Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM: ITS RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND
Introduction
Water is the key to a person's survival because without water survival is simply not an option. However, water has to be purified otherwise bacteria in the water can be harmful to your drink. This is highlighted especially in the Third World countries such as Ethiopia and Gambia where many people die due to contaminated water that contains lots of bacteria that cause infection and illness. In all countries water is considered valuable to maintain its purity and it must go through several processes such as reverse osmosis which is quite expensive.
However there are cheaper ways to purify water; it wouldn’t even cost you money. One example is solar heat. Solar radiation can kill bacteria in a period of time. It has been tested and proven to purify water in many parts of the world. On the other hand, the seed extract of Moringa oleifera, commonly called Malunggay in the Philippines, has been tested and also proven to purify and kill bacteria living in water.
Both of these ways are proven and tested by researchers but not using these two as a combination. The researchers will conduct this study to determine if Malunggay seed extracts and heat combined is effective in purifying water. This study aims to determine whether Moringa seed extracts and Solar Heat can be used in water purification.
Background of the Study
The use of solar heat has been reported to be very effective in purifying water. The use of raw malunggay seed extract has also been reported to be a good water purifier. Considering that both solar heat and malunggay seed extract are not costly at all when used in water purification, and both of these ways are proven and tested by researchers but not using these two as a combination, the researchers found it logical to try to verify and determine if the combination of both solar heat and malunggay seed extract is effective in purifying water.
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
This study is anchored on both foreign and local claims, based on their studies, that solar radiation and moringga seed extracts have been tested and proven to be effective in purifying dirty waters.
Sia (2008) reported that moringa seeds could treat water on two levels, acting both as a coagulant and an antimicrobial agent. Drs. Geoff Folkard and John Sutherland from the University of Leicester, England, have worked on substituting moringa seeds for alum to remove solids in water for drinking (Folkard and Sutherland, 1996). According also to to the study that was made by researchers on From Haninger(2009), he says that crushed Moringa seeds purify water to be used widely around a certain area and it can lower the bacterial concentration in water so that it will be safe to drink. And it can also be used as a quick and very simple method for cleaning dirty water in rivers.
Waters are purified to improve its quality and make it fit for human consumption. Water purification does not only kill the harmful bacteria found in dirty waters but it
also aims to make the water looks clear and remove all its impurities to make it more acceptable to user.
With the positive reports and encouraging results of earlier studies made about water purification using solar heat Moringga seeds, the researchers find it interesting to find out how the combination of malunggay seed extracts and solar heat exposure affects the quality of dirty waters in terms of its pH, turbidity and the presence of harmful micro-organism, Escherichia coli. An evaluation is to made regarding the hypothesis that states that “ H0: There is no significant difference in the water before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria.” And for the “H1: There is a significant difference in the water before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria.”
The schema clearly illustrates the relationship between the Independent Variables (IV) and the Dependent Variables (DV). There are two (2) IVs in the left box, namely: The first is the concentration or Number of Malunggay Seed added to one (1) Liter water for purification ( 1 seed:1 Liter; 2 seeds: 1 Liter; and 3
seeds:1Liter, respectively) and the second is Solar Heat and in the right box are the Dependent Variables (DV). The arrow in between the two boxes is pointing to the right box containing the DV. This arrow signifies that the IVs have a direct influence on the DV which is Water Quality measured in terms of the following characteristics, namely: Color of Water; Water pH; and No. of Escherichia coli. It means that changes made in the concentration of the Independent Variables , a corresponding reaction will be noted from the DV. In this study, should there be significant effects on the Dependent Variables, the positive Hypothesis may be accepted and it will prove that malunggay and solar heat is effective as water purifier.
Figure 1.1 The Schema of the Study. Malunggay Seed Extract
• 1 Kernel per Liter of Water
2 Kernels per Liter of Water 2 Kernels per Liter of Water Solar heat
Water Quality Color of water
• Ph
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine if Malunggay (Moringa oleifera Lin.) seed extract and solar heat are effective in water purification.
Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following sub-problems:
1. Is there a significant difference in the water before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria?
2. How many malunggay seeds are needed to purify a liter of open well water?
3. Does malunggay alter water pH?
Hypotheses
On the bases of the research problems stated, two hypothesis are hereby formulated:
H0: There is no significant difference in the water before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria.
H1: There is a significant difference in the water before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria.
Significance of the Study
This study hopes to create an impact on people’s health and the economy.
People’s Health. People in the rural areas, or those who are living in the hinterlands where there is no purified water available, just drink water taken from open wells. They are highly vulnerable to getting sick with diarrhea from their dirty or contaminated drinking water. Using this type of water purification can lessen the cause of diarrhea and many other diseases caused by harmful bacteria in water. The purification process is very easy to do because even small children can do it right and it doesn’t use sophisticated and costly gadgets.
The Poor. The poor living in either rural areas or in the cities can do water purification by themselves using malunggay and solar radiation which is cash-saving. Poverty won’t be a hindrance for the poor to drink clean and safe water.
Economy. This study can also be a big help in the economy of our poor families and the nation, in general, because it doesn’t use any expensive chemicals and processes. It uses only a very common natural ingredient taken from malunggay seeds. Malunggay is most commonly found in many parts of the country and it could be easily grown in everyone’s backyard and last for a number of years.
Environment. It can benefit the environment because this process is purely organic. This process would encourage Maluggay tree planting in order to have a readily available source of kernels for water purification. Likewise, it would eventually guarantee a year-round supply of a very nutritious malunggay leaves for home consumption and for sale. Furthermore, the waste from pounding malunggay seeds is biodegradable; therefore, it won’t cause poisoning and environmental pollution. It is very safe.
Student-Researchers. The results of this study would be a good source of information for the students to use in the pursuit of further verifications and experimentations regarding the benefits that the malunggay plant could give to us in water purification.
The study will be conducted at the Lood’s Residence, Turno, Dipolog City covering the period from last week of September to the second week of October 2011. The Researchers will use samples of an open-well water found at the heart of the City of Dipolog owned by the Kyamko family in Cental Barangay, a block away from the Dipolog City Pilot Demonstration School. The water samples will be examined by the Agape Laboratory, Dipolog City. The researchers will collect 12 Malunggay kernels. The production of Malunggay seed extract will be done using the crushing method. This study is limited only to the use of the Malunggay seed extract and solar heat for water purification of an open-well water samples.
Definition of Key Terms
Moringa oleifera. Malunggáy in Filipino, refers to the
most widely cultivated species of the genus Moringa, which is the only genus in the family Moringaceae. It is an exceptionally nutritious vegetable tree with a variety of potential uses.
Kernel. This term refers to the grain or seed, as of a cereal grass, enclosed in a husk grain or seed, as of a cereal grass, enclosed in a husk.
Etract. This term refers to obtain something from a source, usually by separating it out from other material
Water purification. This term refers to the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from contaminated water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water) but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications.
Water quality. This term refers to the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose.
Solar heat. This term refers to the energy emitted by the sun from a nuclear fusion reaction that creates electromagnetic energy.
pH. This term refers to the measure of acidity or alkalinity.
Turbidity. This term refers to the cloudiness
or haziness of a fluid caused by
individual particles (suspended solids) that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality.
Open well. This term refers to a well whose diameter is great enough (1 meter or more) for a person to descend to the water level. It is an artificial pond filling a large excavation in the zone of saturation up to the water table.
Escherichia coli , commonly abbreviated E. coli This
term refers to the main species of bacteria that live in the lower intestines of mammals. It is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in humans, and are occasionally responsible for product recalls.
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the Legal Aspects, Related Literature and Studies which has bearing to the present studies
Legal Aspects
A. Foreign
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main federal law that ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water. Under SDWA, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities, and water suppliers who implement those standards. SDWA was originally passed by Congress in 1974 to protect public health by regulating the nation's public drinking water supply. The law was amended in 1986 and 1996 and requires many actions to protect drinking water and its sources: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and ground water wells. This law contains requirements for ensuring the safety of the nation's public drinking water supplies. This is the
principal federal law concerning drinking water. The SDWA authorized the to promulgate regulations regarding water supply. The major regulations are in title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (40CFR141, 40CFR142, and 40CFR143). Parts 141, 142, and 143 regulate primary contaminants, implementation by states, and secondary contaminants. Primary contaminants are those with health impacts. State implementation allows states to be the primary regulators of the water supplies (rather than USEPA) provided they meet certain requirements. Secondary contaminants generally cause aesthetic problems and are not directly harmful. (Wikipedia.com)
B. Local
Philippine Standards for Drinking Water 1993 (PNSDW 1993) under the provision of Chapter II Section 9 of PD 856, otherwise known as the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines is designed to guide the Waterworks Officials, Developers and Operators of Water Supply Systems both Government and Private entities, health and sanitation authorities and the general public and all other concerned by standards cover requirements for the acceptable values of the determined parameters
in measuring water quality. These parameters include microbiological, physical, chemical and radiological compositions of the water. The standard also delineates values established in conforming with the medical and health implication of the parameters as opposed to values established purely to satisfy aesthetic requirements (DENR Administrative Order No. 26-A,Series 1994)
Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 states that the State shall pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner consistent with the protection, preservation and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish and marine waters. To achieve this end, the framework for sustainable development shall be pursued. This includes the use of water for domestic purposes like drinking and potable water and also water treatment.
Literature
Moringa Oleifera. According to the study that was made
by researchers on
http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.html hey say that crushed Moringa seeds purify water to be used widely around a certain area and it can lower the bacterial concentration in water so that it will be safe to
drink. And it can also be used as a quick and very simple method for cleaning dirty water in rivers. This simple method does not only remove water pollution, but also removes harmful bacteria. They also indicated on how it works, Moringa joins with the solids in the water and then they both sink to the bottom. This kind of treatment removes 90-99% of bacteria in water. They say that by using Moringa seeds, people will no longer be depending on expensive means of purification. Using this method of purification will replace the use of chemicals such as aluminum sulphate, which they say are dangerous to people and especially the environment, and mostly these chemicals are very expensive. Every different water sources will need different amounts of Moringa seeds, because impurities on such waters will not be the same. Using a jar for experimenting will be a bid help in working out the correct amount needed.
Heat. Clean drinking water is lacking in many parts of the world and many persons die because of this. It is estimated that two million people die every year because of water related diseases. By using solar radiation to kill bacteria and microorganisms, it would reduce the amount of people dead and prevent diseases in a very useful and cheap
way. This can be done with clear plastic bottles made of clear plastic, then fill the plastic with water and fill with clear water and place above roofs. The radiation will kill the microorganisms after 5-6 hours in the sun. The method will be faster if the temperature is higher, it would be recommended to paint half of the bottle black and the black part will face the ground or the surface of the roof. This method only works in clear water not pond or river water. SODIS (Solar Disinfection),
Microbes are destroyed through temperature and UVA radiation, provided by the Sun. Water is placed in a transparent plastic bottle, which is oxygenated by shaking, followed by topping-up. It is placed on tile or metal for six hours in full sun, which raises the temperature and gives an extended dose of solar radiation, killing any microbes that may be present. The combination of the two provides a simple method of disinfection for tropical developing countries.
Water purification, or drinking water treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from surface water or groundwater to make it safe and palatable for human consumption. A wide variety of technologies may be used, depending on the raw water source, contaminants present,
standards to be met, and available finances. Sources of Drinking Water Water to be used in public or private water supplies can be drawn from a variety of sources. Different sources of raw water demand different treatment methods to
render it ft for human consumption.
(microbiologyreader.com)
It is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from contaminated water. It’s goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water) but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications. In general the methods used include physical processes such as filtration and sedimentation, biological processes such as slow sand filters or activated sludge, chemical processes such as flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light. (Wikipedia.com) [REFER TO APA STYLE FOR IN TEXT FORMAT OF CITATION OF SOURCES]
Related Studies
A. Foreign Studies
In large scale treatment plants Aluminium Sulphate is used as a conventional chemical coagulant. As an alternative to conventional coagulants, Moringa oleifera seeds can be used as a natural coagulant in household water treatment as well as in the community water treatment systems. Natural coagulant properties were found in 6 different Moringa species by laboratory studies. The seed kernels of Moringa oleifera contain significant quantities of low molecular-weight, (water-soluble proteins) which carry a positive charge. When the crushed seeds are added to raw water, the proteins produce positive charges acting like magnets and attracking the predominantly negatively charged particles such as clay, silk, bacterias, and other toxic particles in water). The flocculation process occurs when the proteins bind the negatives charges forming flocs through the aggregation of particles which are present in water. These flocs are easly to remove by settling or filtration. The material can clarify not only highly turbid muddy water but also water of medium and low
turbidity. The level of turbidity influences the required time for the floculation. As with all coagulants, the effectiveness of the seeds may vary from one raw water to another. The practical application of dosing solutions is exactly the same as for all other coagulants. Studies have been carried out to determine the potential risks associated with the use of Moringa seeds in water treatment. To date, no evidence has found that the seeds cause secondary effects in humans, especially at the low doses.
Within the pods are possibly the best part of the tree which are the seeds. Not only can they be pressed for a high grade oil, comparable to olive oil, but the press cake remaining after oil extraction has been shown to retain the active ingredients for coagulation, making it a marketable commodity (Folklard and Sutherland, 1996)
According to Meitzner and Price (Amaranth to Zai Holes: Ideas for Growing Food Under Difficult Conditions, ECHO, 1996), Moringa oleifera has been compared to alum in its effectiveness at removing suspended solids from turbid water, but with a major advantage. Because it can be produced locally, "using moringa rather than alum would save foreign exchange
and generate farm and employment income." The potential for moringa to create a new market for a community is there, and studies and projects are taking place examining this potential.
At the Thyolo Water Treatment Works in Malawi, Africa, two researchers, Drs. Geoff Folkard and John Sutherland from the University of Leicester, England, have worked on substituting moringa seeds for alum to remove solids in water for drinking. Not only were the tests successful in removing as much solid material as alum, but the seeds used were "purchased from enthusiastic villagers in Nsanje Region in Malawi" (Folkard and Sutherland, 1996).
B. Local Studies
Sia (2008) reported that moringa seeds could treat water on two levels, acting both as a coagulant and an antimicrobial agent. Moringa is generally accepted as a coagulant due to positively charged, water-soluble proteins which bind with negatively charged particles (silt, clay, bacteria, toxins, etc.) allowing the resulting ‘flocs’ to settle to the bottom or be removed by filtration. The antimicrobial aspects of moringa continue to be researched. The process of
treating the water with moringa seeds would take at least one to two hours.
As reported by Helen Flores from The Philippine Star, Reports said moringa seeds, seed kernels or dried presscake can be stored for long periods but moringa solutions for treating water should be prepared fresh each time. In general, one seed kernel will treat one liter of water. Solutions of moringa seeds for water treatment may be prepared from seed kernels or from the solid residue left over after oil extraction.
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methods, procedures and the materials, the Treatments and number of Replications to be made in the event that this proposed experiment will be carried out. This chapter also presents the data to be collected.
Research Design
The present study used the single group design. In this design, it involves treatment with two or more dosages.
Materials and Equipment
This experiment does not require the use of sophisticated gadgets. The following are the materials and equipments needed:
Plastic bottles (one liter capacity), with caps – 8 pcs.
Malunggay Seeds- 12 Kernels
Open Well water Samples, 8 Liters Mortar and Pestle – 1 pair
Marker
Cash for Laboratory Analysis Fee Record Notebook
Ballpens
Plastic bags to hold/carry the 8 bottles
General Procedure
A. Collection and Preparation of Malunggay Seed Extract
The researchers will collect malunggay seeds in pods. A total of twelve (12) malunggay kernels will be used in this study. The shelling of the malunggay pods will be done manually by the researchers. The extract will be obtained by pounding the seeds on a Mortar and Pestle. Using a cheesecloth, the pounded Malunggay seeds will be pressed to extract its juice.
B. Collection and Preparation of Water
The researchers will collect water samples from an open well found at Kyamko Residence in Central Barangay , Dipolog City.
The Researchers will get eight (8) Liters sample from the well. Eight pieces of one- liter capacity plastic bottles will be filled with the sample waters for
experimentation. Two (2) replicates (Replicate A and Replicate B) will be made which will consist of a set of four (4) bottles for each replication where each bottle contains 1 Liter water.
C. Preparations of Treatments
During the extraction process, the specified number of malunggay kernels to be used for each treatment will be pounded separately, such that, for T1 which is 1 Kernel:1Liter water, only one (1) kernel will be pounded and its juice will be extracted and immediately added to one (1) liter bottled water sample, and so on for the other Treatments.
The different concentrations of malunggay seed extracts added to the water samples will be expressed based on its quantity or number of seeds (kernels) used per liter of water. The treatments, in two (2) replications A and B, will use the following proportions or number of malunggay seed (kernel) extracts added to a liter of water, viz:
Replicate A
Replicate B
There will be two (2) replicates ( Replicate A and Treatments (Tx) No. of Malunggay Kernels (pcs.) Volume of water (Liter) Control (0 Kernel:1Li.) 0 1 T1 (1 kernel:1Li.) 1 1 T2 (2 Kernels:1Li.) 2 1 T3 (3 Kernels:1Li.) 3 1 Treatments (Tx) No. of Malunggay Kernels (pcs.) Volume of water (Liter) Control (0 Kernel:1Li.) 0 1 T1 (1 kernel:1Li.) 1 1 T2 (2 Kernels:1Li.) 2 1 T3 (3 Kernels:1Li.) 3 1
The set-ups with malunggay extracts will be equally exposed under the heat of the sun for six (6) hours. The Control, in two (2) bottles, will be left unexposed to the heat of the sun.
Marking all the eight bottles with its assigned Treatment will be done prior to malunggay juice extractions to make sure that there will be no error done in pouring in the (Treatments) extracts to the right marked bottles.
The prevailing weather condition should be given due consideration in the conduct of this study. Extractions of malunggay kernel juice and setting-up of this study will be carried out only when there is an apparent sunny day to ensure that there will be enough and continuous uninterrupted solar radiation that would last for at least six (6) hours to meet the six-hour solar exposure requirement of this study.
Data-Gathering Procedure
The Researchers will subject the eight (8) bottles to laboratory analysis. After six (6) hours of sun exposure of the six (6) bottles containing malunggay seed extracts, all the eight (8) bottles: 2 bottles containing
the Control group, and the 6 bottles with Treatments containing the water samples, will be brought to Agape Laboratory in Dipolog City for Laboratory Analysis to find out their pH, turbidity, and E.Coli presence, respectively.
The laboratory analysis results will give the data on both the Control group and those with the different Treatments. Table 4.1 below will contain all the data that the Researchers need to gather.
Statistical Treatment of the Study
Table 4.1 Laboratory Results of Water Analysis
Table 4.1 above will contain the primary data taken by the Researchers from the results of the laboratory analysis. F-test or ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance) will
TRIAL
Tx
Control T1 T2 T3
0 Kernel: 1
Liter 1Kernel: 1Liter 2 Kernel: 1Liter 3 Kernel:1 Liter pH Turbid-ity ColiE. pH Turbid-ity ColiE. pH Turbid-ity ColiE. pH Turbid-ity ColiE. Replicate A Replicate B TOTAL MEANS
be used to compare the means of the different Treatments with the Control group and find out if there is a significant difference between the Treatments and the Control. Itsresults will lead to finding out the validity or nullity of the hypothesis of this study relative to the effectiveness of the combinationof Solar Heat and Malunggay Seed extract as water purification agents
Preparation of twelve (12) sterilized plastic
Bibliography Collection of 12 kernels
of fresh malunggay seeds in pods
All eight (8) bottles containing the water samples will be brought to Agape Laboratory for analysis to find out their pH, Turbidity, and E.Coli presence
Collection of Eight (8) one Liter water sam ples from an open well
Pounding the seeds using a Mortar and
Pestle
The water sample will have four (4) set-ups each containing 100mL of its respective water. The Control group is going to be brought to Agape Lab for analysis.
Three (3) of the set ups will have
treatments T1, T2, and T3 and a Control with different malunggay extract
concentration: T1= 1 kernel:1 Liter, T2= 2 kernels:1 Liter T3=, 3 kernels: 1 Liter and Control=3 kernels: 1 Liter
Six (6) hours of sun exposure
Manual shelling of the malunggay
Pounded Malunggay seeds will be pressed to extract its juice using cheesecloth.
Madsen M, J Schlundt, and EF Omer (1987) Effect of water coagulation by seeds of Moringa oleifera on bacterial concentrations. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90: 101-109. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
Solar water disinfection. Retreived September 3, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SODIS
Olsen A (1987) Low technology water purification by bentonite clay and Moringa oleifera seed flocculation as performed in Sudanese villages. Effects on Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Water Research 21(5): 517-522. Retrieved August 25, 2011
Duke JA (1987) Moringaceae: Horseradish-tree, benzolive-tree, drumstick-benzolive-tree, sohnja, moringa, murunga-kai, malunggay, p. 19-28. In: M. Benge (ed.) Moringa: A multipurpose vegetable and tree that purifies water. Sci. & Technol./ For., Environ., & Natural Resources Agro-Forestation Tech. Ser. 27. US AID, Washington, D.C. Retrieved August 28, 2011
Yongbai KA (2005) Studies on the potential use of medicinal plants and macrofungi (lower plants) in water and waste water purification. Retreived September 8, 2011 from www.biotech.kth.se/iobb/news/kenneth04.doc.
Berger MR, M Habs, SA Jahn, S Schmahl (1984) Toxicological assessment of seeds from Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala, two highly efficient primary coagulants for domestic water treatment of tropical raw waters. East African Medical Journal 61: 712-716. Retrieved September 15, 2011
Jahn SA, HA Musnad and H Burgstaller (1986) Tree that purifies water: Cultivating multipurpose Moringaceae in the Sudan. Unasylva 38(152): 23-28. Retreived September
18, 2011 from
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp? url_file=/docrep/r7750e/r7750e04.htm
Haninger, M (2009) Moringa: a supermarket on a tree! Retreived
http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.htm l
APPENDIX- A
August 5, 2011
NOEL G. SOLIS. R.N. Research Adviser
ZNNHS Science Department Dipolog City
Re: Submission of Research Titles for Research Proposal Writing
Sir:
In view of my desire to start writing my research proposal for the first semester, school year 2011-2012, may I have honor to submit these research titles for your consideration: (1) (1st title of research) (2) (2nd title of research) (3) (3rd title of research) (4) (4th title of research) (5) (5th title of research) (6) (6th title of research) (7) (8) Very truly,
Maritoni Charity J. Gayapa and Alexa C. Tiu APPENDIX-B
Materials Quantity Price/Uni t Cost Plastic bottles (one liter capacity) with caps 8 pcs.
Malunggay Seeds 12 Kernels
Open Well water
Samples 8 Liters
Mortar and Pestle 1 pair
Cheese Cloth or clean cotton handkerchief 1 pc. Laboratory Analysis Fee APPENDIX- C Schedule of Activities
DAY ACTIVITIES
1
Collection of Eight (8) one Liter water samples from an open well and collection of 12 kernels of fresh malunggay seeds in pods. 2
3
4
5
CURRICULUM VITAE I
141, Zamora St. Ext., Estaka, Dipolog City. Email add: [email protected] Contact No.: 212-6566
Name:
Maritoni Charity J. Gayapa
Gender: FemaleAddress: 141, Zamora St. Ext., Estaka, Dipolog City Age: 14
Birthday: February 7, 1997
Place of Birth: Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte Email Address: [email protected] Father: Antonio C. Gayapa
Occupation: Retired
Mother: Ma. Lenita J. Gayapa Occupation: Government Employee
CURRICULUM VITAE II
535 Ranillo St., Central Barangay, Dipolog City. Email
Name:
Alexa C. Tiu
Gender: FemaleAddress: Age: 13
Birthday: August 3, 1997
Place of Birth: Sindangan, Zamboanga del Norte Email Address: @yahoo.com
Father: Occupation: Mother: Occupation:
