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Campus da FEUP Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 378 4200 - 465 Porto Portugal T +351 222 094 000 F +351 222 094 050 jpl@fe.up.pt

©2006

O Desafio da

O Desafio da

Microgera

Microgera

ç

ç

ão

ão

e das

e das

Microredes

Microredes

J. A. Peças Lopes 31 Março 2008

Sessões Técnicas OE

2 ©2006

Introduction

• Driving forces for the future development of the electric power systems:

– 1) Environmental issues

– 2) Replacement of old infrastructures(generation and grid)

– 3) Security of Supply

– 4) Increase quality of service(more automation and remote control)

– 5) Electricity market liberalization(energy and services).

– 1) Increase renewable generation, exploit clean coal technologies, CCGT and others

– 2) Increase Distributed Generation

– 3) Built new central generation(increase efficiency and flexibility of operation)

– 4) Interoperability of national grids: allow for a wider geographical market implementation, allow for long distance electricity transportation, efficient management of cross border flows, strength security of supply through enhanced transfer capabilities

– 5) Demand Side Management (increase load consumption efficiency)

(2)

3 ©2006

New Paradigmas

The vision

From the SmartGrids document EU Commission

Microgeneration technologies

• Microwind generators (rural areas / urban environments) • Solar PV

• Micro CHP (domestic Stirling engines, microturbines) • Fuel cells

• +

(3)

5 ©2006

Microgeneration technologies: Micro-wind turbines

6 ©2006

(4)

7 ©2006

Microgeneration technologies

• Solar PV

Microgeneration technologies: BIPV

Other solutions: surfaces coating (Glasses, Roofs, etc.) with thin films.

(5)

9 ©2006

Micro CHP (Stirling engines)

• Packaged as a domestic boiler for mass market

10 ©2006

Microgeneration - Microturbines

• Microturbine of 80 kW

In general the microturbine is connected to the grid through an electronic converter.

1,5 kHz to 4kHz (single shaft)

(6)

11 ©2006

Fuel-Cells

• Different Types (PEM, SOFC, Alkaline, PAC…)

Energy storage - flywheels

(7)

13 ©2006

Microgenerators grid interface

• The general model of a microgenerator can be of the following type

Inverter

14

©2006 14

PV

Wind Gen

MicroGrid: A Flexible Cell of the Electric Power System

Microturbine

Fuel Cell

Storage Device MGCC

MC

MC

MC

MC MC

LC

LC LC

LC

LC

MG Hierarchical Control: • MGCC, LC, MC • Communication

(8)

15 ©2006

The MicroGrid Concept

• A Low Voltage distribution systemwith small modular generation units providing power and heat to local loads

• A local communicationinfrastructure

• A hierarchical management and controlsystem

Operation Modes:

Interconnected Mode

Emergency Mode

MV

LV

MGCC

MC

LC

Fuel Cell MC

PV

MC

MC LC

LC LC

MC

LC

AC DC

AC DC

AC DC AC

DC

Microturbine

Wind Generator

MC AC Storage

DC

Microturbine

PV AC

DC MC

Normal interconnected mode

(9)

17

©2006 17

MicroGrid Black Start

MV

LV

Storage Device

Microturbine

PV

Fuel Cell

Wind Gen

Fault in the upstream MV network followed by unsuccessful MG islanding

18

©2006 18

MicroGrid Black Start

Storage Device

Microturbine PV

Fuel Cell Wind Gen

(10)

19 ©2006

MV

LV

19

MicroGrid Black Start

Storage Device

Microturbine PV

Fuel Cell Wind Gen

MicroGrid Black Start

Storage Device

Microturbine PV

Fuel Cell Wind Gen

(11)

21

©2006 21

MicroGrid Black Start

Storage Device

Microturbine PV

Fuel Cell Wind Gen

22

©2006 22

MicroGrid Black Start

Storage Device

Microturbine PV

Fuel Cell Wind Gen

(12)

23

©2006 23

MicroGrid Black Start

Storage Device

Microturbine PV

Fuel Cell Wind Gen

MicroGrid Black Start

Storage Device

Microturbine PV

Fuel Cell Wind Gen

(13)

25

©2006 25

MicroGrid Black Start

Storage Device

Microturbine PV

Fuel Cell Wind Gen

26

©2006 26

MicroGrid Black Start

Storage Device

Microturbine PV

Fuel Cell Wind Gen

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27

©2006 27

Results from Simulations

– Long Term Dynamics

• An Overview of the Service Restoration Procedure

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 49.6 49.8 50 50.2 50.4 Fre quen cy ( H z )

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 -20 0 20 40 Acti ve P o wer ( k W )

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 0

20 40 60

Tim e (s)

Act ive P o w e r (kw)

MG main storage

SSMT 1 SSMT 2 SSMT 3 load connection PVs connection WG connection

Motor load start up

Multi-microgrids • Microgrids

– DFIM – Fuel Cell – Microturbine – Storage

(VSI) – PV

• Large VSI • Large DFIM • Hydro • CHP • Small Diesel • Sheddable Loads

HV Network VSI Diesel DFIM MicroGrid MicroGrid MicroGrid Capacitor Bank Hydro CHP Sheddable Loads

(15)

29 ©2006

Some results from an impact analysis study

• Investigation of the impact of microgeneration on the

Portuguese Electrical Distribution System

– quantify overall benefits of microgrids in terms of

energy losses and avoided CO

2

emissions

– quantify the impact of a widespread deployment of

microgrids on the future replacement and investment

strategies

Æ

investment deferral

30 ©2006

Methodology

• Hence, typical networks at the distribution level were identified (HV, MV and LV)

• For each network it was necessary to define: – load scenarios

– microgeneration scenarios

• For each network, load and microgeneration do:

– Calculate losses, by solving load-flows (with and without microgeneration integration)

– Estimate the amount of avoided CO2emissions – Evaluate benefits from investment deferral

For 1 year

(16)

31 ©2006

Diferential

HV 5,15 134 127 7

UMV 7,35 456 422 33

RMV 4,79 304 289 15

ULV 11,35 1237 1097 140

RLV 7,55 825 763 62

Total 8,72 2956 2698 258

Loss Rate (%) 7,0 6,4 0,6

CO2 (ton) 1093653 998330 95324

Energy Loss Reduction (%)

Energy Loss per Network Type (without µG) (GWh)

Energy Loss per Network Type (with µG)

(GWh)

Results

• 10% Microgeneration Penetration

Considering: 370 tonCO2/GWh (ERSE reference value) 0.05 €/kWh

(average energy cost) 12,9 M€ avoided costs in losses

Results

• 10% Microgeneration Penetration

Savings resulting from the reduction in the average annual energy losses for a time span of 25 years, at the present time

Avoided interests due to postponing for 25 years the line and transformer investments

= − − − − ⎥ ⎦ ⎤ ⎢ ⎣ ⎡ + ⋅ + + + ⋅ n i i a a i i a i c t t I t t C 1 1 1 1 1 0 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (

1 12,882 0,207

2 12,924 0,000

3 12,967 0,199

4 13,010 0,000

5 13,053 0,191

6 13,096 0,000

7 13,140 0,184

8 13,183 0,000

9 13,227 0,177

10 13,271 0,000

11 13,315 0,171

12 13,359 0,000

13 13,403 0,164

14 13,448 0,000

15 13,492 0,158

16 13,537 0,000

17 13,582 0,152

18 13,627 0,000

19 13,672 0,147

20 13,718 0,000

21 13,763 0,141

22 13,809 0,000

23 13,854 0,136

24 13,900 0,000

25 13,946 0,131Total Total 335,181 0,207 1,953 337,3403

Energy Loss Reduction (106 euros)

Line Loading Reduction (106 euros)

(17)

33 ©2006

Daily Load Diagram

• 10% Microgeneration Penetration

0 5 10 15 20 25

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 Hours Lo a d ( M W ) Winter Scenario Without uG With uG uG

0 5 10 15 20 25

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Hours Lo a d ( M W ) Summer Scenario Without uG With uG uG

MaximumμG contribution: 337 MW

μG contribution at peak load: 248 MW

MaximumμG contribution: 204 MW

μG contribution at peak load: 86 MW

Avoided energy generation : 1272 GWh (in year 2005)

With 534 MW of installed capacity in μG (100.000 - 150.000 installations)

34 ©2006

Conclusions - Benefits

• Consequences of the SmartGrid concept

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35 ©2006

Conclusions - Benefits

• Large technical, economic and environmental benefits can be achieved by using microgeneration:

– Considerable amount of loss network reduction; – Better voltage profiles;

– Reliability improvements;

– Increased economic performance of the distribution activity

• investment deferral network reinforcement costs; • avoided costs in network losses.

– Avoided CO2 emissions

Specific and fair new remuneration schemes must be identified

Beneficiaries: Microgenerators, consumers, DSOs, society

Conclusions - Benefits

• Society benefits (less tangible benefits related to energy policy):

– increased security of power systems, – diversification of primary energy sources, – reduction on energy external dependence),

– potential economic benefits (new economic activities, increase in job creation, improvements in social cohesion and environmental sustainability).

• Additional opportunities for electric power manufacturers will be created:

• Competitiveness in the electric power industry will increase • Research is the Key element for the development of this SmartGrid

References

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