Advanced Placement World History
Unit 10: Enlightenment and Revolution
Pretest Feedback
1. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Scientific Revolution (Causes)
a) The idea that observation and logic should be applied first came about in the field of astronomy, when new models were developed in order to account for discrepancies in what was seen.
2. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Copernicus (Definition)
a) Polish astronomer who was asked by the Roman Catholic Church to reconcile geocentric theory with the observable evidence of the motions of heavenly bodies. He ultimately concluded that the only way to account for the observable evidence was to assume the sun was the center of the universe instead (heliocentrism).
b) Unit Packet
3. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Galilei (Definition)
a) Italian scientist who articulated the theory of inertia. He also used the telescope to observe the moon and pointed out its similarity to earth. He publicly championed heliocentrism, despite having to recant it publicly by the Inquisition.
4. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Newton (Definition)
a) English scientist and author of the Principia Mathematica, he argued that the universe operated by natural laws which could be expressed clearly with mathematics. His version of the
scientific method relied on both observation and mathematical logic. 5. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Descartes (Definition)
a) René Descartes was a French mathematician who argued that the universe operated by natural laws which could be expressed clearly with mathematics and logic. From general principles, one could apply them to specific examples (deduction).
6. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Bacon (Definition)
a) Francis Bacon was an English scientist who argued that the universe operated by natural laws which could be discovered by careful observation. From specific situations, one could infer general principles (induction).
7. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Enlightenment (Definition)
a) A European intellectual movement of the 1600s and 1700s. Characteristics included a belief that reason and logic could be used to improve societies and governments in order to produce the most human happiness possible. People needed to think for themselves.
b) Unit Packet
8. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Locke (Definition)
a) English writer often seen as the first of the Enlightenment, he argued that human beings were blank slates that formed personalities based on their experiences.
9. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Locke (Effects)
a) After joining in the Parliament side, John Locke wrote the Two Treatises on Government
justifying the Glorious Revolution. People formed a social contract and created a government to protect their lives, freedoms, and properties. Governments that did not protect these should be overthrown.
10. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Voltaire (Effects)
a) …French philosophe who was very critical of the Roman Catholic Church. He believed the average person was not capable of higher thought, but that freedom of speech was critical in order to arrive at the truth of anything.
11. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Montesquieu (Definition, Effects)
a) A French philosophe who concluded that governments protected people’s rights the best when the “powers” of the government were controlled by different groups. This separation of executive, legislative, and judicial power would be the best protection against abuse. 12. Correct Answer: a, Concept: English Civil War (Effects)
13. Correct Answer: b, Concept: The Glorious Revolution (Effects)
a) James I of Scotland came to the English throne with the death of Elizabeth. The English tradition of the monarchy working with the nobles rather than ordering them had been established in the Magna Carta of 1215. James I’s son Charles I was forced to agree to the Petition of Right of 1628, which identified citizen rights the king could not violate. Charles I tried to run an absolutist monarchy, but he lost the English Civil War against Parliamentary forces led by Cromwell. The Interregnum that followed the execution of Charles I was marked by Cromwell’s Puritan dictatorship. When the Stuart line was restored, conflict continued until the Glorious Revolution brought William and Mary to the throne. These monarchs, however, had to agree to the English Bill of Rights, guaranteeing limited power of the monarchy. 14. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Rousseau (Effects)
a) French philosophe who accepted the idea of a social contract, he believed people were good but were corrupted by social institutions. Children, therefore, needed to educate themselves through exploring nature. Eventually, Rousseau argued that governments were unnecessary evils and should be replaced by communities which enforced the “general will” without laws or law enforcement.
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15. Correct Answer: d. Concept: Mary Wollstonecraft (Effects)
a) These early feminist writer argued that Enlightenment values of freedom, equality and education should be applied to women as well as men. In her book Vindication of the Rights of Women, Wollstonecraft argued that women should be fully educated. In a nod to prevailing attitudes, Wollstonecraft argued that this was because women handled the education of children and therefore needed to be competent.
b) Unit Packet (Environmental Disasters in the Cradle of Civilization) 16. Correct Answer: d, Concept: American Revolution (Causes)
17. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Declaration of Independence (Causes)
a) The combination of Americans being used to running their own affairs, the British government being more intrusive and raising taxes in the aftermath of the Seven Years War, and
Enlightenment ideas spreading throughout the Atlantic region created a rebellion in the thirteen colonies. When the French government needed convincing to support the Americans, the patrior rebels turned to Thomas Jefferson to write the Declaration of Independence. He did, using the ideas of the British philosopher John Locke who had justified the English Glorious Revolution. Locke’s argument was that government was a social contract that only lasted as long as it protected the life, liberty and property of the public.
18. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Estates (Definition)
a) Term used to describe social classes, used especially in France. 1st Estate: Church, not taxed
2nd Estate: Nobles, not taxed
3rd Estate: Commoners, including peasants, city workers, and wealthy merchants who resented being treated differently than the nobles.
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19. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Third Estate (Effects)
a) Prior to the French Revolution, the bourgeoisie merchant class, increasingly wealthy and
involved with the government, still did not have the legal rights that nobles did. As Third Estate members, the bourgeois also had to pay taxes. Given that they had equivalent lives to the nobles in all other ways, the bourgeoisie resented this, especially when Enlightenment ideas included notions of equality.
20. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Estates-General (Definition, Effects)
a) …Meeting of representatives of the Three Estates of France. Kings had used this as an advisory group, but Louis XVI had to call it in 1789 in order to pass new taxes necessary to avoid
bankruptcy. Instead, the Third Estate resisted traditional voting by estate rather than representative. They created a new National Assembly with the Oath of the Tennis Court, claiming the right to rule based on the consent of the governed.
21. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Seven Years War (Effects)
a) The expenses of the court at Versailles were part of the 1789 difficulty, but the costs of the failed Seven Years War and of support for the American rebels were what really hurt. By 1789, half of all tax money went to pay the interest on the loans for the debt.
22. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Bastille (Definition and Effects)
a) A legendary Parisian fortress and prison, it was captured in June of 1789 by a mob angry over bread shortages and fearful of the army outside the city. This was the first attack on the king’s forces in the French Revolution. It also meant that the National Assembly had the support of the capital city’s inhabitants.
23. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Slogan of the French Revolution (Definition)
a) Liberte, egalite, fraternite…the values of the Revolution: freedom, equality before the law, brotherhood and equality in society
24. Correct Answer: b, Concept: National Assembly (Causes)
a) Intense arguments ensued as the meeting of the Estate-General began. Fearing the worst, King Louis XVI decided to prevent the Third Estate from meeting by locking the delegates out of the hall. Not to be deterred, the delegates found an indoor handball court and took the Oath of the Tennis Court, insisting they would not go home until a new legislature was created. After Parisian mobs seized the Bastille, it became clear the Parisian citizens would support the National Assembly.
25. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Definition) a) The Declaration is introduced by a preamble describing the fundamental characteristics of the
and incontestable principles" on which citizens could base their demands. In the second article, "the natural and imprescriptible rights of man" are defined as "liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression". It called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to exemptions from taxation, freedom and equal rights for all human beings (referred to as "Men"), and access to public office based on talent. The monarchy was restricted, and all citizens were to have the right to take part in the legislative process. Freedom of speech and press were declared, and arbitrary arrests outlawed. (Wikipedia)
26. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Olympe de Gouges (Definition)
a) Olympe de Gouges was a French playwright who eventually turned to two Enlightened causes in her writing: the abolition of slavery and the equality of women. Her Declaration of the Rights
of Woman and the Female Citizen challenged patriarchy. Her willingness to consider forms of
government aside from revolutionary republics, however, led to her execution by guillotine during the Terror.
27. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Committee of Public Safety (Definition) 28. Correct Answer: a, Concept: The Reign of Terror (Causes)
a) The Committee of Public Safety was a group of 12 men were appointed by the French National Convention to run France during the crisis in which Austrian and Prussian armies were marching on Paris. The group used the guillotine and other harsh methods to eliminate possible opponents of the Revolution, who might aid the invading forces. As Maximilian Robespierre became the clear leader of the committee, the pace of executions increased to extreme amounts in a
bloodbath known as the Reign of Terror.
29. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Political Spectrum, Left and Right (Effects)
a) Based upon where delegates in the National Assembly were sitting, the political spectrum was discussed as Left to Right. The political Left wanted dramatic change, total and quickly, to a democratic republic and a turning away from all traditions that were not Enlightened. The political Right tended to wish to preserve as many traditions as possible, even retaining the idea of a monarchy (though with limitations like what had been in England.
30. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Napoleon (Effects)
31. Correct Answer: f, Concept: Napoleon, Gender (Effects)
a) Napoleon stabilized the economy of France but moved to censor free speech against him. His Napoleonic Code made all social classes equal under the law, ended serfdom, guaranteed
freedom of religion, and created public education. On the other hand, women’s rights to divorce were taken away, labor unions were abolished, and slavery was re-imposed on French territories. 32. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Napoleon, Religion (Effects)
a. Wanting a stabilizing force in French culture, Napoleon rejected the revolutionary movement of “dechristianization” and opted to make the Concordat arrangement with the Roman Catholic Church. Napoleon would give priests independence from government control and allow the Church to run education. In exchange, the Church would not criticize the emperor.
33. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Maroons (Definition)
a) These were escaped slaves who formed independent communities, throughout the Americas but particularly in the West Indies (Caribbean). These communities were thought dangerous in their potential for helping and organizing slave revolts.
a. The intellectual ideas that governments represented the People, and therefore the “nation” , began in the 1700s, but the French Revolution triggered the phenomenon. French revolutionary soldiers were inspired to defend the republic. When Napoleon Bonaparte conquered much of continental Europe, people in countries such as Spain, Germany, and Italy resented French presence and developed nationalism of their own.
35. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Congress of Vienna (Effects)
a. The Congress of Vienna was a meeting of the victors after the defeat of Napoleon. This conservative group led by Metternich tried to re-establish stability by reinstating the royal families dethroned by Napoleon, by creating a balance of power among European nations, and by surrounding France with strong neighboring countries. It succeeded for a few years, but waves of revolution occurred in 1830 and 1848 over nationalist, democratic, and socialist concerns.
36. Correct Answer: b, Concept: 19th century battlefield conditions (Causes)
a) Based on the difficulties of loading and firing inaccurate single-shot guns, military tactics of the nineteenth century included volley lines, bayonet charges, grenades, cannon fire, and cavalry charges. Wounds were often fatal because of weak medical techniques which led to loss of blood, shock, and infections.
37. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Haitian Revolution (Effects)
Encouraged by calls for freedom and equality during the French Revolution, slaves in this French colony rose against their owners. Eventually, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture and others after his death, Haitians gained independence, and slaves their freedom.