iII.I Unetched

THE DEVELOPMENT OF COPPER ALLOY METALLURGY IN THAILAND IN THE PRE-BUDDHIST PERIOD, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HIGH-TIN BRONZES

By

WARANGKHANA RAJP ITAK

B.Sc. (Chemistry), Chulalongkorn B.Sc. (Conservation), London

Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Science of the University of London

Volume IV

Department of Archaeological

Conservation and Materials Science University of London

Vt

P1.558

15051

',allI

P1.559

15051

____

_r4

.:-t . • . I •

\ ri 1 ' i:i':

:è

iII.I

q

A.' : :;

,', .'

"(:

t•

P1.562

15051

x56.1

Etched

.' r

'I,

S.'

'S

I

P1.561

15051

x448.8

Unetched

.4 u_c

P1.564

15052

NP N

P1.565

15052

'L S/ /

-S

:--P1.567

15052

x56.1

Etched

I-., .v

"S •.

\r S

P1. 568

15052

x112.2

'•'- . -

..

i 1.

cç..

\

Etched

ti

I

'

cW7

5%

!L'

-

_{_}

-e-• t

P1.569

15052

x224.4

Etched

--55-S

tj

P1.570 15053

,-4 . y ':...,..A. .!

-4 ..

k.

- - '

3 ' '

'r-.,;I?3:4:L c.

b

P1.571 15053 x56..1 Unetcheci

"S

•

P1.573

15053

x448.8

Unetched

,:

'

-1

'•

'

- w • ., -. -.

:fk'

.-

'

L4'W 4.A - k. 1

,? .':- •

b.

'

-.. .

T''

a ' -. ,

1• '• . I4 ,

-,'' _•:,

P1.574

15053

x56.1

Etched

*.

;. -,

,,-.

-

..--pudIU1'"

Jø-4

1

'. : '

I '

1,

%

lI.,

$

c

4

1JJ r

.4w,

Etched

I

c1

P1.576

15053

x448.8

MCi

___..__

--P1. 577

15054

LCI

'h,1

•.l. _{•_..•}

I

• b • • • • •

-, A)..

.

P1.579

15054

x56.1

Unetched

-:, d

15054

P1.580

;_IIPuII ••;• #g 1'l. •'

I

•?• .rr

P1.581

15054

x56.1

Etched

.t

••4%4

e.

4

' ,

- •-I •- ''o

- —.

-

q

P1.582 15054 x112.2

.

• 1k

•

P1.583 15054 x224.4

4:

_(.

Etched

Etched

P1.585

15055

Ii

P1.586

15057

w • ?

b-.. :

I . • 4

'' A.rI.-"J -IW

'-

••

'r-Fe

__ ,,,• - :

D

,T_.

l: - v • ' .-; .•.

•.

: - .

-'. •/

.•-,

r-

' - .

Ti I .,.11

/

I

_.

9

S

2 .Ij.

Uw

iti

p*(

S.

j:

P1.588

15057

x224.4

Unetched

P1.589

15057

x56.1

Etched

tip .,

4

I

•••

S

.

:1

•P.IL.

: r '

..

:'

t

y

0

P1.591

15057

x448.8

Etched

licj

P1.592

15058

S

'4 a

_it.

'I..

-.

I 'is,

P1.594 15058 x448.8 Unetched

eu• , -..-

_.-r&

_..

3:

_SI

; !

_(f.

.•..'

•'

_{c'r •i}

:4

*

'

i.!b ,ç\

P1.595 15058 x224.4 Etched

[Cm

rr

' 3 ,.

* c:

£'.

.t_ •(.••

. .v

..

''Z.

I •• - _{— iktL}

..a

•w ,,

:

g •'..iJ

•..'.

,•

•.'

t.

!b,dr.t ...

P1.597

₁₅₀₅₉

x56..1

Etched

'.• •

_

-;

-4. -.

-

-4.

.! ,

'.

'•

e ..;?L.

i':

j':

.. /' • S..

, -. ... :.'cA

.. _•.4..

; 'ii

-V

-.

P1.598

15059

x112.2

Etched

V

'

-bIgj;

ir •

I •

,.

4'

•4

...

P1.600

15062A

x65.1

Etched

4.

f1

i 4 _'a

F_' . l ' '; .:. £ /

'_j'

.t

d•__ _IL ,

-. -

• •

₁₄

,,.4

' cfr

4 — '

i

P1.601

15062A

x224.4

Etched

w

1Cm

P1.603

15062B

P1.604

15062B

x56.1

Etched

[1 Cm

P1.607 15063

I '.

b

)

P1.606

15062B

x448.8

Etched

- I.-•

P1.609 15064

MCj

---. -. I ______________________ I 1- •_•. -.

P1.610 15066

P1.612

15066

x56.1

Etched

P1.613

15066

x112.2

Etched

P1. 61 5A

15066

x112.2

P1.615

15066

'

x448. 8

Etched

-

7."

:.!

&:t

_{t '}

-.

.'. p-e'• ('

- is*. IPJL .

--' _{-w. . - -- -}

;-:' S'

-4e

Etched

-a

--.----I

P1.617 15068

C

. ____________________________________

P1.618 15070

•p•

, ": :

"J!

.,

S.,'

..-... , _J S...

% :1....4

f..j;'s1•.J

'rd !

dl'

i: - '

-S _{•_ •.} ..

. • .

:.. r, I,

-'p

a.

; :

P1. 620 15070 x1122 Unetched

[1 Cmj

P1.621 15071

;_g;udy;J

-'

• ••. s,.4 - _••; - .. __;• :0. - -

-,• .-. - - •:_

- ,'-.-- -I • • .

-U--- '-U--- -•--- . -

-S _{- - ----} - .-- - _--

-a

P1.623 15071 x1122 Unetched

P1.624 15071 x448.8 Etched

--:---

\

.1i .,.i

h.

il

.I.

-a

a

P1. 626 15071 x1122 Etched

1Cm

₁

P1. 627 15074

1f1

r-P1.629 15074 x448.4 Unetched

P1.630 15074 x448.8 Etched

I

P1.632 15077 x56.1 Etched

P1.633 15077 x224.4 Etched

-w

1

-

_II__---

1siLL

P1.635

15078

LULU MM

P1.636

15079

"

•"-. m

•

':..

: •

.:

i' .;\

cy ,i

q '

;r1,

# ; _r,• .. .'

S ••S

_3•

_'

.. .tl._•

b.%

_7?

_'

;i (S

I.1

:

ci

lLA1)

. w

••Q•

•_P*Iq

.

.

'

Q

J.

4 P1.638 15079 x448.8 Etched

a

Alllll

P1.638A 15079 x501.6 Etched

rn

P1.640

15100

________________ 8

"4 s.w.1w

- )

• V

4

'a

' .1

• i•

1

.-. .-.

4'

.

P1.641

15100

x56.1

Unetched

'-I

p4

a

' -.

•4 .

S -

.'. . . p.1.

I * S

-. .

• • . •• •

.7

• 1 ___ 4

•-' __ :

Th;

p

P1. 642

-

j'4

:'

.;

/ _

:

-P1.43 IDIuU x224.4 Etched

p4

.

___

*is

.

.

.4,.

• • •( _-"4

I. - : •,, ' • - .' • _

P1.644 15100 x56.,1 Etched

I

_

K

I

. S &L :

;:• ' ••

4. •' .

. '' -.

_:

.

' , .-.,- .'. .-.

k :

- •* -. Pr..- - .

(4

- r -. - • '

... . ' _:s'

- _{% -' ___}

-,w •

-* _•

'

I

P1.646 15102 x56.1 Unetched

'ft

"I-P1.647 15102 x448.8 Unetched

)

I

'ic.

P1.649 15102 x448.8

Etched

ia

.

P1.650

15102

x224.4

Etched

p

.

[lCml

:

-P1.653 16001

p

''

/ \\

# ;4

1

11 Cml

P1.652 15112

P1.656 16002

-r

lu

'-1

• -v- ..t

___

E

•_7ti

!

1

P1.655 16001 x224..4 Unetched

x112 .2 Unetched

x448.8 Unetched

• . . t ':

-

••r , )

..,: .. •-.• :

J, _{•- . ' ,'}

-p4 _{•, -.}

- "ar..

,. I

_)C

r

d- '_! ac.. •

lily

.$;f

P1.658 16002 x56.1 Unetched

k

r'

t•-'s' "j'i

(

'p.' • (t

-ç;

'-

ir '

VP ._ '.- -'

, \• /•... .

\

dIII

,

..

f

- /- ;Ji.'p

4,

**

••%'

,,

fr{

P1.659 16002

1

-I

1A

4 wJ_I

I

p I

I.

.ç cik iw '- "

y,

-)i

:t ';¼; ..¶

':

:,Ø

,' :"

?

a

•

' b • •. . -.'. '7

i;3 :ç.l'w

4

!;4

q

P1.661 16002 x56.1 Etched

L . S

q;

i. , •'

I.

4

e-k %

P1.662 16002 x112.2 Etched

T

p4

)

4

P1.664 16002 x448.8 Etched

4'

k

a

liIIuuINi_ P1.665 16002 x501.6 Etched

A

I

CrnI

P1.667

16003

.\ s'

:

P1.668

16003

P1.669

16004

P1.671 16004 x56.1 Unetched P1.670 16004

II • r-' _{: ..}

- .". . . -

'. :.

'-; •1r.- ₅ .'. •. t..• , pr,

a I..

.. &

.;

.'-I-

-- ... I,' * - a

• •--.- _{.'r -- '} •

? - ..- • -:

- .. - • .... ... _{a '--'}

-V--jt%.

- ) .. J I - ... &

4 ... 4 . . . .- • - .

1 • . .. . -' •.:'

!S'' r.:b( .

ø.L _{) -q} a .

-L

4( _.v

. :' .,

r

AJ

:z.

zT ,

I

;

g, L..4

:

- '* -:. ' -:. ' '• P1.673 16004 x112.2 Unetched

P1.674 16004 x448.8 Unetched

,'r-:__*')

'-41b--1. 41 L '

dp 7

:'

-',.' '/ - '

_'1

J-_1 Y

Yr .

-U-.

F,.

i4t1

:..

--kvfr

t1T

J

::

•'

;q

P1.676 16004 x56.1 Etched

P1.677 16004 x112.2 Etched

,:i;

' . .'

"4

•,, pq

L_C_I

c

'd:y\: ;'

P1. 679

16004

x448.8

Etc1d

P1.680 16007

'%

I

Li±i.'

I;

1 Cm

P1.683 16009

P1.684 16010

ICrn

MCnI

fj.

Iw

In

•.•*

?tr4

P1.682 16008

r

• . jI%... .:

p 1.685

16011

P1. 6 86

16011

.v'

._(•

_-(

IL

I.

w

P1.689 16011 x448.8 Unetched P1.688 16011 x224.4 Unetched

A

:

:4)

?:j.

P43s

LJ

p•,

f1Crn

P1.691 16011 x250.8 Unetched

P1.692 16029

•, S.. ¶ 5' '5 I

-i-:' :- ::

'-S5\A

'4. 5ff, V

....S _{\_/p.4.I\} 4WVg

•" '- -.'' _c

* A i-Y';.: .1; at I

S '-I ¼1

.t4

-. 5 •

'-c-.. '' •- S

lc•a

VI'Z

;

:

Ai&1'

,r .

A

Pd

%.

' -i1pI 1

• _p.

4:

1PI

\\t

P1.694 16029 x448.8 Unetched

-L.. .

•'W•

p •4

.

-•..••

- _{C! \}

.

•

b

'\ .

:..

V

P1.695 16029 x448.8 Unetched

-.

,,- _{- .}

.1?

P1.697 16029 x224 .4 Unetched

F

'U

P1.698 16032

16036

•4 4 -t •1

P1.701

' 1

x56.1 Unetched

I

r

I UI

P1.700 16036

, .

FE

4,

f

P1. 703 16043

-

I

-

-1!s :.Q..

?

' -,

', - - -- - _t

-- --.-- J

- - - S -P1 7fl4 16043 x5b.1 Unetched

?tI b;kb *fj4

:.

-,,-*

'S r - - -

I4

d

• r' _{.,_I}

if"

-

_i4

!dFL

--' gØ '

•'•'\ e•

..J

_-L...

...w

_.r

_-

_{___}

-.

a

•.

'

_t

s.

:

• ___ _A

--P1.706 16043 x224.,4 Unetched r

. *

.;

S _•T••

F'

,.

---

JI

-•' -'

r4

• - .

-P1.707 16043 x448.8 Unetched

>.

I - •i. -_.. a.-. _{-- •} ..,,

- •.-•- _{.-. . •- —o-•,' .}

r-- 1 - .. •

___

••4• • - •

"—'

P1.709 16056

r

F

U

P1.710 16058

.. ;

f

U

£

O

0 ,

St

1

b• •.O e

I

P1.712

16058

x448.8

Unetched

P1.713

16058

x56.1

Etched

: .

-?

-is

q

;..

P1.715

16062

F

r

F

'U

P1.716

16064

• ,-I.

• 4.- UI

• &IL___

P1.719 16064 x56.1

Etched

-.

P1.718 16064 x112.2 Unetched

Ic. •iW.;

• .-. .

. - -.5.- * _/ . SI . ,,.• .

.. '•_, •4 : '

•'

'i.-54t..'

44

-.'. Ib -. • _• *4_

(FL.\ tl;i.I.5.,:.. ' :

-

• '

- - _{.. •4'_}

r

1*

ci-,.l. • _{•- •?•} .'

- . J•

: : - . -'---5- .

• . .5 15 • •. ••

-.- •a• , • .. _{•v_ •. • ...} I

-•1

'1;

:?

'v'

-

4

• 5;'. .- 4

•_45S__,._

•I _.4 i1 -.,. 1Ii

• -kIt.. • TA..."

4.__.._4 5•• ,. %•t

-5•' .5

p

' b

-'....

.

'I.-4t

_.

-:

I -; ;,

-. . —

y

* Jr

_—

I

-

$

p

-

_—,

:4. rn". tc1

-'*. •'

P1.721 16064 x448.8 Etched

1.1'

-1 •ç _.c.-1,•-.

:

P1.722 16064 x1122 Etched

•. ..,.

-L

P1.724

16064

x1122

Etched

1

P1.725

16064

x501.6

Etched

-

-.

.

,

-I,'

4

4

'4; -,

c. +

P1.727 16069

••". !.

•:

-

--

4:

•

---=-f _____

____________

f. - ________

P1.728 16069 x56.,1 Unetched

- _

P1.730

16069

x1122

Unetched

P1.731

16069

x56.1

Etched

I ,-:

'•

4'

P1.733

P1.734

16069

,

'

'

. '-'

x224.4 Etched

— . r

:-/..-' - '-. r( /• J. : _.a:) *•

.., .c.

j .

-___ .5.

U

____

1L çT

P1.736

16069

x1254

Etched

P1.737

16080

-(..

.

.4:

...

•

.

S..

'55

••,

55. 551;.

-,,

t4

-Ji

Etched

--P1.739

18001

x112.2

Etched

J4 /

L

/

"4T -' /)

-:

:

-- I

P1.740

18001

x224..4

•

-''

7

L ':

' .,A\

4\\)

',

P1.742

18001

x1122

''..'

'

_'

\,.. '

AJ

J •T

Etched

(Nr

;';(&7';1

\/

-

•;' ;•I 1 1'

p

1.743

18001

x224.4

Etched

-,/

;/__

J

P1.745 18001 x501.6 Etched

P1.746 18002 x56.1 Unetched

-T-.

--' -- I

I _-PS

P1.748

18002

x112.2

Etched

• -":-:

_•

-• • - •,1• - •

- • • jI_.

--- :f5.;

5- -5.

• • .•

I

-.

•

-.

J

VvZ. -

1

)• S _V'• .P: S. •%

-_

- -S pJ4 r

P1.749

18002

x224.4

Etched

-:

-

• S I •5 .

--

••f-..:. 4 •,g

? •C •

-*

4

-j

Etched

-

•I_-P1.751 18002 x448.

s • 'i...- p':'

•t __$-. _{- frJ!'} r.* '

• •.. V

•:

.

-

i

P1. 752

18002

x501.6

Etched

-.

2.

S

••

P1.754

18003

x224.4

Unetched

•.

F,

P1.755

18003

x56.1

Etched

I

/

à'j

#•_.

:$.) .

''k4:

-.

_{- ,}

.1(t-.

c

iwrr

''

_-k

t4

e:-. --';

1

t7t

1; ).

( - 9 _{- L}

P1.757

18003

x448.8

Etched

• ,..} .d. •

v:

I • dh'

-*

_{1t_}

P1.758

18003

x1122

Etched

I

1/

IzT

&

P1.760

18003

x501.6

Etched

dk

- Is

• P.

V

P1.761

18003

x501.6

Etched

1.

- -.

-p 1.763

18005

x56.1

tjnetched

.%'

Z'; 4j,

•

tc

fljVr.!

•1

• . '

'ic'j

JL'

1 t .

.ç:

9.

'

3v i ''

'

_.s.

;..

4y4

P1.764

18005

x56.1

Unetched

A•)

P1.766 18005 x448.8 Unetched

'

-- - '

j'

j.

:-L

• -¼.l

P1.767 18006A x224.4 ---- -'

Etched

-

----•

4

P1.768 18006A x224.4 Etched

r-• '

-

--,'-4

- '-.r

"

'_1-

,,

P1.769

18006B

x112.2

Etched

Z!:;.

_{Th____}

F

• - ,t.( "

-. - C

P1.770

18006B

x224.4

Etched

'-- _.j

'4 I.., j I _p.

,-,. 1" / - .

-1

KJ

;

I

-e

r

- A

P1.773 18008 x448.8 Etched

P?

•

• •

• .•1m._ •, ?. -'-A

-:t

!'

--.

*, ---'-- 4 -- '4-

1 .

-• ..•*j?;i • •

•

P1.772 18008 x224.4 Etched

;--i

I- •. • - - . :-. .- •. -.

4

fr4

4

-L _{- -} ,- .

I--• ;r S& .

J

/. ..

.

.. '.' _&

_#

.'

,

i

.

'

_,

. A4Y

1'

.'•;. s._

-wJ

'ps..

t4 4

••

.

:i'

?!" .

bLI1'1A414, v'

b-

: ...

ra

P1.775

18009

x56.1

Etched

4r'..

Ii

.

-•( r

'+.,1,'

P1. 776

18011 A and B

:

4 .' ..a'

•:' tt!b1t

'i'

4,

P44

(f

-P1.778

18011B

x56.1

Unetched

t: ..- .

•, e

J

,•

P1.779

18011B

x448.8

Unetched

,

I;

'w .. .:,...

-.:

:

•.

••

— ! ... ..

_{4.. .}

P1.781

18011B

x112 .2

Etched

c:•

...

1i

lo

10'• .c.

S •'• ____

P1.782

18011B

x224.4

Etched

_____ _S.. 5

r

P

j

-

-.-pr-.5 * '- - -.5

- -S - -S. _.,-S

7

..

W,.

T . .5, 5.

- i5 5/./

-,1'

A:.

- . , :5

P1.784

18011B

x1122

Etched

P1. 785

18012

'p

I

P1. 786

18012

x224.4

Etched

,-j1

.-P1. 787

18012

x448.8

Etched

.t.

-db

-- - - .

*J _.

4

'1 0 f -

..

A__________

i"(\ : __

.L.r *

p

.. .A \ . . . ' .

i1I T .-. •,.. . P1.. _{. li.•.}

P1.78713 18012 x501.6 Etched

*

- _,

C

P1.788 18013 x448.8 Etched -s

T..'

:

P1.790

18014

•

_a

••--.

.

•

', .

.

.

_•::'

_':.

• •

• ..:

'• . .4•Pn ,-4.j .1

- —

P •ajl ... .

•

-A-• .. •,• .••. '.. _, ..

.-• .,,• •

p.-., • ..• 4' _L.

4 1. •'-. . . . .. 4.,. • S.

h.. _{.•''•.•%}

- •-:. •

4 -, ',.'I

:

' .. •• -

q-

-• c,fi._ _-:•a.

4• A..- - 4 p.

W

•

_¶

.

.

%S • ' -ft

•

e4

.-

P1.791

18015

x112.2

Etched

-

_•

--

4

.

_wWrWfI

L'

_•

M't- s.4•j% /

i' •' g' ,,

. •

• k • -

31

4.dS•

tb •.

I-

'-•v .:

P1.793 1816A x448.8 Etched w . .• '.-'s 1"

r/ T' — ,-t. '<'-•-• '

.. .•1

ç

-1.

P1.794 18016B x112.2

- LW: -r'

I

-Etched

•4% _-

- 7'

. c- 4d!

S

7

y/, /'

/ 0/

*

.4 4'

;

J

w-.

w

I

•

3

TX

4

P1.796

18016B

x448.8

Etched

-...

1' •

g

.

p .

-

'-P1.797

18017

x112.2

Etched

.,lI

-

';,

,'-*__f

:,

'!4 •:

-

• ! p ,

:'•._

L

.\

'a

-

-.c,'.

4 ₅

-

-

-fr

:

_*LJP•

!J

'*'

P1.799

18018

x56.1

Etched

P1. 800

18019

:

. ,I

:. 14, •__

P1.802 18019 x448.8 Etched

---P1.803 18019 x56.1 Etched

r p

:. T'-:'

• • 1

••';. •

0

•

- -. •

c.-.-•

.1

- c.,. , —A

-r' _•4:;•

C

I. -I

P1.805

18020

x112.2

Etched

(j

P1. 806

18020

x448.8

Etched

, / _4fre

iLT. (_

P1.808 18021A x448.8 Etched

P1.809 18021A x1122 Etched

• ..4•

- ':V' - - - - •

-•.,- _.)I•• P .j. •

'. h - -. -.

-tt

_'?

• T '.

_•• - ' . i

Z

^ /

1

a,

;;:?'1,

/ /, /, ) -a. ,.. ( ' :

P1.811 18021B x448.8

-7. v •ii

1 _'Ia.•

-. &

T - ---..- ...

'. .

-ht :hc:a

P1.812 18022A x112.2 Etched

• : 7 _{wrtfl• ;} J•A •

2 -p LJ( 1' I..

:'. 4

-iri' : --•

- •1

)

P1.814 18022A x56.1 Etched

j - - '.. ," .. -- w,IlI,

- ' : 't "-- -

:-

--P1.815 18022A x448.8 Etched

:aj.

ir•

:

-4

%4\ /

•t4 '

•.i\

• •r;

'p

.

S S.

. S

•

P1.817 18022B x448.8 Etched

• :. - .-.. •-. . --• •.- - •- - .

• -.5 - . . •

- • - .. • - —

-. -••,1

- . • - -' . - •

•.S• - . -

-P1.818 18022B x112.2 Etched

-t_ -.,-,----.---'--- . •_. - #..-.

•1ss." \ '

I1.

-4

/

P'

o..

I,

I.

j

I.*.

P1.820 18022B x224.4 Etched

P1.821 18022B x1122 Etched

-.

£_

4.

P1.823

One of a pair of sandstone moulds for

a socketed spearhead.

P1.824

Companion mould to P1.823.

/•

I' i:

•....

P1.826 A sandstone mould for a chisel-ended arrowhead.

-

N JT

r :+

P1.827 Mould for two arrowheads similar to that in P1.826.

P1.829 Clay crucible no. SF.52. (see SecIiOt1 6.4)

P1.830 A pair of fired clay rnoulds for an axe

no. SF.!4. (See ecor 6J)

P1.831 A pair of fired clay moulds for an axe

P1.832

Clay mould for 3 arrowheads SF.78. (See sechon G.')

P1.833

Companion mould to that in P1.832.

P1.834

Fired clay mould for an arrowhead SF.56.

-.

P1.835 Companion mould to that in P1.834.

P1.836 Interior of bronze bowl showing grinding and polishing striations.