CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
Science
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
The Menstrual Cycle
5
Science – Grade 5
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 2: The Menstrual Cycle First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – Regional Office No. VIII
Office Address: Government Center, Candahug, Palo, Leyte Telefax: 053 – 323-3156
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Development Team of the Module Writer: Pia S. Catan
Editors: Lainez C. Mendigo, Denise Arni V. Casas, Maria Teresa S. Abuyen Reviewers: Chona Kierulf, Christie S. Jamoralin, Allan Carl B. Gumera Illustrator: Brian Jessen Dignos
Layout Artist: Ismael T. Posion, Bella C. Alberca, Henrissa M. Sible,
Mary Grace N. Prologo
Management Team:
Ramir B. Uytico Manuel P. Albaño
Arnulfo M. Balane Henrietta T. Managbanag Rosemarie M. Guino Sherlita A. Palma
Joy B. Bihag Felicidad T. Espinosa Ryan R. Tiu Ismael T. Posion Rowena T. Vacal Mauricio M. Catan Socorro B. Ausa
5
Science
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
The Menstrual Cycle
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to
understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or
if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how
they can best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
1
CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
What I Need to Know
Puberty is the process of body changes that causes a child’s body to become capable of reproduction. Every adolescent boys and girls who is about to enter puberty should be taught or should know the basic medical definition of menstruation and that it is a normal process that females go through as their bodies prepare themselves for potential pregnancy. It is a part of the monthly menstrual cycle that occur in the female reproductive system that makes pregnancy possible.
Menstruation is a process that occurs in a woman. This is the regular discharging of blood and other materials from the lining of the uterus and occurs on a one-month interval from puberty until menopause, except during pregnancy. This lasts for about 3-5 days.
In this module, you will be able to explain the menstrual cycle and the specific events that take place in each cycle.
Note: Use a separate sheet for your answers in all the activities in this module.
Lesson
2
CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. In a normal 28-day menstrual cycle when would you expect ovulation to take place?
A. Day 11 C. Day 13
B. Day 12 D. Day 14
2. Where are the hormones estrogen and progesterone produced? A. Adrenal Gland C. Hypothalamus B. Anterior Pituitary D. Ovary
3. During the menstrual cycle, progesterone levels are at their highest during the ________.
A. Follicular phase C. Menstruation B. Luteal phase D. Ovulation
4. The term that refers to painful menstruation is _____________. A. Dysmenorrhea C. Oligomenorrhea
B. Menorrhagia D. Polymenorrhea
5. The term used to describe excessive volume of menstruation is ______________. A. Dysmenorrhea C. Oligomenorrhea
B. Menorrhagia D. Polymenorrhea
6. What part of the uterus becomes thicker in preparation for the implantation of the fertilized egg?
A. Cervix C. Fallopian tube
B. Endometrium D. Ovary
7. What happens to the egg cell while menstruation is going on? A. It dies.
B. It is fertilized. C. It starts to mature.
D. It travels to the fallopian tube.
3
CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
8. How many days does the egg take to travel to the uterus when it is released from the ovarian follicle?
A. 2-3 C. 4-5
B. 3-4 D. 5-6
9. It is a yellow structure in the ovary that produces estrogen and large amounts of progesterone.
A. Endometrium C. Corpus luteum
B. Estrogen D. Follicle – stimulating hormone
10. Myra who is a grade five pupil did not notice that she stained her skirt with blood due to menstruation. What will you do?
A. Ignore her.
B. Laugh at her for not being cautious.
C. Tell others that Myra has bloodstain so they can start teasing her. D. Tell her in private that she has bloodstain and help her change her
4
CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
What’s In
In the discussion of the menstrual cycle, the parts of female reproductive organ are necessary to be reviewed. Let’s look back at the parts and corresponding functions of the female reproductive organ.
Directions: Below are parts of the human reproductive system. Choose the part of the reproductive system described. Write the letter of the correct answer.
1.Which part of the female reproductive system produces eggs and hormones?
A. fallopian tube C. uterus
B. ovary D. vagina
2. Which of the statements below describes the uterus?
A. It ejaculates the semen.
B. It is a tube that leads the egg from the ovary.
C. It is also called the womb is shaped like an upside-down pear where the unborn baby is developed.
D. It produces a sugar- rich fluid that provides sperm with a source of energy to help them move.
3. Where does successful fertilization of the egg normally occur?
A. endometrium C. fallopian tube
B. ovary D. vagina
4. It is a narrow opening between the uterus and vagina which enlarges to let the passage of a fetus during birth.
A. ovary C. vagina
B. cervix D. fallopian tube
5. Which of the following is not part of the female reproductive system?
A. kidney C. cervix
5
CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
What’s New
Activity 1
Directions: Study the illustration of the menstrual cycle below. Identify the phase being illustrated in each part of the cycle. Choose your answer from the pool of options in the box.
3. _____________________ Figure 1. The Menstrual Cycle
Follicular Phase Menstrual Phase
Luteal Phase Ovulation Phase
1._____________________ _____ 4._____________ _______ 2. ____________ Menstrual Cycle
6
CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
Activity 2
Directions: Below are the phases of menstrual cycle. Read each statement and rearrange the letters of the jumbled word to form the word described in each item.
1. LEULTA HESPHA: _____________________________
After ovulation occurs, the follicle develops into a hormone producing structure called the corpus luteum.
2. LAUVOITNO SEHAP: ___________________________
If you have regular 28-day menstrual cycle, this phase usually occurs on day 14.
3. CURALLLIOF ESPHA: __________________________
In this phase, the lining of the uterus starts to grow, or proliferate due to hormone estrogen.
4. STLUAEMNR EPAHS: __________________________
7
CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
What is It
Phases of Menstrual Cycle
➢ Menstrual Phase (Menstruation)
This commonly referred to as “period” or the woman’s monthly bleeding. The first menstrual bleeding of a woman is called Menarche. It signals the possibility of getting pregnant. Menstrual blood, known as menses, is shed from the thickened lining of the uterus, known as endometrium. Menstrual blood from the uterus passes through the cervix, to the vagina, and out through the vaginal opening. This fluid may be bright red, light pink, or even brown. During menstruation, some eggs begin to mature in the ovaries. As the eggs develop, the surrounding cells release the estrogen hormone into the bloodstream. This is the time when cramping and abdominal pains occur. The contraction of the uterine and the abdominal muscles that help in expelling the menstrual fluid also causes the cramps to be felt.
There are also different types of menstrual disorder that can be felt during menstruation. First is the Dysmenorrhea which is the medical term for painful menstrual periods which are caused by uterine contractions. It has two types; the primary and secondary. Primary dysmenorrhea is common menstrual cramps that are recurrent while secondary dysmenorrhea results from reproductive system disorders. Second is the Menorrhagia that is a prolonged and excessively heavy menstrual bleeding at regular menstrual cycle intervals. Third is the
Oligomenorrhea which is defined irregular and inconsistent menstrual blood flow
in a woman. It is also about missing a period or occasional irregularity of a menstrual cycle. Lastly is the Polymenorrhea which is a term used to describe a menstrual cycle that is shorter than 21 days. It is a form of abnormal uterine bleeding. For some women a shorter cycle length may just be normal, but for others it can be caused by certain medical condition. Women with polymenorrhea may also find that their periods are irregular or unpredictable.
Figure 2. The Menstrual Phase
Uterus sheds its inner lining Menstrual fluid
8
CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
➢ Follicular Phase (Day 1-13)
This phase also starts on the first day of menstruation, but it ends up to the thirteenth day of the menstrual cycle. In this phase, the lining of the uterus starts to grow or proliferate due to hormone known as estrogen. As the estrogen level increases, menstrual bleeding stops, and the lining of the uterus thickens in preparation for receiving a fertilized egg. The increase in estrogen also causes the pituitary gland to release a hormone that travels to the ovaries, stimulates the egg cells in the ovaries to grow, and causes the most mature egg to be released. One of these egg cells starts to mature in a sac–like structure called follicle. Each follicle contains an egg. It takes 13 days for the egg cell to reach maturity. As the egg cell matures, its follicle secretes a hormone stimulating the uterus to develop a lining of blood vessels and soft tissue called endometrium. The endometrium starts to develop to receive the fertilized egg. Late in the follicular phase, only a single follicle will release an egg.
Figure 3. The Follicular Phase
➢ Ovulation Phase (Day 14)
In the regular 28-day menstrual cycle, the ovulation usually occurs on day 14. The pituitary gland secretes a hormone that causes the ovary to release the matured egg cell. The released egg cell is swept into the fallopian tube by the cilia of the fimbriae. Fimbriae are finger-like projections located at the end of the fallopian tube close to the ovaries, and cilia are slender hair-like projections on each fimbria. When a mature egg (ovum) is released from the ovarian follicle to the nearest fallopian tube during the menstrual cycle, ovulation occurs. As the egg moves down the fallopian tube for several days, the lining of the uterus continues to grow thicker and thicker. The egg then travels into the uterus. It takes about three to four days for the egg to travel toward the uterus. If fertilization is to occur, it must happen within 24 hours of ovulation or the egg’s life lapses.
9
CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
Figure 4. The Ovulation Phase
➢ Luteal Phase (Day 15-28)
This phase starts on the fifteenth day and lasts up to the end of the cycle. After the ovulation occurs, the follicle develops into a hormone-producing structure called the corpus luteum. This is a yellow structure in the ovary that produces estrogen and large amounts of progesterone. This hormone signals the uterus to thicken. The walls of the uterus thicken with many blood vessels to provide nutrients for the coming baby if in case a sperm fertilizes the egg. If the egg is not fertilized, the thickening of the uterus breaks down and comes out of the body through the menstruation. Then, the menstrual cycle repeats itself. For females who have normal periods, the cycle is repeated four weeks or 28 days. However, the cycle varies and is affected by a lot of
factors.
Figure 5. The Luteal Phase Fimbriae
10
CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
What’s More
Activity 1
Directions: Match the concepts about menstruation in Column A with the terms in Column B. Write the letter of your answer.
A B
1. This hormone stimulates your ovaries a. endometrium to produce around 5 to 20 small b. ovulation sacs called follicles. c. menstruation 2. The first occurrence of menstruation. d. menarche
3. This occurs when fertilization e. Follicle - Stimulating Hormone does not take place.
4. This is the lining of the uterus that becomes thicker in preparation
for implantation of the fertilized egg. 5. At this stage, the process of fertilization may take place.
Activity 2
Directions: Identify what phase of menstrual cycle is described in each number.
1. The lining of the uterus becomes thin after menstruation. An egg in the ovary continues to mature. Just before the mid-cycle, the mature egg moves to the surface of the ovary.
2. The lining of the uterus called endometrium becomes thicker in preparation for implantation of the fertilized egg. If fertilization does not take place, menstruation happens. The next cycle is then about to begin.
3. This occurs when fertilization does not take place. The uterine lining begins to break down and bleeding results. Menstrual fluid contains blood cells and mucus flow and lasts from 3 to 7 days.
11
CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
Activity 3
Directions: Rewrite the following statements on your notebook. By writing numbers 1-10 before the item, rearrange the statements based on how a menstrual cycle occurs.
1. The process of fertilization may take place. 2. A new egg cell starts to mature within the ovary. 3. The lining of the uterus becomes thin after bleeding. 4. The mature egg travels from the ovary to the uterus. 5. Uterine linings begin to break down and bleeding results. 6. An egg in the ovary continues to mature.
7. The endometrium or lining of the uterus becomes thicker in preparation for the implantation of the fertilized egg.
8. The mature egg is released.
9. The mature egg moves to the surface of the ovary just before the mid-cycle. 10. The next menstrual cycle is then about to begin.
Directions: Identify the phase of the menstrual cycle below then write the events that happen in specific phase of menstrual cycle. Copy the table under the figure to show your answer.
Figure 6. The Menstrual Cycle
What I Have Learned
1.
Menstrual Cycle
2.
3. 4.
12
CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
Directions: Answer the following questions briefly. Use the rubrics below to give yourself a score on the essay that you made.
Question for Boys: What significant insights have you gained from the module that help you understand the situation that females go through in this cycle of life?
Question for Girls: What preparation will you do in this phase of life cycle that will help you accept the change that your body will go through as you enter the puberty stage?
Rubrics for Essay Output
Criteria 4 3 2 1
Organization Follows a correct arrangement of ideas. It is easy to understand, follow, and clear to read; visually appealing and relevant to the discussed ideas. Follows a correct arrangement of ideas. It is easy to understand, follow, and clear to read. It is easy to understand, neat, and presentable. It is unorganized, difficult to understand and follow.
Content The insights are
comprehensively discussed, with deep
understanding of the idea, and the thoughts are reflective and convincing.
The insights are moderately discussed, and the thoughts are reflective and convincing.
The insights are minimally discussed, and the thoughts are reflective and convincing.
The ideas show no insight, understanding o reflective thought
Menstrual Phase Description
1 2. 3. 4.
13
CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
Directions: Which phase of the menstrual cycle is being explained by the statements below? Is it menstrual phase, follicular phase, ovulation phase or luteal phase? Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. The mature egg moves to the surface of the ovary just before the mid-cycle. 2. Uterine linings begin to break down and bleeding results.
3. The mature egg travels from the ovary to the uterus.
4. The endometrium becomes thicker in preparation for the implantation of the fertilized egg.
5. A new egg cell starts to mature within the ovary. 6. The next menstrual cycle is then about to begin. 7. The lining of the uterus becomes thin after bleeding. 8. An egg in the ovary continues to mature.
9. The mature egg is released.
10. The process of fertilization may take place.
Directions: Ask your older female friends, sisters, or mother about their experiences during menstruation or “period”. Write down some challenges that they have met and how did they deal about it. Copy and use the table below,
then give hygienic practices during menstruation.
Challenges What they have done
Common Hygienic Practices during Menstruation
Take a shower or bath at least once a day 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Assessment
Additional Activities
14
CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
Wha t I Kno w 1. D 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. DAnswer Key
.
Wha t’s In 1.b 2. c 3. c 4. b 5. a Wha t’s Ne w Activit y 1 1. Menst rual P hase 2 . Follicul ar P ha se 3. Ovul ati on P ha se 4. Lutea l P ha se Activit y 2 1.Lut eal P ha se 2.Ovul ati on P ha se 3. Fol licul ar P ha se 4.Men strua l P hase Wha t’s Mo re Activit y 1 1.e 2.d 3.c 4.a 5.b Wha t’s Mo re Activit y 2 1 . Fol licul ar Ph ase 2 . Lut eal Ph ase 3 . Men strua l P hase 4 . Ovulat ion Ph ase Wha t’s Mo re Activity 3 1. 8 T he m ature eg g i s relea sed. 2. 2 An ew eg g cel l st art s to m ature w ith in th e ovary 3. 3 T he l in in g of t he ut erus becom e th in aft er bleed in g 4. 7 T he en dom etri um or l in in g of t he ut erus becom es th ick er in prep ara tion for th e im pla nta tion of th e fertil ized egg. 5. 1T he p rocess of fertili zati on m ay t ak e pla ce. 6. 4 T he ma ture egg t ravel s from t he o vary to t he u teru s. 7. 9 T he m ature eg g m oves to th e surface of t he ova ry j ust before t he m id -cy cle. 8. 6 An egg i n t he ova ry con tin ues to m ature. 9. 5 U teri ne l in in gs b egin to b reak dow n a nd bleed in g results. 10.10 T he n ext m en strua l cy cle i s th en a bout to b egin .
15
CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
Wha t I ha ve Le arn ed 1. Th e uterus sh eds i ts i nn er lin in g of soft tissue a nd blood vessels w hich exit th e bod y fro m t he va gin a. 2. Develop men t of t he l in in g o f th e blood vessels a nd soft t issue. 3. Th e ova ry re lea ses t he m ature d egg cell. 4. Lead s to t he n ext m enst rual cy cle. Asse ssme nt 1. Follic ular P ha se 2. Men strual Ph ase 3. Ovulat ion Ph ase 4. Lutea l P ha se 5. Menst rual P ha se 6. Lutea l P ha se 7. Follic ular P ha se 8. Follic ular P ha se 9. Ovulat ion Ph ase 10. Ovulat ion Ph ase Additio nal Activi ty (P ossi ble Answ er) Dy smenorr hea is o ne o f th e comm on men strua l p roblem s. You c an be rel ieved wit h it b y p laci ng a h eat in g p ad or hot wat er bot tle on your l ower b ack or ab dom en.16
CO_Q2_Science 5_ Module 2
References
Department of Education. 2013. "Science and Health BEAM 5 Unit 1 DLP 4: The Menstrual Cycle."
Department of Education. n.d. "Learning Material (Science) Grade 5 Quarter 2". Cabanatuan City: DepEd SDO Cabanatuan City.
"Phases of Menstrual Cycle". 2020. Menstrupedia.Com.
