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c o ul d
r eq
ui
r e r eg
ul
at
i
o n u nd
e rt
h
eS
D
W
A
T h
e s ec o n
t
am
i
n a nt
sh
ad
t
ob
ek
n ow
n o r a nt
i
ci p
at
ed
t
o o c c u ri
np
ub
l i
cw
at
e r s a nd
c o ul d
n ot
b
e s ub
j
e ct
t
o c u r r e nt o
rp
r op
o s ed
n at
i
o n al
p ri
m
a ry
d
ri
nk i
ng w
at
e r r eg
ul
at
i
o n(
N
P D
W
R
)
T h
eg
o al
of
t
h
ea
m
e nd m
e nt
s,d
e v el
op
ed
a sp
a rt
of
aP
r e si d
e nt
i
al
i
ni
t
i
at
i
v et
o ad
v a n c et
h
e r eg
ul
at
o ry
sy
st
em
,w
a st
oi
m p
r o v e e n vi
r o nm
e nt
al m
a n ag
em
e nt
a st
h
e c o u nt
ry
m
o v ed i
nt
ot
h
et
w
e nt
y
-f i
r st
c e nt
u ry
T
h
eC C L f
r am
ew
o rk
c am
e o ut
of
t
h
eE P A
's r e
d i
r e ct
i
o n st
r at
eg y
f
o rt
h
eN
at
i
o n al
D
ri
nk i
ng
W
at
e rP
r og
r am
(
N D
W
P
)
.O
n e of
t
h
em
aj
o rg
o al
s of
t
h i
s st
r at
eg
y w
a st
o u s e s o u nd
s ci
e n c e a nd
h
e al
t
h
-ri
sk d
at
at
o s et
p ri
o ri
t
i
e sf
o r r eg
ul
at
o ry d
et
e rm
i
n at
i
o n s s u ch
a s s af
et
y
st
a nd
a rd
s.T h
eA g
e n cy
s aw
t
h
eC C L
a s a ni
m
p
o rt
a nt
c om
p
o n e nt t
oi
m
p
r o v ed ri
sk
a s s e s sm
e nt
a nd
st
r o ng
e rs c
i
e n c eS
p
e ci f i
c al l y
,t
h
eC C L w
o ul d
c o nt
ri
b
ut
et
o "b
et t
e rd
e ci
si
o n-m
ak
i
ng
a nd
f
ut
u r ep
ri
o ri
t
y
s e
t t
i
ng
"(
4 5
)
T
e nl i
st
s of
ch
em
i
c al
c o nt
am
i
n a nt
s s e r v ed
a st
h
e st
a rt
i
ng p
oi
nt
f
o rd
e v el
op
i
ng
t
h
eC C L
T
h
e s ei
n cl
ud
ed
t
h
e1
9 9
1
D
ri
nk
i
ng
W
at
e rP
ri
ori
t
y L i
st
(
D
W
P L
)
;
E P A
-d
e v el
op
ed H
e al
t
h
A
d
vi
s ori
e s(
H
A
)
;
I R I S
-l
i
c o n
t
am i
n a nt
s;
A T
S
D
R
'
s
t
op
-5 0 h
a z a rd
o u s s ub
st
a n c e sf
r om
t
h
eC E R C
L A p
ri
o ri
t
y
ch
em
i
c al
sl i
st ;
a
1 9 9 7
st
ak
eh
ol d
e r s um
m
a ry l i
st ; t
h
e1 9
9
4 T
o xi
cR
el
e a s eI
n v e nt
o ry
(
T R I
)
; t
h
eO f f i
c e of P
e st
i
ci d
eP
r og
r am
s(
O P P
)
r a nk i
ng
sf
o r che
m
i
c al
sl i k
el
y
t
ol
e a ch i
nt
og
r o u nd w
at
e r; t
h
eS D
W
A h
ot
l
i
n e;
a nd
l i
t
e r at
u r e r e vi
ew
s.T h
e c om
b i
n at
i
o n of
t
h
e s el i
st
sy i
el d
ed
a ni
ni
t
i
al l i
st
of
3 9 1
ch
em
i
c al
c o n
t
am
i
n a nt
sA f
t
e rt
h
ew
o rk i
ng g
r o up
r em
o v ed
ch
em
i
c al
s s u sp
e ct
ed
of b
ei
ng
e nd
o c ri
n ed i
s r up
t
o r s,t
h
o s ed
r aw
nf
r om
t
h
eS
D
W
A h
ot
l i
n e, a nd
t
h
o s et
h
at
w
e r ed
up l
i
c at
e s o r al
r e ad y
r e
g
ul
at
ed
,2
6
2
ch
em
i
c al
s r em
ai
n ed
A p
e ri
od
of d
at
a a nd
i
nf
o rm
at
i
o ng
at
h
e ri
ng
f
ol l
ow
ed
, a nd
m
a ny
ot
h
e r c a nd i d
at
e sw
e r e r ul
ed
o ut
,y
i
el d
i
ng
af
i
n al dr a
f
t
l
i
st
of 5
8
ch
em
i
c al
c o nt
am
i
n a nt
s(
4
5
)
A f
t
e rp
ub
l i
sh i
ng
t
h
ed
r af
t
C C L i
nt
h
eO
ct
ob
e r6
,1 9 9 7 F
ed
e r al R
eg i
st
e r(
4
6
)
a nd
r e v
i
ew i
ng
t
h
ep
ub l i
c c om
m
e nt
a ry
,t
h
ef
i
n al C C L
n ot
i
c ew
a sp
ub l i
sh
ed
i
nt
h
eF
ed
e r al R
eg
i
st
e r o nM
a r ch
2
,1 9 9 8
(
4
5
)
.T
h
ef
i
n al
l i
st
c o nt
ai
n s5 0
ch
em
i
c al
s a nd
1
0 m
i
c r ob i
al
c o nt
am
i
n a nt
s o rc o n
t
am
i
n a nt
g
r o up
sT
h
el i
st t
h
e nd
e si
g
n at
ed
e a ch
ch
em
i
c al
o r c o nt
am
i
n a nt t
o o n e of
t
h
r e eg
r o up
s :h i g h p
rio r
i
t
y
f
o r r e s e a r ch
, n e edi
ng
ad d i
t
i
o n al
o c c u r r e n c ed
at
a, o rp
ri
o ri
t
y
f
o rl
eg i
sl
at
i
o no r
g
ui
d
a n c e.T
h
i
sl
i
st
n ow
s e r v e s a st
he
s o u r c e u s ed b
y
t
h
eA
g
e n cy
's
d
ri
nk
i
ng
w
at
e rp
r og
r am
f
o rd
et
e rm
i
ni
ng p
ri
o ri
t
y
c o nt
am
i
n a nt
sf
o r r e s e a r ch
o n o c c u r r e n c e,h
e al
t
h i
m
p
a ct
, o r r eg
ul
at
o ry
a ct
i
o nT h
eE P A i
s r es
p
o
n si
b
l
ef
o r up
d
at
in
g
t
h
el i
st
, a nd f
o rm
ak i
ng
r eg
ul
at
o ry
d
et
e rm
i
n at
i
o n sf
o r at
l
e a st
f i
v e c o nt
am
i
n a nt
s e v e ry f i
v ey
e a r s.T h
e r eg
ul
at
o ry
d
e ci
si
o n s sh
o ul d f
ol l
ow
t
h
e up d
at
eo
f
t
h
eC C L
b
y
t
h
r e e a nd
o n e-h
al f
y
e a r s.T h
eS D
W
A
's c r
i
t
e ri
af
o rd
et
e rm
i
ni
ng w h
et
h
e r o r n ot t
os e e
k
c o nt
am
i
n a nt
r eg
ula
t
i
o ni
n cl
ud
et
h
e c o nt
am
i
n a nt
'sp
ot
e nt
i
al
t
oi
m p
a ct
p
ub l i
ch
e al
t
h
,t
h
el
e v el
a n
d
f
r eq
u e n cy
of
o c c u r r e n c et
h
at
a r e si g
nif i
c a nt t
oh
um
a nh
e al
t
h
ri
sk
, a nd
t
h
e st
r e ng
t
h
of
t
h
eT h
e1 9 9
6
S
D
W
A
am
e nd
m
e nt
s al
s o e st
ab l i
sh
ed
t
h
e c r e at
i
o n of
t
h
eN
at
i
o n al C
o nt
am
i
n a nt
O
c c u r r e n c eD
ata
b
a s e(
N C O
D
)
T h
ep
u rp
o s e of
t
h i
sd
at
ab
a s ei
st
h
r e e-f
o
l d
:(
1
)
t
o r ep
o rt t
h
eo c c u r r e n c e o
f
r eg
ul
ate
d
a nd
u n r eg
ul
ate
d
c o nt
am
i
n a nt
s,(
2
)
t
o s e r v e a s a r e s o u r c ei
nt
h
ed
e v el
op
m
e nt
of
t
h
eC C L l i
st
, a nd
(
3
)
to
ai d
t
h
e r eg
ul
at
o ry d
et
e rm
i
n at
i
o n sm
ad
eb y
t
h
eA d m
i
ni
st
r at
o r .1
,3
-d i
ch l
o r op
r op
a n e(
1
,3
-D C P
)
,
2
,2
-d i
ch l
o r op
r op
a n e(
2
,2
-
D
C P
)
a nd 1
,1
-d i
ch l
o r op
r op
a n e(
1
,1
-
D
C
P
e)
a r e al l
o nt
h
ef i
n al C C
L
p
ub
l i
sh
ed
i
n1 9 9 8
.B
e c a u s et
h
e o c c u r r e n c e of
t
h
e s ec
h
em
i
c al
sw
a sw
el
l
k
n ow
n,1
,3
-D
C P
a n
d 1
,1
-D C P
e
w
e r ed
e em
ed p
ri
o ri
t
i
e sf
o rh
e al
t
h
r e s e a r ch
.2
,2
-
D C P w
a s c at
eg
ori
z ed
a s ap
ri
ori
t
y f
o r r eg
ul
at
o ry d
et
e rm
i
n at
i
o n , al
o ng w i
t
h 1
,3
-d i
ch l
o r op
r op
e n e(
1
,3
-D C P
e)
, ak
n ow
n r od
e nt
c a r ci
n og
e nO
c cu
r r en
c e of 1
,3
-D C P
,
2
,2
-D C P
,
1
,1
-D
C
P
e, a
n
d 1
,3
-D C
P
eT h
e o c c u r r e n c e of
1
,3
-D
C
P
,
2
,2
-D
C
P
,
1
,1
-D
C
P
e, a n
d
1
,3
-
D
C
P
ei
ns o u r c e
w
ate r s
h
a sb
e e n r ep
ort
ed
a nd i
s r e c o rd
ed i
nt
h
eN
C O D f
o rt
h
ey
e a r s19 9
2
-19 9
7
.
S
o u r c ew
at
e r s a r ei
m
p
ort
a nt t
od
ri
nk
i
ng w
at
e r r eg
ul
at
i
o nb
e c a u s et
h
ey i
n cl
ud
e u ntr e a
t
ed g
r o u nd
a nd
s u rf
a c ew
at
e r s,s u c
h
a s st
r e am
s,l
ak
e s,ri
v e r s a nd
aq
ui f
e r s,t
h
at
a r e u s ed
t
o s up p
l y
t
h
ef i
ni
sh
ed d
ri
nk i
ng w
ate r a s
w
el l
a sp
ri
v ate
w
el l
s.T h
u s, n o
t
o nl y w
e r em
o ni
to
ri
ng d
at
af
o r e a ch
of
t
h
e s e u n r eg
ul
at
ed
c o n
ta
m
i
n a nt
s u s ef
ul
i
np l
a ci
ng
t
h
em
o nt
h
eC C L
,t
h
ey
c o nt
i
n u et
ob
ei
m p
ort
a nt
f
o r a s s e s si
ng
t
h
ep
ot
e nt
i
al p
ub l i
ch
e al
t
h
ri
sk
A
c c o rd i
ng
to
a n al y
si
s of
p
ub l i
cw
ate r
s up p l i
e s,1
,1
-D
C
P
e a n
d 1
,3
-
D
C P h
a v eb
e e nd
et
e ct
ed i
n1 3
of 4 4
a nd
1 3
of 4
3 d
i f f
e r e nt
st
ate s o r
t
e rri
t
o ri
e s, r e sp
e ct
i
v el y
;
2
,2
-
D C P
a nd 1
,3
1,0 0 0,0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0,0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0,0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1,0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1
1,1- CF te 1
,3
X
P 1,3- )C F 6 2,2
X
PC hem ic al
c
h
em
i
c al
s a nd i
s sh
ow
ni
nF i g
u r e1
F
o r1
,1
-D
C P
e,
d
et
e ct
ed l
e v el
s r a ng
ef
r om
0 0 0 0 1 |
ig / l
t
o1
0
0
,0 0 0 |
ig / l
,w i
t
h
a n a v e r ag
e of 3 2 2 |
ig
/ l
F
o r1,
3
-
D C P
a nd 1
,3
-
D C P
e,
th
e r a ng
ei
sf
r om
0 0 0 0 5
|
ig/ l
t
o10 0
,0 0 0 |
ig/
l
, a nd
t
h
e a v e r ag
el
e v el
s a r e6
4 4 ^ g
/
l
a nd
2
0
2 |
ig / l
, r e sp
e ct
i
v el
y
T h
e r a ng
eis
s
m
al l
e rf
o r2
,2
-D
C
P
.
T h
em
i
ni
m
um l
e v el
of
d
et
e ct
i
o ni
s0
.0 0 5
|
jg
/ l
w h i l
eth
em
a xi
m
um
r e c o r
d
ed l
e v el i
s6 1 |
ag/ l
,w
i
t
h
a n a v e r ag
e of
2
.3
|
ig/ l
A p p
r o xi
m
at
el
y
1 5
,0 0 0
-2
5
,
0 0 0 p
ub Uc
w
at
e r s up p l y
s am
p l
e sh
a v eb
e e n a n al y
z ed
f
o r1,
3
-D C P
,2
,2
-D
C P
,
1
,1
-D C P
e, a nd 1
,3
-D C P
eF
ew
e rth
a n1
%
of
s am p
l
e s a n al y
z ed
c o nt
ai
n ed
t
h
eD
C P
of
i
nt
e r e st.
F i
n al l y
,i
t
i
si
m
p
o rta n
t t
on o
t
et
h
at
7
5 %
of
th
ed
et
e ct
i
o n s of
t
h
e s e ch
em
i
c al
sw
e r ef
r om
g
r o u nd w
at
e r s am p l
e s; t
h
e ot
h
e r2
5 %
of d
et
e ct
i
o n sw
e r ef
r om
s u rf
a c ew
at
e r s am
p l
e sI
n
t
r od
u
ct i
on
of 1
,3
-D C P
,2
,2
-
D
C
P
,1
,1
-
D C P
e, a
n
d 1
,3
-
D C P
et
ot
h
e en
vi
r on
m
en
t
I
t
i
s u n cl
e a rh
ow
1,
3
-D
C
P
,2
,2
-D C
P
, a nd
1
,1
-D
C
P
e a r e r el
e a s ed
i
nto
th
e e n vi
r o nm
e nt
.a
m
o u nt
si
n s oi l f
um
i g
a nt
s s u ch
a sT
el
o n eH
®1,
3
-D
C
P h
a s
b
e e n u s ed
a s a s oi l f
um
i g
a nt
a nd i
sa n
in
te r
m
ed i
ate
f
o rm
ed i
nt
h
ep
r od
u ct
i
o n of
c a rb
o nt
et
r a ch l
o ri d
e a nd
t
et
r a ch l
o et
h y l
e n e(
3 0
)
T
h
ep
r e s e n c e of
t
h
e s e ch
em
i
c al
si
n s o u r c ew
at
e r s r ep
r e s e nts a
p
ot
e nti
al h
a z a rd
t
oh
um
a nh
e al
th
b
e c a u s ed
ri
nk i
ng
w
at
e ri
sg
e n e r al l y
c o nt
am
i
n at
ed
at
o n e of
t
h
r e ep
oi
nt
s :d i
r e ct
c o nt
am
i
n at
i
o n of
r a
w
o r s o u r c ew
ate r s
, c o nt
am
i
n ati
o nd
u ri
ng
t
r e at
m
e nt
(
i
ed i
si
nf
e ct
i
o nb
y p
r od
u ct
s)
, a nd
c o n
t
am
i
n ati
o nd
u ri
ng d i
str
i
b
ut
i
o n of
th
ef
i
ni
sh
ed d
ri
nk
i
ng w
at
e rI f
t
h
e s eD
C P
s a r e ah
um
a nh
e al
th h
a z a rd
,t
h
ei
rp
r e s e n c ei
np
ub
l i
cg
r o u nd
a nd
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h
T h
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ow
ni
nF i g
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A
1 9
94
st
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-
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-d i
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