PRE-NORMAN PERIOD

VOLUME II

WELSH SCULPTURED CROSSES AND CROSS-SLABS OF THE PRE-NORMAN PERIOD

BEST COPY

AVAILABLE

APPENDIX A: DEFINITIONS

1. _{Note on Terms}

Britain _{= England,} Wales, Scotland, Isle _{of Man.} Ireland _{= Geographical} Ireland (north _{and south).} Insular ₌ British _{and Irish.}

2. _{Note on Definitions} Concerning Sculptural Material

These definitions _{were devised} before the final _{compilation of the} General Introduction to the British Academy's Corpus of Anglo-Saxon

Sculpture in England (Vol 1, Cramp forthcoming). (1) _{They have not been} amended according to Cramp's classification as the Welsh monuments

warrant the identification of a number of peculiar forms, but the equiva- lent _{term used by Cramp is noted wherever it is applicable.} In Appendices A and B this _{classification} is designated _{only as 'Cramp ... '.}

3. Contents _{of Appendix k Page}

Anatomy of a Cross. 3

Monumental Forms referred to in the text: 4-5

I. _{The free-standing cross:}

1. Square-shafted _crosses.

2. Rectangular-shafted _crosses. 3. Slab-like _crosses.

4. _{Round-shafted crosses.}

5. Round-to-rectangular-shafted _crosses. II. _{The disc-headed cross.}

III. _{The cross-slab.}

Note on the cross base. 5-6

Forms of Cross Head: 7-13

A. The free-armed head: 1. Anglian.

2. Scalloped. 3. Spatulate.

4. _Fan-shaped. 5. Key-hole.

6.

_Latin.

7. Equal-armed.

(1) _{I am grateful to Professor Cramp for}

sending me a copy of the final draft _{of this work.}

8. _Maltese. 9. Saltire.

10. Round-hollow.

11. Singly-cusped hollow. 12. Trefoil.

13. Square-hollow.

14. Double-square hollow. B. _{The ringed} head:

i. Central _ring. ii. Terminal _ring. iii. Full _ring.

iv. Encircling _ring.

C. _{Forms peculiar} to the disc-headed _cross: 15. The false _cross.

16. _{Arm projections.} 17. _{Neck projections.}

18. Projections _{at the arm and neck.} Addendum: 19. The 'lorgnette'.

ANATOMY OF A CROSS

All these terms correspond _with those used by Cramp.

CROSS HEAD

SHAFT

BASE

THE CROSS HEAD

arm-pit

arm

neck

shaf t

base

The upper portion of the cross comprising everything above the shaft.

Arms: _{The four projections of the cross-head, of which two are horizon-} tal _{and two are vertical.}

Arm-pits: The four _{curves or angles} formed by the intersection _{of the} arms of the cross.

Neck:

_{The point at which the cross head joins the shaft.}

THE SHAFT

The trunk _{which forms the vertical axis of the cross.}

THE BASE

The lowest _{portion of the cross, the pedestal in which the shaft is set.}

MONUMENTAL FORMS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT

I. THE FREE-STANDING CROSS

This _{form consists of one or more stones} dressed _{to the shape of a} cross, with _{no external means of support other} than the hole in the

ground or stone base in which its _shaft is set.

Five types _{are distinguished according to the nature of the shaft.} These are simplified types; _{in reality the shaft is rarely completely}

symmetrical, but often has a marked entasis, _{or a tendency} to splay or thicken towards the base.

1. _{Square-shafted Crosses} (Cramp: _{'Angular shaft: squarish')} ie. _{square in section: the width and thickness of the shaft}

being more or less equal throughout its length.

___

/

2. _{Rectangular-shafted Crosses} (Cramp: _{'Angular shaft: rectangular')} ie. _{rectangular in section: the width of the shaft being consis-}

tently _{greater than the thickness.}

-I

_IJ0

I/

3. Slab-like _Crosses (Cramp: _{'Angular shaft: slab-like')}

where the thickness _{of the shaft} is less than half its _width throughout _{its length.}

4. _{Round-shafted Crosses} (Cramp: 'Round-shaft')

ie. _{circular in section} throughout the length _{of the shaft.}

0

5. Round-to-Rectangular-shafted Crosses (Cramp: 'Round-shaft derivatives')

where the lower half of the shaft is circular in section, and the upper portion _{square or rectangular} in section.

- -o

II. THE DISC-HEADED CROSS

This form is distinguished from I by a head which is a simple circle or disc, and where the cross motif in no way modifies the circumference

of the circle

or disc.

The types _{of shaft are as I.}

III. THE CROSS-SLAB

This _{form comprises a monolithic stone dressed into a slab} (which is usually rectangular) upon which a cross has been incised or carved in

relief. The cross-slab may be decorated on both faces, in which case it must have been set erect in the ground, or on one face only, in which

case it may have been recumbent _{upon the ground.}

Note _{on the cross base}

A large _{number of cross shafts, perhaps the majority, were set dir-} ectly into the ground; _{others were set into a stone b'se} or pedestal.

The use of a stone base or pedestal is not peculiar to _{any particular} form of cross, neither is the form of the base a satisfactory criterion of type.

Cross bases have not been the subject of classification by Cramp. The following _{forms may be noticed:}

a. Rectangular; _{a simple} block.

b. _{Square Pyramid; in the form of a truncated pyramid, the ground} plan being _square.

c. Rectangular Pyramid; in the form of a truncated _pyramid, the ground plan being rectangular.

d. Conical; _{in the form of a truncated cone, the ground plan} being _round.

FORMS OF CROSS HEAD

The following _{appear in three} dimensions _{as the heads of free-}

standing and disc-headed crosses, and in two dimensions as motifs on cross slabs.

A. THE FREE-ARMED HEAD

Comprising a cross with arms unencumbered by any ring.

CURVILINEAR: _{CROSSES WITH CURVED ARMS AND ARM-PITS}

1. Anglian

Type designated, _{but not defined} in detail, by Collingwood (1927,82).

The type is further _{sub-divided by Cramp according to the curve of the arm-} pits; Cramp types A9, B9, C9, A10, B10, C10, D10.

This form is _{very rare} in Wales _{and it} is _{sufficient to note that} it comprises an equal-armed cross with _splayed arms and smoothly curved arm-

pits.

2. Scalloped (Cramp: 'cusped')

Formed by the removal of one or more semi-circular segments from the borders _{of the cross arms.} This _{type is also sub-divided} by Cramp,

according to the curve of the arm-pits; Cramp types D9 and D10.

3. Spatulate

Where the transverse _{arms of the cross appear as if} blunted. This type does not appear in Cramp's classification.

4. _Fan-shaped

Where the arms of the cross are widely splayed. The type is not separately defined by Cramp; it falls _within her class E10.

5. Key-hole (Cramp: _Ell)

A fan-shaped _{cross where the tips of the arms have been removed to} give the arm-pits the appearance of an open-ended key-hole.

ANGULAR: CROSSES WITH STRAIGHT SIDED ARMS AND RIGHT-ANGLE OR 'V' SHAPED ARM-PITS

6. _Latin (Cramp: _Al)

7. Equal-armed (Cramp: Al)

An upright cross with arms of equal length.

q

$. _Maltese (Cramp: _{B6 and B8)}

An equal-armed cross _{with straight splayed arms.}

EI

9. Saltire

An equal-armed cross where the arms are disposed diagonally. (Some- times _called the St Andrew's _cross). This _{is not separately defined by}

Cramp.

ýiJ

MODIFIED: _{LATIN AND EaUAL-ARMED CROSSES WITH MODIFIED ARM-PITS}

"The shape of the hollow angles where the arms intersect _{is altered}

by taking _{round or square pieces out of each pair of intersecting arms. "} (Allen _{1893, p46).}

The following designations _{are those of Allen in the work already} cited.

Round Modifications:

10. Round-hollow (Cramp: All)

Formed by the removal of a three-quarter circle from each arm-pit.

11. Singly-cusped hollow

Where two semi-circles have been removed from the end of each arm, leaving _{a tooth-like point or cusp at the centre of the arm-pit.} This

type is not separately defined by Cramp.

12. Trefoil

As above, with a third rounded arc removed from the centre of each arm-pit, to give the appearance of a three-lobed hollow with two cusps in each arm-pit. The type is not separately defined by Cramp.

Square Modifications:

13. _{Square-hollow} (Cramp: _{A2 and A3)}

Formed by the removal of a three-quarter square from each arm-pit. 4

14. Double-square-hollow

Formed by the removal of two squares from the end of each arm to give a wedge-shaped point at the centre of each arm-pit, and the appearance of

a square in the centre of the cross head. There is no equivalent to this type in Cramp's _{classification.}

B. THE RINGED HEAD

All the types _{of cross} detailed _{above may have their arms linked} by a ring of varying thickness, at any point along the arms of the cross.

In most cases, the ring does not cross over or encircle the arms, but is broken _{up into} four _quadrants by the cross arms.

The following _{positions of the ring may be distinguished:}

i. Central Ring (Cramp: 'Ring _a')

Where the ring is at the centre of each arm of the cross and does not extend to the outer limits of the cross arms.

ii. Terminal Ring (Cramp: 'Ring b')

Where the outer edge of the ring commences at the outer ends of the arms, and the inner _{edge of the ring} extends inwards _{no further} than

half _{way along the cross arms.}

iii. Full Ring

Where the ring is so thick that there is only a tiny space between

the arm-pits and the ring. This ring is not separately defined by Cramp.

iv. Encircling Ring (Cramp: 'circle')

Where the ring is in the form of a complete circle when viewed from the front _{of the cross.}

The space between the arm-pits and the ring may be treated in a

variety of ways. On the free-standing cross form it is usually removed completely to form an aperture. On the disc-headed cross form it either remains untreated, or is hollowed out to a uniform depth.

C. FORMS PECULIAR TO THE DISC-HEADED CROSS

All the types designated _{above may appear on the disc-headed cross.} The following _{phenomena are peculiar} to this _{type of monument. None of}

these are separately defined by Cramp.

15. The False Cross

This is a cross simply denoted by four, _{six or eight symmetrically} placed hollowed _areas. It is probably _{a less sophisticated} form of a

cross with full _ring. The form of the cross was perhaps clarified _orig- inally _{by paint.}

O0

pO

16. Arm Projections

Where the head of the cross, although a disc, has rectangular pro- jections _{at the top and sides of the disc, which, although not true arms,} are suggestive of them.

17. Neck Projections

Where square or rounded projections occur at the neck of the cross, at right angles to the cross shaft.

QD

C7

9

ADDENDUM

18. The 'Lorgnette' (Designated by Brown, 1919)

An equal-armed cross with circular _{expansions at the centre and at} the ends of the arms. _{This may be superimposed on another type of cross,} or form the cross motif itself. It does not determine the shape of any monument.

APPENDIX B: CATALOGUE OF FORMS AND MOTIFS OF WELSH SCULPTURAL MATERIAL

1. The Validity _{of Appendix} B

In this _{appendix, an attempt} is made to list _{the occurrence} in the insular _{context, c. 700-1100, of each form and motif} in use on the Welsh

sculptured crosses and cross-slabs of the pre-Norman period. This forms the basis _{of the evidence} for Chapter 5.

Appendix B is _{comprehensive only} in that it _{encompasses every known} form and motif in use on the Welsh sculptural material of this period.

With regard to other material, it is inevitable that much will have been missed, particularly with regard to material other than stonework.

Equally, the lists _{are biased} in the sense that they most accurately

reflect those areas where there is adequate publication of the material. Nevertheless, _{every effort} has been made to ensure that these lists _are as representative of the original distribution of each form and motif as possible.

References for _{each of the listed monuments and artifacts are for} the most part to be found in the general works listed in the bibliography.

2. _{Note on the Definitions of Ornamental} Motifs

Under each definition, reference is made wherever appropriate to the classifications of Allen (1903), Cramp (forthcoming) and Adcock. In

Appendix B, the designation 'Adcock

... ' refers to the summary of Adcock's unpublished MPhil thesis on the construction _{and classification of inter-}

lace (University _{of Durham 1974) in Volume I of the British Academy's}

Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Sculpture in England (Cramp forthcoming). _{This work} is discussed _{in more detail in the section on interlace.}

3. Contents _{of Appendix} B _Page

CROSS FORMS

Al. Anglian: Free-armed. B1. _{Anglian: Ringed.}

A2. Scalloped: Free-armed. A3. Spatulate: _Free-armed. B3" _{Spatulate: Ringed.}

A4. _{Fan-shaped: Free-armed.} B4. _{Fan-shaped: Ringed.}

19-41

A5 and B5 Key-hole. A6 and B6 Latin.

B7. Equal-armed: Ringed. A8 and B8 Maltese.

A10. Round hollow: Free-armed. B10. Round hollow: Ringed.

A14. Double-square hollow: Free-armed. B14. Double-square hollow: Ringed.

15., " False Cross.

16. Arm Projections. 17. Neck Projections. 18. The Lorgnette.

MONUMENTAL FORMS AND FEATURES 42-50

1. Block _{swellings on the shaft.} 2. Round-shafted _monuments.

3. Round-to-rectangular _{shafted monuments.} 4. _Hogbacks.

5. Sundials.

6. _{Fonts exhibiting pre-Norman features.}

KNOTS

51-75

1. Triquetra Knot. 2. Stafford Knot.

3. Double Stafford Knot. 4. _{Conjoined Rings.}

5. Looped Square.

6. _{Double Looped Square.} 7. Triangular Motif.

8. _{Triangular Knot.}

9. Triple Stafford Knot.

10. _{Quadruple Stafford Knot.}

11. Interlaced _{Quadruple Stafford Knot.} 12. Ring Knot.

13. _{Double Ring Knot.}

14. _{Quadruple Triquetra Knot.}

15. _{Quadruple Triquetra Knot used on head of cross.}

16. _{Quadruple Triquetra Knot with extra twist used on head of cross.} 17. _{Square-ended knot used on head of cross.}

18. _{Quadruple Stafford Knot used on head of cross.} 19. _{Quadruple Stafford knot as cross motif.}

INTERLACE

Interlace.

A note on terminology. 1. _{Two cord twist.} 2. _{Double twist.}

3. _{Three cord plait.} 4. _{Four cord plait.} 5. Five _{cord plait.} 6. _{Six cord plait.}

7. Eight _{cord plait.} 8. _{Ten cord plait.}

9. _{Twelve cord plait.}

10. Fourteen _{cord plait.} 11. Sixteen _{cord plait.} 12. Eighteen _{cord plait.} 13. _{Twenty cord plait.}

14. _{Six cord plait with} breaks. 15. Rounded knotwork.

16. Single _{row of Stafford} knots. 17. _{Double row of Stafford} knots. 18. Linked Stafford knotwork.

19. Opposed 'M' Loop knotwork.

20. _{Double row of} 'M'-shaped loops. 21. Cruciform knotwork.

22. Single _{row of figure-of-eight knots.} 23. _{Double row of figure-of-eight knots.}

24. _{Single row of horizontal figure-of-eight knots.} 25. _{Z bend knotwork}

26. _{Double S bend knotwork.}

27. _{Double row of C shaped loops.}

28. _{Double row of C shaped loops pointing up and down.} 29. _{Double row of double C shaped loops.}

30. _{Looped cord.}

31. _{One cord looped plait.} 32. _{Two cord looped plait.}

33" Miscellaneous _{looped designs.} 34" Interlinked _rings.

35. _{Ring twist.} 36. _{Ring chain.}

37. _{Free rings in interlace.}

38.

_Scattered

_pellets

_{in interlace.}

16

ors

_135-168

1. Zig-zag.

2. Battlement _pattern. 3. Z shaped fret.

4. _{T shaped fret.} 5. Double T fret.

6. _{T and H bar fret.} 7. L shaped fret.

8. _{L and Z fret.}

9. Spiralled T fret. 10. Swastica fret.

10a.. Continuous _swastica. 11. Arrow fret.

12.

Z fret

_{with ticks.}

13. Diagonal T and H fret.

14. Z fret _with ticks _and'spirals. 15. Spiral fret.

16. Square double _spiral fret.

17. Square quadruple _spiral fret. 18. _{Square arrow fret.}

19. Double _{square arrow} fret. 20. Square Z fret.

21. Square Z fret _{with central} block.

22. Square fret _{with central} block _{and forked} ticks. 23. _{Square arrow and T fret.}

24. _{Square arrow and forked T fret.} 25. Double triangle fret.

26. Circular _frets.

27. Scattered _{pellets in fretwork.}

ZOOMORPHS

_169-175

1. The Jellinge-type _animal. 2. _{The grape-eating animal.}

3. Pair _{of animals.}

4. _{Miscellaneous animals.}

FOLIAGE _176-177

1. _{Vine scroll.}

FIGURES AND SCENES

1. Bird-headed _angels. 2. Cherub.

3. Crucifix _{with attendants.}

4. _{Symbolic crucifixion scene.} 5. Simple _crucifixes.

6. _{The rood figure.} 7. Hunting _scenes. 8. _Horsemen.

9. Man between two beast men.

10. Man's head between two beasts. 11. Man holding horn.

12. Orant _figures.

13. _{The meeting of St Paul and St Anthony.} 14. _{The visitation.}

MISCELLANEOUS

1. Cable moulding.

2. _{Segmented moulding.} 3. Rosette.

4. _{Simple spirals.}

178-196

197-205

CROSS FORMS

Al: ANGLIAN, FREE-ARMED

The distribution is predominantly _{northern, apparently emanating} from the Yorkshire _region. This type of cross head is found almost exclusively

on free-standing crosses. It does not occur in Wales. England

Cumberland: Brigham Irton

Penrith _{east and west crosses}

Somerset: Bath

Westmoreland: Kirby _Stephen Yorkshire: Brompton

Burnsall

Collingham

Eastington

Forcett

Great Ayton Gilling

Hexham

High Hoyland

Kirkburton

Londesborough Northallerton

Ripon

Sherburn Sinnington Stanwick

B1: ANGLIAN, RINGED

This has a wider distribution than the free-armed Anglian head, but like the former it is concentrated in the Yorkshire _region, and occurs

almost exclusively on free-standing crosses. Free-Standing Crosses

Wales

Llandaff _{205, Glamorgan}

Llanfachraith 8, Anglesey St Davids 378, Dyfed

England

Cumberland: Gosforth

Penrith, Giant's Thumb Westmoreland: Kirby Stephen

Yorkshire: Bilton

Brompton Ellerburn Gilling

Kirklevington Leeds

North Otterington Stonegrave

Thornton Steward Thornton Watlass Topcliffe

Scotland

Hoddam

Ireland

Kilfenora Doorty _cross

Disc-Headed _Crosses

England

Cheshire: _{Chester, St Johns} Hilbre

A2: SCALLOPED, FREE-ARMED

This _{type of cross occurs only in the free-armed} form, _{and only} on free-standing _crosses. Its distribution is confined to the north of

England _{and the south of Scotland with} the exception _{of one outlier} in Worcestershire. _{The use of the scalloped cross as the head of the}

Ruthwell _cross indicates that it is capable of an early date. The type- does not occur in Wales.

England

Lancashire: Hornby

Northumberland: Rothbury

Worcestershire: Cropthorne

Yorkshire: Hexham

Ilkley

Lastingham Mashaw

Scotland

Dupplin Hoddam

Ruthwell

9

A3:

SPATULATE, FREE-ARMED

It _{is uncertain whether this should be regarded as a true cross} type or as a degenerate form of types 1 and/or 4. The north-western distribu-

tion _{gives some credence} to the former _view, but the truth _probably lies somewhere between the two.

Free-Standing Crosses

Wales

Llanbadarn _{Fawr 111, Dyfed}

England

Cornwall: Sancreed 3

Cumberland: Bridekirk

Carlisle Cathedral

Dearham Kenneth cross Yorkshire: Gargrave

Hovingham

Kirkby Hall Middlesmoor Middleton

Scotland

Hamilton Keills

Kilmartin Kirkcolm

Ireland

Caher Island,

_south-east

_cross

Kilfenora

Cross-Slab Scotland

Netherurd

B3: SPATIILATE, RINGED

Only two examples are known; both are free-standing crosses.

Wales

Llanynis 65, Powys

England

Cumberland; Addingham

A4: FAN-SHAPED, FREE-ARMED

This is a common type of cross head which has a wide-apread dis- tribution in England.

Wales

Coity 192, Glamorgan (I)

England

Cambridgeshire: Balsham (III) Cheshire: Cheadle (I)

Cornwall: Holloway (II)

Llanhydrock (I) Sancreed 4 (I) Lancashire: Bolton (I)

Whalley (I) Northamptonshire: Barnack (II)

Helpston (II) Somerset: Bath (I)

Staffordshire: Leek (II)

Sussex: Bexhill (III)

Yorkshire: High Hoyland (I) Finghall (I)

Kirby Wharfe (I) Guiseley (I)

Saxton (I)

Spennithorne (III) Staveley (I)

Metal

Beach Down bronze _pin

B4: _{FAN-SHAPED, RINGED}

The distribution has a southern British _emphasis. This is the pre- dominant _{form of cross head in south Wales.}

Wales

Carew 303, Dyfed (I)

Coychurch 194, Glamorgan (I) Margam 235, Glamorgan (II)

Merthyr Mawr 240, Glamorgan (I) Nevern 360, Dyfed (I)

Penally 364, Dyfed (I)

England

Cambridgeshire: Cambridge Castle (I) Fulbourn (I)

Cheshire: Cheadle (I)

Disley _{1 and 2 (both I)} Cornwall: Cardingham 3 (I)

Lanherne (I) Lanivet (I)

Pencarrow (I)

St Neot four holed _cross (I) Huntingdonshire: Elton 1 and 2 (both I)

Lincolnshire: Colsterworth (I) Conisholme (I)

Norfolk: Whissonset (I) Shropshire: Shrewsbury (III) Somerset: Bath (I)

Wiltshire: _{Amesbury (I)} Yorkshire: Gargrave (I)

Hovingham (I) Stonegrave (I)

5: KEY HOLE

In both its free-armed _{and ringed} forms this _{is a rare and dis-}

tinctive _{type of cross, apparently emanating from a centre} in northern England _{or southern} Scotland, _perhaps Whithorn.

A. FREE-ARMED

Wales

Margam 233, Glamorgan (II)

England

Yorkshire: Burnsall (I)

High Hoyland (II) Osmotherly (I)

Oswaldkirk (I)

Scotland

Monreith (II)

Whithorn (II _{-4 examples,} III _{-1 example)}

B. RINGED

Wales

Llangaffo 14, Anglesey (I)

Scotland

Kirkinner (II)

Lesmanaghow (I)

6. _{LATIN CROSS}

This _{type is almost exclusively confined to the cross slabs of Wales} and Scotland.

A. FREE-ARMED

Wales

Llanfihangel Cwmdu 54a, Powys (III)

Llanveynoe 410 and 411, Powys (both III) St Edrens 392, Dyfed (III)

Llangaffo 19, Anglesey (III)

England

Yorkshire: Crathorne (III)

Scotland

Alyth (III)

Abercromby 1 (III) Fortevoit 2 (III)

Govan 4 and 5 (both III) Hamilton (III)

Roseneath (III) Saroby (III)

Ireland

Newcastle-Lyons (I)

B. RINGED

Wales

Llangyfelach _{211, Glamorgan} (III) St Edrens 391, Dyfed (II)

B7: _EQUAL-ARMED

This is a surprisingly _rare type of cross. Only the following examples are known; all are ringed.

Wales

Llangan 207, Glamorgan (II) St Davids 383, Dyfed (III)

Steynton 404, Dyfed (III)

Ireland

Tuam (I)

8. _MALTESE

Most examples of this type of cross are found in the west of Britain. The free-armed Maltese _{cross is found only in Wales. The encircled type} is almost exclusive to monuments of Form II.

A. FREE-ARMED

Wales

Ewenny 196, Glamorgan (II) Laugharne _{145, Dyfed (II)}

Llanfrynach 56, Powys (III)

Llangaffo _{17 and 20, Anglesey} (both (III) Llangeinwen _{28, Anglesey} (III)

B. RINGED

Wales

Llangaffo _{15, Anglesey} (I

- on shaft) Bulznore 290, Gwent (III)

England

Cheshire: Chester _{St Johns 5 (I)} Cornwall: _{Padstow 3 (I)}

Cumberland: _{Gosforth heads A and B (both I)} Leicestershire: _Sproxton (I)

Yorkshire: _Brompton (I)

ENCIRCLED

Wales Ireland

Diserth 165, Clwyd (II) Knock (II)

Penmon 38, Anglesey (II)

Meifod 295, Powys (III)

England

Cheshire: _{Bromborough (II) Cumberland: Dearham (II)}

Neston (II) Muncaster (II)

West Kirby (II)

Rockcliff

(II)

Cornwall: _{Basil 1 (II) Yorkshire: Gargrave (II)}

Lanivet (II)

A10: _{ROUND HOLLOW, FREE-ARMED}

This _{type of cross has a predominantly northern distribution con-} centrated in Scotland _{on cross-slabs.}

Wales

Bulmore 290, Gwent (III) Llanarth 110, Dyfed (III)

St Ishmaels 396, Dyfed (III)

England

Cumberland: Carlisle fratry _{and abbey (both} I) Derbyshire: Eyam (I)

Durham: _{Durham chapter house (I -4 examples)} Northumberland: Bothal (I)

Warkworth (III) Staffordshire: Ilam (I)

Yorkshire: _Aberford (I)

Eastington (I) Kirkdale (I)

Otley (I)

Sinnington (I)

Scotland

Aboyne (III) Benvie (III) Brodie (III) Carnuston (I)

Drainie 11 (III) Dunblane 1 (III) Dyce 2 (III)

Elgin (III) Flotta (III)

Glamis 1 (III)

Glenferness (III) Golspie (III)

Govan (III _{- 15 examples)} Inchinnan _{1 (III)}

Kilbar (III)

Kingoldrum 2 (III) Kirriemuir 5 (III) Logierait (III)

Lothbeg (III)

Meigle (III _{-3 examples)} Menmuir (III)

Monymusk (III)

Rosemarkie (III)

Rossie Priory (III)

St Andrews (III _{-4 examples)} St Vigeans (III _{-6 examples)} Sconie (III)

Shandwick (III) Skinnet (III)

Strathmartine (III) Tullibole (III)

Woodray (III)

Ireland

Dysert O'Dea (I) Fahan Mura (III)

Isle _{of Man}

Andreas 87,102,103 (all III) Braddan 110 (III)

Jurby 99 (III)

BIO: _{ROUND HOLLOW, RINGED}

This has a predominantly northern _{and western} distribution. This type of cross comprises the head of the majority _{of Irish} free-standing

crosses. Wales

Baglan 191, Glamorgan (III) Bulmore 290, Gwent (III)

Llanrhaiadr _{Ym Mochnant 181, Powys (III)} Llowes 408, Powys (III)

Margam 231 (II) _{and 232 (III), Glamorgan} Nash 250, Glamorgan (III)

Port Talbot 261, Glamorgan (III)

St Davids _{376 and 377, Dyfed (both III)} St Edrens 393 and 394, Dyfed (both III) St Fagans 267, Glamorgan (I)

St Lawrence 398, Dyfed (II) Walton West (III)

England

Cumberland: _{Addingham (I)} Gosforth (I) Devonshire: Plymstock (I)

Lancashire: _Winwick (I)

Yorkshire: _Ellerburn (I)

Kirkby Moorside (I) Kirklevington (I)

Middleton (I _{-2 examples)} North Frodingham (I)

Northotterington (I) Scotland

Aberlemno 3 (III) Ardchattan (III) Barochan (I)

Crail (III) Crieff (III) Canna (I)

Doid Mhairi

Drainie 4 (III)

Dunning (III) Elgin (III)

Farr (III)

Fordoun (III) Forres (III) Iona (I)

Kildalton (I) Reay (III)

St Andrews 30 (III) Strathmartine (III)

Isle _{of Man}

Andreas 88,95 (both III) Ballaugh 77 (III)

Braddan 69 (II), 86 (III) Conchan 61 (II), 113 (III) Jurby 93,107 (both III)

Maughold 29,53,55,58,67,91 (all _III) Michael 89,100,101,104,105 (all _III) Lonan 40,42,57 (all II)

Ireland

Ahenny north and south (both I) Arboe (I)

Armagh (I) Bealin (I)

Caledon (I)

Castledermot _{north and south} (both _I) Clonmacnoise _south (I)

Drumcliffe (I) Drumcullin (I)

Duleek _{north and south} (both _I) Durrow (I)

Fordstown (I) Galloon (I)

Graiguenamanagh _{north and south} (both _I)

Kilfenora, _{west cross and Doorty cross (both I)} Kilgobbin (I)

Kilkieran _{east and west (both I)} Killamery (I)

Kilree (I)

Monasterboice Muiredach's _{and west (both I)} Moone (I)

Keils (I _{-3 examples)}

St Kierans _{north, south and west (all I)} St Mullins (I)

Taghmon (I)

Termonfechin (I)

Tynan, _{four crosses} (all I) Ullard (I}

A14: DOUBLE-SQUARE HOLLOW, FREE-ARMED

This _{type of cross is found almost exclusively on Scottish cross-} slabs.

Wales

Llangiwg 210, Glamorgan (II)

England

Durham: Jarrow (III)

Scotland

Abercromby (III) Altyre (III)

Edderton (III)

Fowlis Wester (III) Holm (III)

Inchbrayock 2 (III) Kingoldrum 1 (III)

Kirriemuir _{1 and 3 (both III)} Meigle 6 and 7 (both III)

Nigg (III)

St Andrews 1,3,8,15,30 (all III) St Vigeans 23 (III)

Skinnet (III)

0

B14: DOUBLE-SQUARE HOLLOW, RINGED

This type _{of cross appears on two distinctive groups of monuments,} namely Scottish _cross-slabs and south Welsh disc-headed _crosses. The

two examples from Llandeilo _{are peculiar} in _that the _{ring of the cross} is _square.

Wales

Llanarthney 147, Dyfed (II)

Llandeilo _{155 and 156 (both III), Dyfed} Llantwit Major 220, Glamorgan (II)

Margam 234, Glamorgan (II)

Scotland

Aldbar (III)

Clyne Kirkton (III) Farnell (III)

Inchbrayock I (III) Invergowrie 1 (III) Meigle 2 (III)

St Vigeans 11 (III)

Ireland

Roscrea (I)

15: _{FALSE CROSS}

This _{type of cross is almost exclusively found on the south Welsh} 'panelled _{cartwheel' group of disc-headed crosses.}

Wales

Kenfig 200, Glamorgan (II)

Margam 236 and 237, Glamorgan (both II)

Merthyr _{Mawr 241 and 242, Glamorgan (both II)} Neath 251a, Glamorgan (II)

Pen Y Fai, Glamorgan (II)

Port Talbot _{262, Glamorgan} (II) Resolven _{265, Glamorgan} (II)

Tythegston _{270a, Glamorgan} (II) Ewenny 196, Glamorgan (II)

England

Cornwall: _{Penzance (II)}

16: _{ARM PROJECTIONS}

This feature is virtually _{confined to a group of disc-headed crosses} which are found in the north west of England.

Wales

Diserth 195, Clwyd

Penmon 37 and 38, Anglesey

England

Cheshire: Bromborough

Chester _{St Johns 1 and 2} Neston

Cumberland: Aspatria Bromfield Dearham Muncaster Rockcliff

Ireland

Knock

17: _{NECK PROJECTIONS}

With the exception of the two north Welsh monuments, this feature is confined to Cornwall.

Wales

Diserth 195, Clwyd (II)

Whitford Church, Clwyd (II)

En land

Cornwall: Basil 1 (II) Holloway (II)

Penzance (II) St Juliot (II) Treslea (II)

18: _{THE LORGN TTE}

Brown(1919)suggested _that this _{shape was derived from crosses'in}

Teutonic _{metalwork, and Lionard} (1961,129) _{traced it back to a Byzan-} tine _{origin. In the period under consideration the motif is most}

common on the small tombstones of the north of England _{and Ireland and} later _{on the free-standing crosses of the north west of England.}

Wales

Llandeilo

156, Dyfed (III)

England

Cumberland: _{Beckermet St Johns white cross (I)} Bridekirk (I)

Carlisle

(I)

Cross Canonby

Dearham Kenneth cross (I) Distington

Harington

Penrith _{east and west crosses} (both I) St Bees norse cross

Durham: Billingham (III) Hartlepool (III) Northumberland: Lindisfarne (III) Staffordshire: Ilam (I)

Westmoreland: Kirby Stephen (I) Yorkshire: _Aberford (I)

Dewsbury

Forcett (on shaft) Gargrave (II)

Gilling (I) Great Ayton

Northallerton (I)

Ireland

Only true _{lorgnettes are noted, not the motif which is much more} common (see Macalister, 1949).

Kilcoo

(III)

Killeany _534,538 (both _III)

Clonrnacnoise (6 examples, _{all III)}

MONUMENTAL FORMS AND FEATURES

1. BLOCK SWELLINGS ON SHAFT (Cramp: 'shouldered _shaft')

Where the shaft of the cross is not straight, but is interrupted by one or more rectangular block swellings with wider dimensions than the

rest of the shaft.

Wales

Llandough 206

England

Cumberland: _Bromfield

Rockcliff

Gloucestershite: _Newent Leicestershire: _Sproxton Lincolnshire: _Creeton

Northamptonshire: Stanground Northumberland: Nunnykirk Yorkshire: Middleton

2. ROUND-SHAFTED MONUMENTS

Comprising _{monuments which are circular in section. As all} the

following _{examples, with the probable exception of Llantwit} Major 224, are incomplete in some way, it is by no means certain that they once

formed part of a monument where the shaft was circular in section

throughout its length. The Wolverhampton _pillar, for _example, has been re- constructed as a round-to-rectangular shafted monument (Rix 1960,80).

Wales

England

Dorset:

Hampshire:

Kent:

Staffordshire: Yorkshire:

Llantwit Major 224,226, Glamorgan Llanrhaeadr Ym Mochnant 180, Clwyd

Melbury Bubb Yetminster

Priors Barton Winchester

Reculver

Wolverhampton Dewsbury

Masham

3. ROUND-TO-RECTANGULAR SHAFTED MONUMENTS

Where the lower half _{of the shaft is circular in section and the} upper portion squareish or rectangular in section. (" indicates that

the monument is undecorated).

0

Wales

England

Cheshire:

Cumberland:

Derbyshire:

Nottinghamshire:

Staffordshire:

Llantisilio Yn Ial _{181, Clwyd}

Cheadle

Clulow _{1* and 2"} Disley _{1 and 2}

Macclesfield 10,2* _{and 3} Upton*

Whaley Bridge* Wincle*

Beckermet St Bridget _{1 and 2} Gosforth

Penrith _{East and West crosses} Bakewell*

Brailsford Ferinlee* Norbury Shelford Stapleford

Alstonefield (4) Chebsey

Checkley

Staffordshire: I1am Leek

Stoke on Trent Swithamley'

Yorkshire: Collingham

Dewsbury Gilling

Stanwick

4. _HOGBACKS

'The hogback is a house-shaped recumbent monument of the Viking Age with a definitive curve to the roof ridge' (Lang 1972-4,206).

Wales

Llandewi _Aberarth 114, Dyfed

England

Cornwall: Lanivet

Cumberland: Addingham

Aspatria Brigham

Crosscanonby Gosforth (2)

Penrith (3/4) Plumbland

Durham: Sockburn

Westmoreland: Kirkby Stephen Lowther

Yorkshire: Brompton (11)

Ingleby Arncliffe (3) Lythe (3)

Wyecliffe

Ireland

Castledermot

Scotland

Abercorn 1,2,3 Ancrum

Bedrule 1,2 Brechin

Dalserf Edrom

Govan 1-5 Inchoim

Kirknewton

Kirkwall _1,2

Scotland

Lempitlaw Logie 1,2 Luss

Meigle

Mossknow

Nisbet 1,2

Papa Westray Rendall

St Andrews

St Helens on the Lea 1,2 St Ninians Isle

St Vigeans Skaill

Tillicoultry Tulliallan

Tyninghame

5. SUNDIALS

The following list includes _{vertical circular and semi-circular dials} where the gnomon was placed at the centre of the diameter, _{and where three}

or more radial arms mark the hours or tides of the day. All the English examples, with the exception of Bewcastle _{which is on the shaft of the}

cross, _{are stones} which were meant to be built into the south wall of a church (Green 1928,489). In contrast, the Irish examples _{are all narrow} free-standing _slabs (Way 1868,212-20). ('indicates _{where only three}

radial lines are marked). Wales England Cumberland: Durham: Gloucestershire: Hampshire: Herefordshire: Northamptonshire: Oxfordshire: Somerset: Surrey: Sussex: Yorkshire: Ireland

'Clynnog Fawr 85, Gwynedd

Bewcastle *Escombe Darlington Hart *Staindrop *Daglingworth Saintbury *Corhampton *Warnford Winchester

Castle Frome Barnack

Marsh Baldon Lullington

Stoke D'Abernon Bishopstone

Aldborough

Great Edstone Kirkdale

Leake

Old Byland Weaverthorpe

Wharram-Le-Street

Kilmalkedar

Clones 49

*Inishcealtra

6. _{FONTS EXHIBITING PRE-NORMAN FEATURES}

Comprising _{a cubical or cylindrical} block _{of stone,} hollowed _{out to} hold water for the rite of baptism. The following list includes fonts

which may be post-Norman in date, but which include in their decoration

insular _{motifs as defined in Appendix B, or which bear an inscription in} the insular _{miniscule script.} Simple, _undecorated fonts _{are not listed,}

nor are fonts which are obviously formed out of earlier sculptural mat- erial, such as Beaumaris 1, Anglesey, which is a cross base converted

into _{a font. With the exception of Deerhurst,} these fonts _{are usually} ascribed to the late Anglo-Saxon or early Norman period.

Wales

Cerrig Ceinwen 4, Anglesey Henefiwys _{1 and 2, Anglesey} Kinnerley, Powys

Llanbeulan, Anglesey

Llangristiolus, _Anglesey

Llaniestyn Rural, _Gwynedd Newborough 36, Anglesey

Patrishow 67, Powys Trefdraeth, Anglesey

England

Gloucestershire: _Deerhurst

Hampshire: _{South Hayling}

Herefordshire: _Bromyard

Castle Frome

Eardisley

Hereford _Cathedral

Kent: _{Canterbury, St Martins}

Northamptonshire: _{Little Billing}

Shropshire: _Bucknell

Edgmond

Littleshall

Sidbury

Stottesdon

Wiltshire: _Potterne

Yorkshire: _Bingley

Driffield Kirkburn

KNOTS

1. TRIQUETRA KNOT

A three-lobed knot _{formed of one interlaced cord.} This knot is extremely common in all media.

Allen 1903, No 798

Gý

Stone:

Wales

Beaumaris 1, Anglesey Laugharne 145, Dyfed

Llandyfaelog _{Fach 49, Powys} Llanfrynach 56, Powys

Llangan 208, Glamorgan

Llantwit Major 220, Glamorgan Margam 234, Glamorgan

Meifod 295, Powys Nevern 360, Dyfed Penally 363, Dyfed Penmon 37, Anglesey Whitford 190, Clwyd

England

Cheshire: _Chester St Johns

Disley 1,2 Neston

West Kirby

Cornwall: _{Lanivet 2, hogs back} Padstow 3

Quethioc

St Breward St Neot

Tintagel

Cumberland: _Aspatria, Gosforth'

Irton

Cumberland: Muncaster

St Bees standing cross

Durham: Cathedral

Chapter House

Lancashire: Bolton

Whalley

Northumberland: Warkworth Nottinghamshire: Shelford

Staffordshire: Leek

Yorkshire: Brompton

Cathorne Crawthorne

Finghall

Ilkley

Ripon

Isle _{of Man}

Bride 97

Calf _{of Man}

Maughold 51,72 Michael 104,105

Scotland

Aberlemno 2 Cossins

Dupplin

Kirriemuir 5" Maiden stone

Meigle 1

St Madoes 2 St Andrews 2 Ireland

Bealin

Cardonagh

Clonmacnoise _slabs 29,97,164 Drumcliff

Killamery

Monasterboice _sun-dial

Metal (A selection)

Corp Naomh

Dunshaughlih, _penannular brooch Knafholar _{sword pommel'}

Exeter _{sword hilt} Keils _crosier

Lough Erne reliquary' York metal fragment"

Manuscripts

BM Tib C II

Codex Aureus, fols 2a, 8a Dimma, pag 55

Echternach, fol 177a

Keils, _fols 8r, 28v, 242r, 255v Leningrad Gospels, fol 12b

Miscellaneous

Lagore, bone trial-piece

2. _{STAFFORD KNOT}

A two-lobed knot _{formed of one interlaced cord. This is an orna-} mental device, often used to terminate interlace patterns. It has a widespread distribution.

Allen 1903, No 262

9j1,

_l*

.,

Stone:

Wiles

Baglan 191*, Glamorgan Bulmore 290, Gwent

Caerleon 291*, Gwent

Cerrig Ceinwen 4, Anglesey (font) Llanbadarn _{Fawr 111, Dyfed}

Llandough _{206, Glamorgan}

Llandyfaelog _{Fach 49, Powys} Llangyfelach 211, Glamorgan Margam 232*, Glamorgan

Nevern 360*, Dyfed Penally _{363, Dyfed}

St Davids _{377,378,382, Dyfed} England

Cumberland:

_Bewcastle*

St Bees standing cross Waberthwaite

Cheshire: _{Chester St Johns}

Cornwall: _Lanherne

Par

Waterpit Down Derbyshire: _{St Alkmundls*}

Lancashire: _Bolton

Whalley

Lancaster _{; Cynebalth's cross}

Lincolnshire: Northamptonshire: Shropshire: Somerset: Staffordshire: Sussex: Yorkshire:

Isle _{of Man}

Scotland

Ireland

Metal:

Bassington"

Burton Penwardine' North Witham*

Desborough Wroxeter

Kelston

Eccleshall Ilam

Leek, _{cavalry stone} Bexhill Aberford" Burnsall Collingham Ellerbure Hexham'

Kirkby Moorside' Leeds

Otley 1

Spennithorne Spofforth

Welbury Wycliffe'

Braddan 108* Maughold 65

Ardchattan Cairn'

Incholrn

Monymusk Wamphray

Ahenny north cross Drumcliff

Duleek

Ardenne shrine 56 Crundale buckle

Manuscripts:

3. DOUBLE STAFFORD KNOT (Adcock: _{simple pattern} E)

Composed of two linked Stafford knots. The motif has a scattered distribution _{and is apparently confined} to stonework.

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Wales

Margam 234*, Glamorgan Nevern 360, Dyfed

St Davids 378*, Dyfed St Davids 382*, Dyfed

England

Cheshire: Chester, St Johns

Cornwall: Sancreed 2*

Cumberland: Brigham, _cross head Dearham

Lancashire: Bolton

Lancaster, Cynebalth _cross Nottinghamshire: Hickling

Northumberland: Warkworth

Rothbury

Yorkshire: _{" Bilton}

Kirby Wharfe

Sinnington, d Isle _{of Man}

Maughold 51' Scotland

Kirriemuir

5

4. _{CONJOINED RINGS}

Two oval rings interlinked _{at their centres, at right angles to each} other. A simple _{and common motif which is not confined} to the post-Roman and pre-Norman period (it appears, for example, on the mosaics of Roman Britain). _{In the stonework of this period} it _{has a predominately western} distribution.

Allen 1903, No 766

cý

Stone:

Wales

Carew 303, Dyfed

Cerrig Ceinwen 4, Anglesey (font) Llanbadrig _{7, Anglesey}

Llanfynydd _{159*, Dyfed}

Llangristiolus, _Anglesey (font) Llantwit _{Major 222*, Glamorgan} Margam 231, Glamorgan

Margam 234, Glamorgan Meifod 295, Powys

Nevern 360, Dyfed

Rhuddlan 188, Clwyd

En land

Cheshire: _{Disley 2}

Cornwall: _Lanherne

Lanivet 1 Quethioc

St Breage

St Cleer (Redgate) St Columb Major

St Teath

Waterpit Down

Cambridgeshire: Little Shelford 21 Stapleford

Cumberland: Dearham

Derbyshire: Norbury 2

Durham: Cathedral

Sockburn

Devonshire: Exeter

Lincolnshire: Creeton, _shaft Staffordshire: Chebsey

Ilam

Westmoreland: Lowther hogsback Yorkshire: Kirkburn (font)

Kirklevington Kirkby Hill Forcett'

Isle _{of Man}

Bride 97

Conchan 61 Lonan 57

Malew 94+

Maughold 52,72 Michael 74

Ireland

Dysert O'Dea Killeany

Roscrea, _{door jambs of round tower} Ullard

Scotland

Govan 4

Inchinnan 1 Meigle 6

Penpont 1,2 Metal:

Lagore, iron _{plate from crannog} Roscrea penannular brooch

Soiscel Molaise

Metal:

Manuscripts:

Miscellaneous:

Dunshauglin _{penannular brooch} Shrine _{of the Book of Dimma} Monymusk shrine

Croy penannular brooch!

Durrow, fol 125v

Paris Lat 11627, _{fol lb}

Leather _{satchel of the Book of Armagh}

5. _{LOOPED SQUARE}

A single cord interlaced to form a square with loops at the corners. This _{is a rare motif which is not found in the south of England.}

Allen 1903, No 777

dý

Stone:

Wales

Llanhamlach 61, Powys Bridgend 253, Glamorgan

England

Cheshire: Chester, St Johns

Derbyshire: _Bakewell

Eyam

Yorkshire: Pickhill

Isle _{of Man}

Andreas 102 Maughold 53

Scotland

Meigle 24 Skinnet

Manuscripts:

Keils,

fol 8r

Paris Lat 11627, fol lb Metal:

Cionmacnoise _pin

6. _{DOUBLE LOOPED SQUARE}

Two looped _{squares superimposed} diagonally _{and interlaced.} This is a rare and apparently late motif. It occurs only _{on stone.}

cý

_ý

Wales

Merthyr Mawr 243", Glamorgan Merthyr Mawr 244", Glamorgan

England

Cumberland: St Bees (lintel)

Norfolk: Toftrees (font)**

Shernbourne (font)

7. _{TRIANGULAR MOTIF}

Four triangles, independent _{of each other, disposed symmetrically} in order to form a square. This simple motif _{may be a debased form of the}

triangular knot (No 8). _{In view of its simplicity,} it _{is surprisingly rare.}

V/\4

Stone:

Wales

Devynock, Brec

Llangaffo 16, Anglesey Trefdraeth, Anglesey

Tregaron, Dyfed

England

Cumberland: _Dearham

Lancashire: _Winwick

8. _{TRIANGULAR KNOT}

A continuous cord interlaced in four _{symmetrically} disposed triangles to form a square knot.

Adcock 'straight line lacing _{pattern' fig. 23c, v. Allen 1903, No 724.}

Gý

Stone:

Wales

Carew 303, Dyfed

Cerrig Ceinwen 4", Anglesey Newborough 36, Anglesey

Nevern 360, Dyfed

Isle _{of Man}

Calf _{of Man*}

Lonan 57"

Scotland

Forteviot 1 Fyvie 3

Logierait

Manuscripts:

BM Vit _{F xi}

Harley 1802, fols

60b, 86b

Leningrad F vi, fol 16a

Paris Lat 11627, fol. 1b

9. _{TRIPLE STAFFORD KNOT}

A continuous _{cord forming} three Stafford knots _{with pointed} loops which are disposed to fit _{a circular space divided} into three segments.

Allen 1903, No 780a

rýý

Stone:

Wales

Llanynis 65, Powys

Metal:

Keils _crosier

10. _{QUADRUPLE STAFFORD KNOT}

A continuous cord forming four symmetrically disposed Stafford knots with pointed loops. The motif may be used to fill a circular or a square area.

Allen 1903, No 731 (square). Allen 1903, No 780 (circular).

ýýý

ýcý

Stone:

Wales

Pennon 37, Anglesey (square) St David's 374

, Dyfed (circular)

i

St David's 382 Dyfed (square) Ireland

Clonmacnoise _slabs Nos 145,162 (both _circular) Glendalough (square)

Kilfenora, _{north cross} (square) Killeany (square)

Monasterboice, _{west cross} (square) Termonfechin (square)

Wood:

Box from Christ Church Place, Dublin Scotland

Forteviot 3 (square)

Govan 19,27 (both _square) Logierait (square)

Meigle 19 (circular) Meigle 27 (square)

St Andrews 31 (square) Manuscripts:

BM Vit _{F xi (square)}

Codex Aureus, Fol 8a (square)

11. INTERLACED QUADRUPLE STAFFORD KNOT

Four symmetrically placed Stafford knots with pointed loops, inter- laced _{in the centre} to form a square knot.

Allen 1903, No 732

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Cýýý'ý

ýýýý

Stone:

Wales

Cerrig Ceinwen 4, Anglesey Penally _364**, Dyfed

England

Lancashire: Winwick

Wiltshire: Britford*

Scotland

Govan 6,9,11

12. RING KNOT

Comprising _{a looped square with pointed} loops, interlaced with a. free

ring.

Allen 1903, No 771

C.

Üýj

Stone:

Wales

England

Cheshire: Cornwall:

Cumberland: Derbyshire: Norfolk:

Yorkshire:

Ireland

Metal:

Miscellaneous:

Meifod 295, Powys

Bridgend 252, Glamorgan Whitford 190, Clwyd

Chester St Johns* Penzance

Aspatria hogsback' Aston on Trent"

Toftrees (font) Cathorne

Cardonagh _{small slab} Kilkieran, _{west cross}

Canterbury _disc brooch

Isle _{of Lewis chess men}

13. _{DOUBLE RING KNOT}

Formed in the same way as number 12, but interlaced with two con- centric free rings.

Adcock C closed circuit pattern. Allen 1903, No 772

.49

. 1Z ,

Lev

Stone:

Wales

Meifod 295, Powys

Whitford 190", Clwyd

England

Cornwall: St Neot, _shaft Cumberland: Aspatria*

Bromfield*

Derbyshire: Hope

Norbury'

Durham: Cathedral

Chester-Le-Street

Lancashire: Lancaster

Melling

Northamptonshire: Northampton, St Peters-

Staffordshire:

Checkley (triple

_ring)

Metal:

Canterbury disc brooch Manuscripts:

Psalter

_{of Ricemarch}

Wood:

14. QUADRUPLE TRIQUETRA KNOT

Four symmetrically placed triquetra knots interlaced at the centre.

Allen 1903, No 733

nom;

_(%if

Stone:

Wales

Newborough 36, Anglesey

En land

Northamptonshire: Castor

Isle _{of Man}

Michael 104'

Ireland

Duleek, _{south cross} Dysert O'Dea

Kilfenora, North Cross Killamery

Killeany

Scotland

Burghead 2

Forteviot

₃

Holm

Minningaff Ulbster

Manuscripts:

BM VitFA

Codex Aureus fols la, 8a Keils _{fol iv}

15. _{QUADRUPLE TRIQUETRA KNOT USED ON HEAD OF CROSS}

This _{is formed in the same manner as No 14, but with a larger space} at the centre and smaller loops to each knot in order to accommodate it

to the cross head.

ccp

üJ

Wales

England

Cornwall:

Cumberland: Wiltshire:

Yorkshire: Ireland

Carevi 303*, Dyfed

Coychurch 194*, Glamorgan

Merthyr Mawr 240*, Glamorgan

Cardinham"

Penrith, _{'Giant's Thumb'} Amesbury*

Northallerton

Cardonagh"

Fahan Mura"

a

Scotland

Lesmanhagow

. 41

16. _{QUADRUPLE TRIQUETRA KNOT WITH EXTRA TWIST,}

_USED

ON HEAD OF CROSS

A variant of No 15. It is remarkable that two of the three monuments exhibiting this knot on the cross head also have knot 15 on the reverse of the head.

Cý

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ýýý-1ýýJ

Cý

ýý

Wales

Nevern 360', Dyfed

England

Yorkshire: _{Kirby Wharfe}

Ireland

Lesmanaghan

17. _{SQUARE-ENDED KNOT USED ON HEAD OF CROSS}

This _{seems to be a simplification of knot} 16. It _{occurs only on}

one monument.

LL-,

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Wales

Llangaffo _{14, Anglesey}

18. QUADRUPLE STAFFORD KNOT USED ON HEAD OF CROSS

One cord forming four _{symmetrically placed} Stafford knots.

G

CK-

V

Wales

Baglan 191', Glamorgan Nevern 360*, Dyfed

England

Cornwall: _{Sancreed 2}

Durham: Hexham, fragment*

Norfolk; Whissonset

Staffordshire: Leek

Yorkshire: Ellerburn

Hexham, fragment Kirby _Wharfe

Middleton

North Frodingham Sinnington

Stonegrave

19. _{QUADRUPLE STAFFORD KNOT AS CROSS MOTIF}

A variant of knot 18, having a straight line intersection at the centre. The bottom _{arm may be extended} to form the shaft of a cross.

This _{motif does not occur on the heads of free-standing crosses, but is} the sole cross motif of a number of other monuments.

ýý

v

GI

Wales

Cerrig _{Ceinwen 4, Anglesey} (font) Llandyfaelog _{Fach 49, Powys}

Llangyfelach _{211, Glamorgan}

England

Cornwall: _Penzance

INTERLACE