCG Ground minimum control speed VX Speed for best angle of climb
VMO/MMO Maximum operating limit speed / Maximum Mach number
VY Speed for best rate of climb
VMU Minimum un-stick speed V1 Critical engine failure speed
VNE Never exceed speed V2 Take-off safety speed for piston engine
aircraft
VNO Normal operating speed
W
W Watt W/V Wind velocity
W West WPT Way point
WC Wind component WS Wind shear
WCA Wind correction angle WX Weather
X X Cross XX Heavy XTK Cross track Y YD Yard Z
SECTION 2 — ICAO DEFINITIONS
The following definitions are from the ICAO Annexes. The learning objectives for 010 Air Law require that the student is able to recall definitions from a given list. Do not memorise this list. By the time you complete the course, you will be able to define all the definitions necessary to pass the examination.
Accepting Unit — ATCU next to take control of an aircraft.
Accident — An occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft that takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight, until such time as all such persons have disembarked, in which a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of:
¾ being in the aircraft, or
¾ direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts which have become detached from the aircraft, or
¾ direct exposure to jet blast
except when the injuries are from natural causes, self-inflicted or inflicted by other persons, or when the injuries are to stowaways hiding outside the areas normally available to the passengers and crew, or the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which:
¾ adversely affects the structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics of the aircraft, and
¾ would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component
except for engine failure or damage, when the damage is limited to the engine, its cowlings or accessories; or for damage limited to propellers, wing tips, antennas, tyres, brakes, fairings, small dents or puncture holes in the aircraft skin, or the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible.
Note: An injury resulting in death within 30 days of the date of the accident is classified as a fatal injury by ICAO.
Note: An aircraft is considered to be missing when the official search has been terminated and the wreckage has not been located.
Advisory Airspace — Airspace of defined dimensions, or designated route, within which air traffic advisory service is available.
Advisory Route — A designated route along which air traffic advisory service is available.
Aerodrome — A defined area of land or water (including any buildings, installations, and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure, and surface movement of aircraft.
Aerodrome Control Service — Air traffic control service for aerodrome traffic. Aerodrome Control Tower — A unit established to provide air traffic control service. Aerodrome Elevation — The elevation of the highest point of the landing area.
Aerodrome Identification Sign — A sign placed on an aerodrome to aid in identifying the aerodrome from the air.
Aerodrome Operating Minima — The limits of usability of an aerodrome for:
¾ Take-off, expressed in terms of RVR and/or visibility and, if necessary, cloud conditions ¾ Landing in precision approach and landing operations, expressed in terms of visibility and/or
RVR and DA/DH, as appropriate to the category of the operation, and
¾ Landing in non-precision approach and landing operations, expressed in terms of visibility and/or RVR, MDA/MDH and, if necessary, cloud conditions.
Aerodrome Reference Field Length — The minimum field length required for take-off at maximum certificated take-off mass, sea level, standard atmospheric conditions, still air, and zero runway slope, as shown in the appropriate aeroplane flight manual prescribed by the certificating authority or equivalent data from the aeroplane manufacturer. Field length means balanced field length for aeroplanes, if applicable, or take-off distance in other cases.
Aerodrome Reference Point — The designated geographical location of the aerodrome.
Aerodrome Taxi Circuit — The specified path of aircraft on the manoeuvring area during specific wind conditions.
Aerodrome Traffic — All traffic on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome and all traffic flying in the vicinity of an aerodrome.
Note: An aircraft is in the vicinity of an aerodrome when it is in, entering, or leaving an aerodrome traffic circuit.
Aerodrome Traffic Zone — Airspace of defined dimensions established around an aerodrome for the protection of aerodrome traffic.
Aeronautical Beacon — An aeronautical ground light visible at all azimuths, either continuously or intermittently, to designate a particular point on the surface of the earth.
Aeronautical Ground Light — Any light specifically provided as an aid to air navigation, other than a light displayed on an aircraft.
Aeronautical Information Circular (AIC) — A notice containing information that does not qualify for the origination of a NOTAM or for inclusion in the AlP, but which relates to flight safety, air navigation, technical, administrative or legislative matters.
Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) — A publication issued by or with the authority of a state and containing aeronautical information of a lasting character essential to air navigation.
Aeronautical Mobile Service — A mobile service between aeronautical stations and aircraft stations, or between aircraft stations, in which survival craft stations may participate; emergency position-indicating radio beacon stations may also participate in this service on designated distress and emergency frequencies.
Aeronautical Station — A land station in the aeronautical mobile service. In certain instances, an aeronautical station may be located, for example, on board ship or on a platform at sea. Aeronautical Telecommunication Station — A station in the aeronautical telecommunication service.
Aeroplane — A power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight.
AIP Amendment — Permanent changes to the information contained in the AIP.
AIP Supplement — Temporary changes to the information contained in the AIP that are published by means of special pages.
AIRAC — An acronym (Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control) signifying a system aimed at advance notification based on common dates, of circumstances that necessitate significant changes in operating practices
Air-Ground Communication — Two-way communication between aircraft and stations, or locations, on the surface of the earth.
Air Report — A report from an aircraft in flight prepared in conformity with requirements for position, and operational and/or meteorological reporting.
Air Traffic — All aircraft in flight or operating on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome.
Air Traffic Advisory Service — A service provided within advisory airspace to ensure separation, in so far as practical between aircraft which are operating on IFR flight plans.
Air Traffic Control Clearance — Authorization for an aircraft to proceed under conditions specified by an air traffic control unit.
Note: For convenience the term “Air Traffic Control Clearance” is frequently abbreviated to “Clearance” when used in appropriate contexts.
Note: The abbreviated term “Clearance” may be prefixed by the words “Taxi”, “Take-off”, “Departure”, “Enroute”, “Approach”, or "Landing” to indicate the particular portion of flight to which the Air Traffic Control Clearance relates.
Air Traffic Control Service — A service provided for the purpose of: ¾ Preventing collisions between aircraft, and,
¾ On the manoeuvring area between aircraft and obstructions. ¾ Expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic.
Air Traffic Control Unit — A generic term meaning variously, area control centre, approach control office, or aerodrome control tower.
Air Traffic Service — A generic term meaning variously, flight information service, alerting service, air traffic advisory service, or air traffic control service (area control service, approach control service, or aerodrome control service).
Air Traffic Services Airspaces — Airspaces of defined dimensions, alphabetically designated, within which specific types of flights may operate and for which air traffic services and rules of operation are specified.
Note: ATS airspaces are classified as Class A to G
Air Traffic Services Reporting Office — A unit established for the purpose of receiving reports concerning air traffic services and flight plans submitted before departure.
Note: An Air Traffic Services reporting office may be established as a separate unit or combined with an existing unit, such as another Air Traffic Services Unit, or a unit of the Aeronautical Information Service.
Air Traffic Services Unit — A generic term meaning variously, air traffic control unit, flight information centre, or air traffic services reporting office.
Aircraft — Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface.
Aircraft Category — Classification of aircraft according to specified basic characteristics (e.g. aeroplane, helicopter, glider, free balloon).
Aircraft Certified For Single-Pilot Operation — A type of aircraft that the State of Registry has determined, during the certification process, can be operated safely with a minimum crew of one pilot.
Aircraft Equipment — Articles, other than stores and spare parts of a removable nature, for use on board an aircraft during flight, including first aid and survival equipment.
Aircraft Identification — A group of letters, figures, or a combination thereof which is either identical to, or the coded equivalent of, the aircraft callsign to be used in air-ground communications, and which is used to identify the aircraft in ground-ground ATS communications. Aircraft Observation — The evaluation of one or more meteorological elements made from an aircraft in flight.
Aircraft Proximity — A situation in which, in the opinion of a pilot or ATS personnel, the distance between aircraft, as well as their relative positions and speed, have been such that the safety of the aircraft involved may have been compromised. Aircraft proximity is classified as follows:
Risk Of Collision — The risk classification of aircraft proximity, in which serious risk of collision has existed.
Safety Not Assured — The risk classification of aircraft proximity, in which the safety of the aircraft may have been compromised.
No Risk Of Collision — The risk classification of aircraft proximity, in which no risk of collision has existed.
Risk Not Determined — The risk classification of aircraft proximity in which insufficient information was available to determine the risk involved, or inconclusive or conflicting evidence precluded such determination.
Aircraft Stand — A designated area on an apron intended for parking aircraft.
Aircraft Type — All aircraft of the same basic design, including all modifications thereto, except those modifications which result in a change in handling or flight characteristics.
AIRMET Information — Information issued by a meteorological watch office concerning the occurrence or expected occurrence of specified enroute weather phenomena that may affect the safety of low-level aircraft operations and which was not already included in the forecast issued for low-level flights in the FIR concerned or sub-area thereof.
Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) — An aircraft system based on SSR transponder signals that operates independently of ground based equipment to provide advice to the pilot on potential conflicting aircraft that are equipped with SSR transponders.
Airline — As provided in Article 96 of the Convention, any air transport enterprise offering or operating a scheduled international air service.
AIRPROX — The code word used in an air traffic incident report to designate aircraft proximity. Airway — A control area or portion thereof established in the form of a corridor equipped with radio navigation aids.
ALERFA — The code word used to designate an alert phase.
Alert Phase — A situation wherein apprehension exists as to the safety of an aircraft and its occupants.
Alternate Aerodrome — An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes either impossible or inadvisable to proceed to or land at the aerodrome of intended landing. Alternate aerodromes include the following:
Take-off Alternate — An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft can land should this become necessary shortly after take-off and it is not possible to use the aerodrome of departure.
Enroute Alternate — An aerodrome at which an aircraft would be able to land after experiencing an abnormal or emergency condition while enroute.
Destination Alternate — An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed should it become impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended landing.
Note: The aerodrome from which a flight departs may also be an enroute or a destination alternate aerodrome for that flight.
Altitude — The vertical distance of a level, a point, or an object considered as a point measured from mean sea level (MSL).
Approach Control Office — A unit established to provide ATC service to controlled flights arriving at, or departing from, one or more aerodromes.
Approach Control Service — ATC service for arriving or departing controlled flights.
Appropriate ATS Authority — The relevant authority designated by the state responsible for providing air traffic services in the airspace concerned.
Appropriate Authority
¾ Regarding flight over the high seas — The relevant authority of the state of registry.
¾ Regarding flight other than over the high seas — The relevant authority of the state having sovereignty over the territory being over flown.
Apron — A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for the purposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail, or cargo, fuelling, parking, or maintenance. Apron Management Service — A service provided to regulate the activities and the movement of aircraft and vehicles on an apron.
Area Control Centre — A unit established to provide Air Traffic Control Service to controlled flights in control areas under its jurisdiction.
Area Control Service — Air Traffic Control Service for controlled flight in Control Areas.
Area Navigation (RNAV) — A method of navigation which permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within the coverage of the station referenced navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of self contained aids, or a combination of these.
Area Navigation Route — An ATS route established for the use of aircraft capable of employing area navigation.
ATIS — The symbol used to designate automatic terminal information service.
ATS Route — A specified route designed for channelling the flow of traffic as necessary for the provision of air traffic services.
Note: The term “ATS route” is used to mean variously, airway, advisory route, controlled or uncontrolled route, arrival or departure route, etc.
Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) — A surveillance technique in which aircraft automatically provide, via a data link, data derived from on board navigation and position fixing systems, including aircraft identification, four dimensional position, and additional data as appropriate.
Automatic Terminal Information Service — The provision of current, routine information to arriving and departing aircraft by means of a continuous and repetitive broadcast throughout the day, or a specified portion of the day.
Baggage — Personal property of passengers or crew carried on an aircraft by agreement with the operator.
Barrette — Three or more aeronautical ground lights closely spaced in a traverse line so that from a distance they appear as a short bar of light.
Base Turn — A turn executed by the aircraft during the initial approach between the end of the outbound track and the beginning of the intermediate or final approach track. The tracks are not reciprocal.
Note: Base turns may be designated as being made either in level flight or while descending, according to the circumstances of each individual procedure.
Blind Transmission — A transmission from one station to another station in circumstances where two-way communication cannot be established, but where it is believed the called station is able to receive the transmission.
Broadcast — A transmission of information relating to air navigation that is not addressed to a specific station or stations.
Cargo — Any property carried on an aircraft other than mail, stores, and accompanied or mishandled baggage.
Ceiling — The height above the ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below 6000 metres (20 000 ft) covering more than half the sky.
Change-over Point — The point at which an aircraft navigating over an ATS route segment, defined by reference to very high frequency omni directional radio ranges, is expected to transfer its primary navigational reference from the facility behind the aircraft to the next facility ahead of the aircraft.
Note: Change-over points are established to provide the optimum balance in respect of signal strength and quality between facilities at all levels to be used and to ensure a common source of azimuth guidance for all aircraft operating along the same portion of a route segment.
Circling Approach — An extension of an instrument approach procedure which provides for visual circling of the aerodrome prior to landing.
Clearance Limit — The point to which an aircraft is granted an Air Traffic Control Clearance. Clearway — A defined rectangular area on the ground or water under the control of the appropriate authority, selected or prepared as a suitable area over which an aeroplane may make a portion of its initial climb to a specified height.
Code (SSR) — The number assigned to a particular multiple pulse reply signal transmitted by a transponder in Mode A or Mode C.
Commercial Air Transport Operation — An aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers, cargo, or mail for remuneration or hire.
Configuration (as applied to the aeroplane) — A particular combination of the positions of the moveable elements, such as wing flaps, landing gear etc, which affect the aerodynamic characteristics of the aeroplane.
Control Area — A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth. Controlled Aerodrome — An aerodrome at which Air Traffic Control Service is provided to aerodrome traffic.
Note: The term “Controlled Aerodrome” indicates that Air Traffic Control Service is provided to Aerodrome Traffic, but does not necessarily imply that a Control Zone exists. Controlled Airspace — An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights in accordance with the airspace classification.
Note: Controlled airspace is a generic term which covers ATS airspace Class A, B, C, D, and E.
Controlled Flight — Any flight which is subject to an Air Traffic Control Clearance.
Control Zone — A controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the earth to a specified upper limit.
Co-Pilot — A licensed pilot serving in any piloting capacity other than as PIC, but excluding a pilot who is on board the aircraft for the sole purpose of receiving flight instruction.
Crew Member — A person assigned by an operator to duty on an aircraft during flight time. Critical Power Unit(s) — The power unit(s) failure of which gives the most adverse effect on the aircraft characteristics relative to the case under consideration.
Cruise Climb — An aeroplane cruising technique resulting in a net increase in altitude as the aeroplane mass decreases.
Cruising Level — A level maintained during a significant portion of a flight.
Current Flight Plan — The flight plan, including changes, if any, brought about by subsequent clearances.
Danger Area — An airspace of defined dimensions within which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft may exist at specified times.
Dead Reckoning (DR) Navigation — The estimating or determining of position by advancing an earlier known position by the application of direction, time, and speed data.
Decision Altitude (DA) or Decision Height (DH) — A specified altitude or height in the precision approach at which a missed approach must be initiated if the required visual reference to continue the approach has not been established.
Note: DA is referenced to mean sea level, DH is referenced to threshold elevation
Note: The required visual reference means that section of the visual aids or of the approach area which should have been in view for sufficient time for the pilot to have made an assessment of the aircraft position and rate of change of position, in relation to the desired flight path. In Category III operations with a DH the required visual reference is that specified for the particular procedure and operation.
Declared Distances
Take-Off Run Available (TORA) — The length of runway declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aircraft.
Take-Off Distance Available (TODA) — The length of the take-off run available, plus the length of the clearway, if provided.
Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA) — The length of the take-off run available, plus the length of the stopway, if provided.
Dependent Parallel Approaches — Simultaneous approaches to parallel or near parallel instrument runways where radar separation minima between aircraft on adjacent extended runway centre lines are prescribed.
Design Landing Mass — The maximum mass of the aircraft at which, for structural design purposes, it is assumed that it will be planned to land.
Design Take-off Mass — The maximum mass at which the aircraft, for structural design purposes, is assumed to be planned to be at the start of the take-off run.
Design Taxiing Mass — The maximum mass of the aircraft at which structural provision is made for load liable to occur during use of the aircraft on the ground prior to the start of take-off.
DETRESFA — The code word used to designate a distress phase.
Displaced Threshold — A threshold not located at the extremity of the runway.
Distress Phase — A situation wherein there is a reasonable certainty that an aircraft and its occupants are threatened by grave and imminent danger or require immediate assistance.
DME Distance — The line of sight distance (slant range) from the source of a DME signal to the receiving antenna.
Dual Instruction Time — Flight time, during which a person is receiving flight instruction from a properly authorised pilot on board the aircraft.
Elevation — The vertical distance of a point on or affixed to the surface of the earth, measured from mean sea level.
Emergency Phase — A generic term meaning, as the case may be, uncertainty phase, alert phase, or distress phase.
Estimated Elapsed Time — The estimated time to fly from one significant point to another. Estimated Off-Blocks Time — The estimated time at which the aircraft will commence movement associated with departure.
Estimated Time of Arrival — For IFR flights, the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over the designated point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is intended that an instrument approach procedure will be commenced, or, if no navigation aid is associated with the aerodrome, the time at which the aircraft will arrive over the aerodrome. For VFR flights, the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over the aerodrome.
Expected Approach Time — The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay, will leave the holding point to complete its approach for a landing.
Note: The actual time of leaving the holding point will depend upon the approach clearance.
Filed Flight Plan — The flight plan, as filed with an ATS unit by the pilot or a designated representative, without any subsequent changes.
Final Approach — That part of an instrument approach procedure which commences at the specified final approach fix or point, or where such a fix or point is not specified:
¾ At the end of the last procedure turn, base turn or inbound turn of a racetrack procedure, if specified, or
¾ At the point of interception of the last track specified in the approach procedure, and ends at a point in the vicinity of an aerodrome from which:
¾ A landing can be made, or
¾ A missed approach procedure is initiated
Final Approach and Take-Off Area (FATO) — A defined area over which the final phase of the approach manoeuvre to landing is completed and from which the take-off manoeuvre is commenced.
Final Approach Segment — The segment of an instrument runway procedure in which alignment and descent for landing are accomplished.
Fixed Light — A light having constant luminous intensity when observed from a fixed point. Flight Crew Member — A licensed crew member charged with duties essential to the operation of an aircraft during flight time.
Flight Information Centre — A unit established to provide flight information service and alerting service.
Flight Information Region — An airspace of defined dimensions within which flight information service and alerting service are provided.
Flight Information Service — A service provided for the purpose of giving advice and information useful to the safe and effective conduct of flights.
Flight Level — A surface of constant atmospheric pressure, which is related to a specific pressure datum, (1013.2 Hectopascals (hPa)) and is separated from other surfaces by specific pressure intervals.
Note: A pressure type altimeter calibrated in accordance with the Standard Atmosphere: ¾ When set to a QNH — altimeter setting indicates altitude
¾ When set to a QFE — altimeter setting indicates height above the QFE reference datum
Flight Plan — Specified information provided to Air Traffic Services Units, relative to an intended flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft.
Flight Procedures Trainer — See Synthetic Flight Trainer.
Flight Recorder — Any type of recorder installed in the aircraft for the purpose of complementing accident/incident investigation.
Flight Simulator — See Synthetic Flight Trainer.
Flight Time — The total time from the moment an aircraft first moves under its own power for the purpose of taking-off until the moment it comes to rest at the end of the flight.
Note: Flight time as here defined is synonymous with the term “block to block” time or “chock to chock” time in general usage which is measured from the time an aircraft moves from the loading point until it stops at the unloading point.
Flight Manual — A manual associated with the certificate of airworthiness, containing limitations within which the aircraft is to be considered airworthy, and instructions and information necessary to the flight crew members for the safe operation of the aircraft.
Flight Visibility — The visibility forward from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight.
Flow Control — Measures designed to adjust the flow of traffic into a given airspace, along a given route, or bound for a given aerodrome, so as to ensure the most effective utilization of the airspace.
Forecast — A statement of expected meteorological conditions for a specified time or period, and for a specified area or portion of airspace.
Frangible Object — An object of low mass designed to break, distort, or yield on impact so as to present the minimum hazard to aircraft.
Glide Path — A descent profile determined for vertical guidance during a final approach.
Ground Equipment — Articles of a specialised nature for use in the maintenance, repair, and servicing of an aircraft on the ground, including testing equipment and cargo/passenger-handling equipment.
Ground Visibility — The visibility at an aerodrome, as reported by an accredited observer. Hazard Beacon — An aeronautical beacon used to designate a danger to air navigation.
Heading — The direction in which the longitudinal axis of an aircraft is pointed, usually expressed in degrees from North (true, magnetic, compass, or grid).
Height — The vertical distance of a level, a point, or an object considered as a point, measured from a specified datum, other than mean sea level (MSL).
Heliport — An aerodrome, or a defined area on a structure, intended to be used wholly or in part for the arrival, departure, and surface movement of helicopters.
Holding Bay — A defined area where aircraft can be held, or bypassed, to facilitate efficient surface movement of aircraft.
Holding Point — A specified location, identified by visual or other means, in the vicinity of which the position of an aircraft in flight is maintained in accordance with ATC clearances.
Holding Procedure — A pre-determined manoeuvre that keeps an aircraft within a specified airspace while awaiting further clearance.
Identification Beacon — An aeronautical beacon emitting a coded signal by means of which a particular point of reference can be identified.
IFR — The symbol used to designate the instrument flight rules.
IFR Flight — A flight conducted in accordance with instrument flight rules. IMC — The symbol used to designate instrument meteorological conditions. INCERFA — The code word used to designate an uncertainty phase.
Incident — An occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft that affects, or could affect, the safety of operation
Initial Approach Segment — That segment of an instrument approach procedure between the initial approach fix and the intermediate approach fix or, where applicable, the final approach fix or point,
Instrument Approach Procedure — A series of pre-determined manoeuvres by reference to flight instruments with specified protection from obstacles from the initial approach fix, or where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route to a point from which a landing can be completed and thereafter, if a landing is not completed to a position at which holding or enroute obstacle clearance criteria apply.
Instrument Flight Time — Time during which a pilot is piloting an aircraft solely by reference to instruments and without external reference points,
Instrument Ground Time — Time during which a pilot is practising, on the ground, simulated instrument flight in a synthetic flight trainer approved by the licensing authority,
Instrument Runway — One of the following types of runways intended for the operation of aircraft using instrument approach procedures:
Non-Precision Approach Runway — An instrument runway served by visual aids and a non-visual aid providing at least directional guidance adequate for a straight-in approach. Precision Approach Runway, Category I — An instrument runway served by ILS and/or MLS and visual aids intended for operations with a decision height not lower than 60 m (200 ft) and either a visibility not less than 800 m, or a runway visual range not less than 550 m.
Precision Approach Runway, Category II — An instrument runway served by ILS and/or MLS and with visual aids intended for operations with a decision height lower than 60 m (200 ft) but not lower than 30 m (100 ft) and a runway visual range not less than 350 m.
Precision Approach Runway, Category III — An instrument runway served by ILS and/or MLS to and along the surface of the runway and:
CAT IIIA — Intended for operations with a decision height lower than 30 m (100 ft), or no decision height and a runway visual range not less than 200 m. CAT IIIB — Intended for operations with a decision height lower than 15 m (50 ft), or no decision height and a runway visual range less than 200 m but not less than 50 m (JAR-OPS: 75 m).
CAT IIIC — Intended for operations with no decision height and no runway visual range limitations.
Instrument Time — Instrument flight time or instrument ground time.
Integrated Aeronautical Information Package — A package which consists of the following elements:
¾ AIP, including the AIP Amendment service. ¾ Supplements to the AIP.
¾ NOTAM and pre-flight information bulletins (PIB). ¾ AIC.
¾ Checklists and summaries.
Intermediate Approach Segment — That segment of an instrument approach procedure between either:
¾ The intermediate approach fix and the final approach fix or point, or
¾ Between the end of a reversal, racetrack or DR track procedure and the final approach fix or point.
International Airport — Any airport designated by the Contracting State in whose territory it is situated as an airport of entry and departure for international air traffic, where the formalities incident to customs, immigration, public health, animal and plant quarantine, and similar procedures are carried out.
International NOTAM Office — An office designated by a State for the exchange of NOTAM internationally.
Investigation — A process conducted for the purpose of accident prevention that includes the gathering and analysis of information for the drawing of conclusions, including the determination of causes, and when appropriate, the making of safety recommendations.
Landing Area — That part of a movement area intended for the landing or take-off of aircraft. Landing Direction Indicator — A device to indicate visually the direction currently designated for landing and for take-off.
Landing Surface — That part of the surface of an aerodrome which the aerodrome authority has declared available for the normal ground or water run of aircraft landing in a particular direction. Level — A generic term relating to the vertical position of an aircraft in flight, and meaning variously, height, altitude, or flight level.
Location Indicator — A four letter code group formulated in accordance with rules prescribed by ICAO and assigned to the location of an aeronautical fixed station.
Maintenance — Tasks required ensuring the continued airworthiness of an aircraft including any one or combination of: overhaul, repair, inspection, replacement, modification, or defect rectification.
Manoeuvring Area — That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing, and taxiing of aircraft, excluding aprons.
Marker — An object displayed above ground level in order to indicate an obstacle or delineate a boundary.
Marking — A symbol or group of symbols displayed on the surface of the movement area in order to convey aeronautical information.
Maximum Mass — Maximum certificated take-off mass.
Medical Assessment — The evidence issued by a Contracting State that the licence holder meets specific requirements of medical fitness. It is issued following an evaluation by the licensing authority of the report submitted by the designated medical examiner who conducted the examination of the applicant for the licence.
Meteorological Information — A meteorological report, analysis, forecast, and any other statement relating to existing or expected meteorological conditions.
Meteorological Report — A statement of observed meteorological conditions related to a specified time and location.
Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) or Minimum Descent Height (MDH) — A specified altitude or height in a non-precision approach or circling approach below which descent must not be made without the required visual reference.
Note: MDA is referenced to mean sea level and MDH is referenced to the aerodrome elevation or to the threshold elevation if that is more than 2 m (7 ft) below the aerodrome elevation. A MDH for a circling approach is referenced to the aerodrome elevation.
Note: The required visual reference means that section of the visual aids or of the approach area that should have been in view for sufficient time for the pilot to make an assessment of the aircraft position and rate of change of position, in relation to the desired flight path. In the case of a circling approach the required visual reference is the runway environment.
Minimum Sector Altitude — The lowest altitude which may be used which will provide a minimum clearance of 300 m (1000 ft) above all objects located in an area contained within a sector of a circle of 46 km (25 nm) radius centred on a radio aid to navigation.
Missed Approach Point (MAPt) — That point in an instrument approach procedure at or before which the prescribed missed approach procedure must be initiated in order to ensure that the minimum obstacle clearance is not infringed.
Missed Approach Procedure — The procedure to be followed if the approach cannot be continued.
Mode (SSR) — The conventional identifier related to specific functions of the interrogation signals transmitted by an SSR interrogator.
Movement Area — That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing, and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the manoeuvring area and the aprons.
Non-Instrument Runway — A runway intended for the operation of aircraft using visual approach procedures.
Normal Operating Zone (NOZ) — Airspace of defined dimensions extending either side of an ILS localizer course and/or MLS final approach track. Only the inner half of the normal operating zone is taken into account in independent parallel approaches.
NOTAM — A notice distributed by means of telecommunication containing information concerning the establishment, condition, or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure, or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations.
No-transgression Zone (NTZ) — In the context of independent parallel approaches, a corridor of airspace of defined dimensions located centrally between the two extended runway centre lines, where a penetration by an aircraft requires a controller intervention to manoeuvre any threatened aircraft on the adjacent approach.
Obstacle — All fixed (whether temporary or permanent) and mobile objects, or parts thereof that are located on an area intended for the surface movement of aircraft or that extend above a defined surface intended to protect aircraft in flight.
Obstacle Assessment Surface (OAS) — A defined surface intended for the purpose of determining those obstacles to be considered for the calculation of obstacle clearance altitude/height for a specific ILS facility and procedure.
Obstacle Clearance Altitude (OCA) or Obstacle Clearance Height (OCH) — The lowest altitude or the lowest height above the elevation of the relevant runway threshold or the aerodrome elevation as applicable, used in establishing compliance with appropriate obstacle clearance criteria.
Note: OCA is referenced to mean sea level and OCH is referenced to the aerodrome elevation or to the threshold elevation if that is more than 2 m (7 ft) below the aerodrome elevation. An OCH for a circling approach is referenced to the aerodrome elevation. Obstacle Free Zone (OFZ) — The airspace above the inner approach surface, inner transitional surfaces, and balked landing surface and that portion of the strip bounded by these surfaces, which is not penetrated by any fixed obstacle other than a low-mass and frangible mounted one required for air navigation purposes.
Operational Control — The exercise of authority over the initiation, continuation, diversion, or termination of a flight in the interest of the safety of the aircraft and the regularity and efficiency of the flight.
Operator — A person, organisation, or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in aircraft operation.
Pavement Classification Number (PCN) — A number expressing the bearing strength of a pavement for unrestricted operation.
Pilot (to) — To manipulate the flight controls of an aircraft during flight time.
Pilot in Command — The pilot responsible for the operation and safety of the aircraft during flight.
Power Unit — A system of one or more engines and ancillary parts that are together necessary to provide thrust, independently of the continued operation of any other power-unit(s), but not including short period thrust producing devices.
