Spoken English

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INDEX

1.

1. Effective

Effective

Communication

2-3

2.

2. Parts

Parts

of

speech

4

4 –

–

10

3.

3. How

How

to

Frame

the

sentences

11

11 –

–

14

4.

4. Conjugation

Conjugation

14

5.

5. TENSES

TENSES

15

15 -18

-18

6.

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Effective Communication

1. Grammatically Correct Sentences

Eg:

Eg: Imagine that you receive this telegram messageImagine that you receive this telegram message

SELL

SELL mymy CARCAR becausebecause I'veI've GONEGONE toto FRANCEFRANCE

This sentence is not complete. It is not a "grammatically correct" sentence. But you This sentence is not complete. It is not a "grammatically correct" sentence. But you probably understand it. These 4 words communicate very well.

probably understand it. These 4 words communicate very well. Somebody wants you toSomebody wants you to sell

sell their their car car for them because they havefor them because they have gone gone toto France France..We can add a few words:We can add a few words:

Will

Will youyou SELLSELL mymy CARCAR becausebecause I'veI've GONEGONE toto FRANCEFRANCE

The new words do not really add any more information. But they make the message more The new words do not really add any more information. But they make the message more correct grammatically. We can add even more words to make one complete,

correct grammatically. We can add even more words to make one complete, grammatically correct sentence.

grammatically correct sentence. But the information is basically the sameBut the information is basically the same::

Will

Will youyou SELLSELL mymy CARCAR becausebecause I'veI've GONEGONE toto FRANCE.FRANCE.

2. Pronunciation of Every word

Eg:

Eg: A way of speaking a word, especially a way that is accepted or generally understood.A way of speaking a word, especially a way that is accepted or generally understood.

3. Grammar

Eg:

Eg: The study of how words and their component parts combine to form sentencesThe study of how words and their component parts combine to form sentences

4. Vocabulary

Eg:

Eg: All the words of a language. The sum of words used by, understood by, or at theAll the words of a language. The sum of words used by, understood by, or at the command of a particular person or group.

command of a particular person or group.

5. Body Language

Eg:

Eg: communication via the movements or attitudes of the bodycommunication via the movements or attitudes of the body

6. Variety of Sentences

Eg:

Eg: it means using ait means using a variety of sentencesvariety of sentences...not just the same tone and flow of words...not just the same tone and flow of words repeatedly.

repeatedly.

7. Voice

Modulati

on

Eg:

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8. Expressing Feelings

Eg:

Eg: ……….……….

9. Expressing More Ideas

Eg:

Eg: ………….………….

10. Honing

Communic

ation

Eg:

Eg: ………….………….

11.

11. Spontaneit

Spontaneit

y

Eg:

Eg: SpontaneousSpontaneousis anis an adjectiveadjective that means seeming to occur through self-generation, bythat means seeming to occur through self-generation, by one's own means, or in a way requiring no outside influence or help.

one's own means, or in a way requiring no outside influence or help.

12. Accent

Eg:

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Parts of Speech

1. Noun 1. Noun 2. Pronoun 2. Pronoun 3. Adverb 3. Adverb 4. Adjective 4. Adjective 5. Proposition 5. Proposition 6. Conjunction 6. Conjunction 7. Interjection 7. Interjection

E.g.: Ravi and his best friend went quickly to Market E.g.: Ravi and his best friend went quickly to Market Ravi - Noun (5), Ravi - Noun (5), and - Conjunction (2) , and - Conjunction (2) , his - Pronoun (10), his - Pronoun (10), best - Adjective (3) best - Adjective (3) friend - Noun friend - Noun went

went - - Verb Verb (10)(10) quickly - Adverb (13) quickly - Adverb (13) to - Preposition (3) to - Preposition (3) Market - Noun Market - Noun

Noun

It is name of a Person, Place, thing, animal, bird and Idea It is name of a Person, Place, thing, animal, bird and Idea

_.

Concrete Nouns are the names of persons, places and things which have a shape and which can Concrete Nouns are the names of persons, places and things which have a shape and which can be held. These are further divided into four.

be held. These are further divided into four.

Common Noun:

Common Noun:A name used in common or generalA name used in common or general E.g.: Market, Institute

E.g.: Market, Institute

NOUN NOUN CONCRETE NOUN CONCRETE NOUN COMMON NOUN COMMON NOUN ABSTRACT NOUN ABSTRACT NOUN PROPER

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Proper Noun:

Proper Noun:A name used for a particular person or place.A name used for a particular person or place. E.g.: Ravi, Vani.

E.g.: Ravi, Vani.

Material Noun:

Material Noun:Names of the metals or meterials from which things are made are calledNames of the metals or meterials from which things are made are called materials Nouns.

materials Nouns.

E.g.: wood, iron, cement, steel E.g.: wood, iron, cement, steel

Collective Noun:

Collective Noun:A collection taken together and A collection taken together and spoken as a „whole‟ is called aspoken as a „whole‟ is called a collective nouns.

collective nouns.

E.g.: Sheep, fleet, army E.g.: Sheep, fleet, army Sir introduced new words:

Sir introduced new words:

Posse (or) cordon ( Group of Police People) Posse (or) cordon ( Group of Police People) Constellation or Universal (Galaxy)

Constellation or Universal (Galaxy)

ABSTRACT NOUN:

ABSTRACT NOUN: The things which can‟t see, feel and touchThe things which can‟t see, feel and touch E.g.: Human - ity, Generous - ity, Public - ity, Electric - ity

E.g.: Human - ity, Generous - ity, Public - ity, Electric - ity ity - suffix - end small attachment

ity - suffix - end small attachment

Suffixes & Abstract Noun

ity

ity ance ance ence ence ant ant ent ent nessness ment

ment aire aire sion sion ssion ssion tion tion istist ster

ster hood hood wood wood logy logy ismism

Pronoun

It‟s a word used

It‟s a word used Instead of a NounInstead of a Noun

I am a student - (Beginning of the sentence)

Sir

Sir asked

asked me

me (After v

(After verb)

erb)

It is my book (Before

It is my book (Before Noun) (Possessive - Ownership)

Noun) (Possessive - Ownership)

Here Pronoun work as adjective Before Noun

Personal Pronouns

Personal Pronouns I I We We You You He He She She It It TheyThey Objective Pronouns

Objective Pronouns Me Me Us Us You You Him Him Her Her It It ThemThem Possessive Adjective

Possessive Adjective My My Our Our Yours Yours His His Her Her Its Its TheirTheir Possessive Pronoun

Possessive Pronoun Mine Mine Ours Ours Yours Yours His His Her Her Its Its TheirTheir Reflexive Pronoun

Reflexive Pronoun Myself Myself ourselvesourselves Yourself Yourself yourselves

yourselves Himself Himself herself herself itself itself themselvesthemselves Emphatic Pronoun

Emphatic Pronoun Myself Myself Our Our slevessleves Yourself Yourself yourselves

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This book is mine (At the end of the sentence)

I blamed myself ()

I myself helped them ()

Other Pronouns

Someone

somebody

something

Somewhere

Somewhat

anyone

No

No one

one

One

One of

of them

them

none

none of

of them

them

each

each of

of them

them

every

every one

one of

of them

them

This

That

These

Those

Each and Every one of them

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VERBS

Definition:

Definition: It Shows ActionIt Shows Action

Will Future Actions Will Future Actions Talk about willingness Talk about willingness

Decided something to do (determination) Decided something to do (determination) Conditional Sentence.

Conditional Sentence.

Verbs

Auxiliary

Verbs

Action

Verbs

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ModelAuxiliary

Verbs

Primary Auxiliary

Verbs

Be

am

is

are

were

be

been

bein

do

does

did

have

has

had

Will - would, Shall -

should, Can - could

May - Might, Used to, Ought to

Need, Dare, must

Irregular Verbs

(200)

Eg:

Write,Wrote,Written Write,Wrote,Written

Regular Verbs

(9800)

Eg:

ask,Asked,Asked ask,Asked,Asked

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Adverbs

It add meaning to Verb

It adds meaning to Adjective

It adds meaning to Adverb

E.g.:

Sit Straight

Carefully

Silently

listen

attentively

listen

attentively

Actively

Fast

Briskly(fast)

Slow

Slowly

Run

Steadily

Run

Steadily

Quickly

Carefully

Cautiously

Swiftly

E.g.:

Ravi is Clever (Clever - adjective)

Ravi is Very Clever

Very, So, too (Adverb)

E.g.:

Ravi runs fast (fast - adjective)

Ravi

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Adjective

It adds Meaning Noun or Pronoun in

It adds Meaning Noun or Pronoun in adjective.

adjective.

There are three types

Note:

Adjectives which have suffixes take more in

Adjectives which have suffixes take more in comparative

comparative

Degree, and most in superlative Degree

Suffixes:

ful, some, ish, ic, ical, ial, ive, our, ade, ible, ing, en, en, like

Prepositions

It shows relationship between Noun & Noun, Noun & Pronoun

Single Preposition:

for, form, since, against, with, by, at, on,

for, form, since, against, with, by, at, on, in above,

in above,

below, under, along, through, around, among, between, but, except,

including, excluding, save.

Compound Preposition:

across, about, along with, not with standing,

beneath, through out, into, onto upto, upon,

Prepositional Phrase:

in case of, in case of not, in spite of, because

in case of, in case of

not, in spite of, because

of, owing to, according to, instead of, in the

of, owing to, according to, instead of, in the place of, on behalf on,

place of, on behalf on, due

due

to, on par with

to, on par with (equal to)

(equal to)

Positive

Degree

Comparative

Degree

Superlative

Degree

E.g. -1

Little

Less

Least

Much

More

Most

Good

Better

Best

Well

Better

Best

Bad

Worse

Worst

Bad

Worse

Worst

Evil

Worse

Worst

Evil

Worse

Worst

Ill

Worse

Worst

E.g. - 2

Rich

Richer

Richest

E.g. -3

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Conjunction

A word which joints 2 words, 2 phrases, 2 clauses, 2 sentences

Ex: and

Complex sentences:

If, whether, Unless, that, so

If, whether, Unless, that, so that, though,

that, though,

Although, Even though, As, Since, because, what, when, where, why,

who, whose, whom, which, How.

Compound Sentences:

and, but, still, yet, or, nor,

and, but, still, yet, or, nor, either…or, neither…

either…or, neither…

nor, or, nor, so, and so, therefore, or else, otherwise, as well as, not

only… but also, both … and.

Simple Sentence:

too… to

Interjection

Words are sentences which express

Words are sentences which express sudden feelings

sudden feelings

E.g.: wow!, oh!, ah!, oops!, ouch! Hurrah! Bravo! Alas!

What a nice painting!

How costly the watch is!

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How to Frame the sentences

Base form

Base form = don‟t = don‟t + + Base form Base form (Write(Write -- Don‟t + write)Don‟t + write) „s‟ form = doesn‟t + Base form (Writes = doesn‟t + write) „s‟ form = doesn‟t + Base form (Writes = doesn‟t + write) Simple Past

-Simple Past - did n‟t + Base form (didn‟t + write)did n‟t + Base form (didn‟t + write)

There are 5 verb forms There are 5 verb forms

Baseform

Baseform - - WriteWrite „s‟ form

„s‟ form - Writes- Writes Simple

Simple past past - - WroteWrote Past Participle (V

Past Participle (V33) ) - - WrittenWritten

Ing form Ing form - Writing - Writing

Do

Don‟t do

Does

Doesn‟t do

Did

Didn‟t do

Have

Don‟t have

Has

Doesn‟t have

Had

Didn‟t have

Have to

Don‟t have to

Has to

Doesn‟t have to

Had to

Didn‟t have to

Have + PP

Haven‟t + PP

Has + PP

Hasn‟t + PP

Had + PP

Hand‟t + PP

Used to

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8 Communicative forms 8 Communicative forms 1. Positive Sentences 1. Positive Sentences 2. Negative Sentences 2. Negative Sentences

3. Yes or no questions (Positive) 3. Yes or no questions (Positive) 4. Yes or no questions (negative) 4. Yes or no questions (negative) 5. “wh” questions (Positive) 5. “wh” questions (Positive) 6. “wh” questions (ne

6. “wh” questions (negative)gative) 7. Question tags (negative) 7. Question tags (negative) 8. Question tags (Positive) 8. Question tags (Positive)

Examples on do, did, does

Examples on have, has, had

Do

Does

Did

We do home work

We do home work She She does does Engineering Engineering He He did did two two mistakesmistakes We don‟t do home work

We don‟t do home work She doesShe does n‟t don‟t do EngineeringEngineering He didn‟t do two mistakesHe didn‟t do two mistakes Do

Do we we do do home home work work Does Does she she do do Engineering Engineering Did Did he he do do to to mistakesmistakes Don‟t we do home work

Don‟t we do home work Does n‟t sheDoes n‟t she do Engineeringdo Engineering Didn‟t he do to mistakesDidn‟t he do to mistakes What

What do do we we do? do? What What does does she she do?do? How many mistakes did How many mistakes did he do?he do? What don‟t we do?

What don‟t we do? What does n‟t she do?What does n‟t she do? How many mistakes didn‟tHow many mistakes didn‟t he do?he do? We do Home work? Don‟t we?

We do Home work? Don‟t we? She does Engineering? Doesn‟t sheShe does Engineering? Doesn‟t she?? He did two mistakes, didn‟t he?He did two mistakes, didn‟t he? We don‟t home work? do we?

We don‟t home work? do we? She does n‟t do Engineering? Does she?She does n‟t do Engineering? Does she? He didn‟t two mistakes? Did he?He didn‟t two mistakes? Did he?

Have

Has

Had

We

We have have many many doubts doubts She She has has three three siblings siblings He He had had urgent urgent work work We don‟t have many doubts

We don‟t have many doubts She does n‟t have three siblingsShe does n‟t have three siblings He didn‟t have urgent work He didn‟t have urgent work How

How many many doubts doubts do do we we have? have? Does Does she she have have three three siblings siblings Did Did he he have have urgent urgent work?work? How

How many doubts don‟t‟ wemany doubts don‟t‟ we have?

have?

Does n‟t she

Does n‟t she have three siblingshave three siblings Did n‟t he have urgent work?Did n‟t he have urgent work? Do

Do we we have have many many doubts? doubts? How How many many siblings siblings does does she she have?have? What type of work he had?What type of work he had? Don‟t we have many doubts?

Don‟t we have many doubts? HowHow many siblings doesn‟t she have?many siblings doesn‟t she have? What type of work he didn‟t have?What type of work he didn‟t have? We have man

We have many doubts. Have n‟ty doubts. Have n‟t we?

we?

She has three siblings? Has n‟t she?

She has three siblings? Has n‟t she? He h ad urgent work? Had n‟t heHe h ad urgent work? Had n‟t he We don‟t have many doubts. Do

We don‟t have many doubts. Do we?

we?

She doesn‟t have three siblings? Does She doesn‟t have three siblings? Does she?

she?

He didn‟t have urgent work? Did he? He didn‟t have urgent work? Did he?

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Examples on Used to, has, had

Examples on Base form, „S‟form, Simple Past

Examples on “have to”, “has to”, “had to”

Used

to

Has

Had

We

We used used to to feel feel shy shy She She has has three three siblings siblings He He had had urgent urgent work work We didn‟t use to feel shy

We didn‟t use to feel shy She does n‟t have three siblingsShe does n‟t have three siblings He didn‟t have urgent work He didn‟t have urgent work Did

Did we we use use to to feel feel shy shy Does Does she she have have three three siblings siblings Did Did he he have have urgent urgent work?work? Didn‟t we use to fell s

Didn‟t we use to fell shyhy Does n‟t sheDoes n‟t she have three siblingshave three siblings Did n‟t he have urgent work?Did n‟t he have urgent work? How

How did did we we use use to to feel? feel? How many How many siblings siblings does does she she have?have? What type of work he had?What type of work he had? How didn‟t we use to fell?

How didn‟t we use to fell? How many siblings doesn‟t she have?How many siblings doesn‟t she have? What type of work he didn‟t have?What type of work he didn‟t have? We use t

We use to feel shy? Didn‟t we?o feel shy? Didn‟t we? She has three siblings? Has n‟t she?She has three siblings? Has n‟t she? He h ad urgent work? Had n‟t heHe h ad urgent work? Had n‟t he We didn‟t use to feel shy?

We didn‟t use to feel shy? DidDid we?

we?

She doesn‟t have three siblings? Does She doesn‟t have three siblings? Does she?

she?

He didn‟t have urgent work? Did he? He didn‟t have urgent work? Did he?

Base form

„S‟ form

Simple Past

We

We Learn Learn Carefully Carefully She She stays stays on on the the third third floor floor He He wrote wrote two two lettersletters We don‟t Learn Carefully

We don‟t Learn Carefully She does n‟tShe does n‟t stay on the third floorstay on the third floor He didn‟t writer two lettersHe didn‟twriter two letters Do

Do we we learn learn Carefully Carefully Does Does she she stay stay on on the the third third floor floor Did he Did he write write two two lettersletters Don‟t we learn Carefully

Don‟t we learn Carefully Does n‟t sheDoes n‟t she stay on the third floorstay on the third floor Did n‟t write two lettersDid n‟twrite two letters How

How do do we we learn learn On On which which floor floor does does she she stay?stay? Howmany letters did he write?Howmany letters did he write? How don‟t we learn

How don‟t we learn On which floor doesn‟t she stayOn which floor doesn‟t she stay Howmany letters didn‟t he write?Howmany letters didn‟t he write? We learn carefully? Don‟t we?

We learn carefully? Don‟t we? SheShe stays on the third floor? Doesn‟t she?stays on the third floor? Doesn‟t she? HeHe wrote two letters? Didn‟t he?wrote two letters? Didn‟t he? We don‟t learn carefully? Do

We don‟t learn carefully? Do we?

we?

She doesn‟t

She doesn‟t stay on the third floor? Doesstay on the third floor? Does she?

she?

He didn‟t

He didn‟t write two letters? Did he?write two letters? Did he?

Have

to

Has

to

Had

to

We

We have have to to practice practice carefully carefully She She has has to to come come on on time time I I had had to to help help himhim We don‟t have to practice

We don‟t have to practice carefully

carefully

She does n‟t

She does n‟t have to come on timehave to come on time I didn‟t have to help himI didn‟t have to help him Do

Do we we have have to to practice practice carefully? carefully? Does Does she she have have to to come come on on time time Did I Did I have have to to help help himhim Don‟t we have to practice

Don‟t we have to practice Carefully?

Carefully?

Does n‟t she

Does n‟t she have to come on timehave to come on time Did n‟t I have to help himDid n‟tI have to help him How

How do do we we have have to to practice? practice? When When does does she she have have to to come?come? Whom did I have to help him?Whom did I have to help him? How don‟t

How don‟t we have to practicewe have to practice When doesn‟t she have to come?When doesn‟t she have to come? Whom didn‟t I have to help him?Whom didn‟t I have to help him? We have to practice carefully?

We have to practice carefully? Don‟t we?

Don‟t we?

She has to come on time?

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Examples on “have + pp”, “has + pp”, “had + pp”

CONJUGATION

Using one verb in 12

Using one verb in 12 Tenses. That is called Conjugation

Tenses. That is called Conjugation

Conjugation of the Verb „Write‟ Conjugation of the Verb „Write‟

We don‟t have to practice We don‟t have to practice carefully? Do we?

carefully? Do we?

She doesn‟t have to

She doesn‟t have to come on time?come on time? Does she?

Does she?

I didn‟t have to help him?

I didn‟t have to help him? Did I?Did I?

Have

+

PP

Has

+

PP

Had

+

PP

We

We have have answered answered correctly correctly She She has has answered answered all all questions questions We We had had offered offered prayer prayer before before wewe came here

came here We have

We haven‟tn‟t answered correctlyanswered correctly She has n‟t answered all questionsShe has n‟t answered all questions We had n‟t offered prayer before weWe had n‟t offered prayer before we came here

came here Have

Have we we answered answered correctly correctly Has Has she she answered answered all all questions questions Had Had we we offered offered prayer prayer before before wewe came here

came here Haven‟t we answered correctly

Haven‟t we answered correctly Hasn‟t she answered all quesHasn‟t she answered all questionstions Had n‟t we offered prayer before weHad n‟t we offered prayer before we came here

came here How

How have have we we answered? answered? Howmany Howmany questions questions has has she she answered? answered? When When had had we we offered offered prayer?prayer? How haven‟t we answered?

How haven‟t we answered? Howmany questions hasn‟t sheHowmany questions hasn‟t she answered?

answered?

When hadn‟t we offered prayer? When hadn‟t we offered prayer? We have answered correctly?

We have answered correctly? Have n‟t we?

Have n‟t we?

She has answered all questions? Has n She has answered all questions? Has n‟t‟t she?

she?

We had offered prayer before we We had offered prayer before we came here

came here? Hadn‟t we?? Hadn‟t we? We haven‟t answered correctly?

We haven‟t answered correctly? Have we?

Have we?

She has n‟t answered all questions? She has n‟t answered all questions? HasHas she?

she?

We had n‟t offered prayer before we We had n‟t offered prayer before we came here? Had we?

came here? Had we?

Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense We wrote LettersWe wrote Letters

Present Continuous Tense:

Present Continuous Tense: We are writing LettersWe are writing Letters

Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense We have written LettersWe have written Letters

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Continuous Tense We have been writing Letters Since last yearWe have been writing Letters Since last year

Simple Past Tense

Simple Past Tense We wrote LettersWe wrote Letters

Past Continuous Tense

Past Continuous Tense We were writing letterWe were writing letters at 7‟o clock s at 7‟o clock

Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense We had written Letters before we came hereWe had written Letters before we came here

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Continuous Tense We had been writing Letters for one hour before we came hereWe had been writing Letters for one hour before we came here

Simple Future Tense

Simple Future Tense We will write LettersWe will write Letters

Future Continuous Tense

Future Continuous Tense We will be writing LetterWe will be writing Letters at 7‟o Clock s at 7‟o Clock

Future Perfect Tense

Future Perfect Tense We will have written LetterWe will have written Letters by 9‟o Clock s by 9‟o Clock

Future Continuous Tense

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TENSES

It shows time of the Action

Simple Present Tense

Base form/

Base form/ ’s’’s’ _form_form

Write (I, we, you, they) Writes (he, she, it) Write (I, we, you, they) Writes (he, she, it)

Uses: Uses:

1. Universal Truth 1. Universal Truth

E.g.: A lion is the most ferocious Animal

E.g.: A lion is the most ferocious Animal 2. Daily Activities

2. Daily Activities 3. Habitual Actions 3. Habitual Actions 4. Future Fixed Action 4. Future Fixed Action 5. With see, look, how 5. With see, look, how E.g:

E.g: See See how how the the children children fightfight

Look, how this washing Machine works

6. With adverbs: daily, often, seldom, frequently, continuously, rarely, (very less 6. With adverbs: daily, often, seldom, frequently, continuously, rarely, (very less number), Scarcely (very less quantity)

number), Scarcely (very less quantity) 7. News Paper Headlines

7. News Paper Headlines 8. Magazines 8. Magazines 9. Running Commentary 9. Running Commentary 10. Stories 10. Stories 11. Historical incidents 11. Historical incidents 12. Proverbs Quotations 12. Proverbs Quotations Proverb E.g:

Proverb E.g:All that Glitters is not GoldAll that Glitters is not Gold A sentence with two meaning

A sentence with two meaning i)

i) Literal Literal Meaning Meaning ii) ii) Inner Inner or or implied implied meaningmeaning Literal Meaning:

Literal Meaning: Any metal which looks like Gold is not GoldAny metal which looks like Gold is not Gold Implied Meaning

Implied Meaning: Appearances are Desective: Appearances are Desective

Present Continuous

am/is/are + verb + ing

am/is/are + verb + ing Note:

Note:now, at present, presently, these days, now - a - days, at (adverbs),now, at present, presently, these days, now - a - days, at (adverbs),

Uses: Uses:

1. Action which is happening now 1. Action which is happening now

2. Action which stops for sometime and continuous later 2. Action which stops for sometime and continuous later 3. Immediate future action (going)

3. Immediate future action (going)

E.g.:

E.g.: Sir is going to teach other tensesSir is going to teach other tenses

Sir is going to test our knowledge after some time Sir is going to test our knowledge after some time I am going to have a cup of tea after the class I am going to have a cup of tea after the class 4. Arrangement of future fixed action

4. Arrangement of future fixed action

E.g.:

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5. Appointment (seeing) 5. Appointment (seeing)

E.g.:

E.g.: She is seeing the Dentist to nightShe is seeing the Dentist to night

Present Perfect

Have/has+ Past Participle

Have/has+ Past Participle Note:

Note:Since, for, recently, already, just, just now, yet, ever, neverSince, for, recently, already, just, just now, yet, ever, never

Usage:

Usage:Action is completed, but it‟s effect is seen in the presenceAction is completed, but it‟s effect is seen in the presence

Examples:

1. She has waited for the bus since

1. She has waited for the bus since 8‟o clock 8‟o clock 2. She has waited for the bus for 30 minutes 2. She has waited for the bus for 30 minutes 3. Swamiji has already left

3. Swamiji has already left

4. We have joined junior course recently 4. We have joined junior course recently

5. Sir has just completed present continuous Tense 5. Sir has just completed present continuous Tense 6. I have n‟t started the work book

6. I have n‟t started the work book yetyet 7. Have you ever visited a Birla Temple 7. Have you ever visited a Birla Temple 8. No, I have never visited

8. No, I have never visited

Difference between Present Perfect and Simple Past?

Difference between Present Perfect and Simple Past? I have taken Breakfast - Present Perfect

I have taken Breakfast - Present Perfect I took Break fast - Simple past

I took Break fast - Simple past

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Have/has + been + verb + ing

Note:

Note:Since, For (Preposition)Since, For (Preposition)

Usage:

Usage:Action started in the past, continuing in the present and will continue in the futureAction started in the past, continuing in the present and will continue in the future

Examples:

Examples: We have been sitting in tWe have been sitting in the class since 10‟0 Clock he class since 10‟0 Clock We have been sitting in the class one and a half ours We have been sitting in the class one and a half ours For - Period of time - duration

For - Period of time - duration Since - Point of time

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Simple Past Tense

Usage:

Usage:For any Completed action in the Past.For any Completed action in the Past.

Note:

Note: It is used with or without: Yesterday, day before yesterday, some time ago, in theIt is used with or without: Yesterday, day before yesterday, some time ago, in the beginning, Last month, Last week, Last night, Once upon a time, once it so happened, beginning, Last month, Last week, Last night, Once upon a time, once it so happened, when I was coming, while I was coming, In the past on the first day, Before joining this when I was coming, while I was coming, In the past on the first day, Before joining this level, Before leaving, in the Morning, In the afternoon

level, Before leaving, in the Morning, In the afternoon

Examples:

Examples: I met my friend before coming hereI met my friend before coming here I met my friend when I was coming here I met my friend when I was coming here

Past Continuous Tense

Was/were + verb + ing

Was/were + verb + ing Usage:

Usage:For any continuous action in the past at the particular given time.For any continuous action in the past at the particular given time.

Note:

Note:at, when I was coming, while I was comingat, when I was coming, while I was coming

E.g.:

E.g.: we were offeringwe were offering prayer at 10‟o clock prayer at 10‟o clock

A new lecturer was conducting prayer when we were standing in the prayer hall A new lecturer was conducting prayer when we were standing in the prayer hall The lecturer was observing us while we were chanting the Prayer.

The lecturer was observing us while we were chanting the Prayer.

Past Perfect Tense

had + Past Participle (V3)

had + Past Participle (V3) Usage:

Usage:When there are two past actions, the first completed action in past perfect and theWhen there are two past actions, the first completed action in past perfect and the second completed action is in simple Past.

second completed action is in simple Past.

E.g.:

E.g.: we had offered prayer before we came herewe had offered prayer before we came here

We had stood in line before prayer bell was given We had stood in line before prayer bell was given

Past Perfect ContinuousTense

had + been + verb + ing

had + been + verb + ing Usage:

Usage:For any Past Continuous action in the past with period of time and one more pastFor any Past Continuous action in the past with period of time and one more past action

action

E.g.:

E.g.: I had been standing in the Prayer hall for 15 minutes before we came hereI had been standing in the Prayer hall for 15 minutes before we came here I had been travelling for half an hour before I got down at R.K. Math I had been travelling for half an hour before I got down at R.K. Math

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Simple Future Tense

Will/shall + Baseform

Will/shall + Baseform Usage:

Usage:For any future action with or without time adverb:For any future action with or without time adverb:

Tomorrow, Day after tomorrow, on Monday, Next week, next month, next year, after Tomorrow, Day after tomorrow, on Monday, Next week, next month, next year, after sometime, as and you need.

sometime, as and you need.

E.g.:

E.g.: I will come tomorrowI will come tomorrow

He will deposit the money day after tomorrow He will deposit the money day after tomorrow

Usage:

Usage:Conditional sentenceConditional sentence

E.g.:

E.g.: If u help me now, I will help you later onIf u help me now, I will help you later on

If u save money, money will save you in emergency If u save money, money will save you in emergency

Future Continuous Tense

Will/shall + be + verb + ing

Will/shall + be + verb + ing Usage:

Usage:For any continuous action in the future at a particular given timeFor any continuous action in the future at a particular given time

Note: Note:atat

E.g.:

E.g.: we will be offering prayer at 10‟o clock on Tuesday.we will be offering prayer at 10‟o clock on Tuesday. We will be waiting for bus at 12‟o clock

We will be waiting for bus at 12‟o clock

Future Perfect Tense

Will/shall + have + PP(V3)

Will/shall + have + PP(V3) Usage:

Usage:For any part of the action or full action which comes to an end by the future givenFor any part of the action or full action which comes to an end by the future given time.

time.

Note: Note:byby

E.g.:

E.g.: we will have completed three weeks junior course by Tuesday (Part of the action)we will have completed three weeks junior course by Tuesday (Part of the action) We will have completed junior course by August (Full action)

We will have completed junior course by August (Full action)

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Will/shall + have + been + verb + ing

Will/shall + have + been + verb + ing Usage:

Usage:For any part of the action with period of time (for) and one more future time.For any part of the action with period of time (for) and one more future time.

Note: Note:byby

E.g.:

E.g.: we will have been sitting in the class for 90 minutes by 11.30we will have been sitting in the class for 90 minutes by 11.30

We will have been attending junior level classes for three weeks by Tuesday We will have been attending junior level classes for three weeks by Tuesday

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Model Auxiliary Verbs

1. Can - Uses

1. Present Ability

1. Present Ability – – (Physical Strength is called)(Physical Strength is called) E.g.:

E.g.: I can catch running BusI can catch running Bus

I can Speak Good English in three months I can Speak Good English in three months

2. Capacity

2. Capacity – – (Area or Space)(Area or Space) E.g.:

E.g.: This room can accommodate 60 studentsThis room can accommodate 60 students Qualis can carried 10 Passengers

Qualis can carried 10 Passengers

3. To give and

3. To give and take Permission informal situationtake Permission informal situation E.g.:

E.g.: InformalInformal – – Family, relative, friendsFamily, relative, friends We don‟t have any t

We don‟t have any type of restrictionsype of restrictions Can I use your cell Phone?

Can I use your cell Phone? Yes, You can.

Yes, You can.

Can I Use your vehicle in emergency Can I Use your vehicle in emergency Yes, You can

Yes, You can

4. Direct and indirect speech sentences 4. Direct and indirect speech sentences E.g.:

E.g.: Ravi says, “I can solve Ravi says, “I can solve your problems”your problems” Ravi says that he solve my problems Ravi says that he solve my problems

5. Conditional Sentence 5. Conditional Sentence E.g.:

E.g.: If you try again, you can understand betterIf you try again, you can understand better

2. Could - Uses

1. Past ability 1. Past ability 2. Polite English 2. Polite English

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Past ability

Past ability:: I went to bank I couldn‟t withdraw the moneI went to bank I couldn‟t withdraw the mone yy

E.g.:

E.g.: I attended an interview last week, but I couldI attended an interview last week, but I could n‟t clear first round itself.n‟t clear first round itself.

Polite English

Polite English:: How to give respect othersHow to give respect others

E.g.:

E.g.: Could I Know the Pronunciation please?Could I Know the Pronunciation please? Could I know my feed back?

Could I know my feed back?

Could I know the reason for delay? Could I know the reason for delay?

3. Will - Uses

1. Future Action

E.g.:

E.g.: I will come tomorrow 7799209353I will come tomorrow 7799209353 He will deposit the money after sometime He will deposit the money after sometime

2. Willingness

E.g.:

E.g.: Sir will clear doubtsSir will clear doubts I will drop you at liberty I will drop you at liberty

3. Determination (Firm Decision)

E.g.:

E.g.: I will speak Good English by the End of Junior courseI will speak Good English by the End of Junior course

4. Sure

E.g.:

E.g.: She will get a rank this timeShe will get a rank this time

My Friend will get admission in Bits Pilani My Friend will get admission in Bits Pilani The Baby will fall down

The Baby will fall down

5. Direct & Indirect Speech Sentences

E.g.:

E.g.: Ravi sayRavi says “will you deposit the money tomorrow?”s “will you deposit the money tomorrow?”

Ravi asks If whether I will deposit the money the next day. Ravi asks If whether I will deposit the money the next day.

6. Conditional Sentences

E.g.:

E.g.: If you work hard, you will get successIf you work hard, you will get success If you read it again, you will understand better If you read it again, you will understand better

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4. Would - Uses

1. Polite English

E.g.:

E.g.: Sir would Guide usSir would Guide us

My Father would visit this institute. My Father would visit this institute. Amitab Bachan would get Ascar Award Amitab Bachan would get Ascar Award

2. Past habitual Action

E.g.:

E.g.: When kalpana was six years, she would like to see in the sky.When kalpana was six years, she would like to see in the sky.

Kalpana Chavla would like see into the sky ours together when she was six Kalpana Chavla would like see into the sky ours together when she was six I would work on system ours together when I was a student

I would work on system ours together when I was a student

5. May - Uses

1. Chances are Possibility of Something happ

1. Chances are Possibility of Something happeningening

E.g.:

E.g.: The doctors may save the patientThe doctors may save the patient Swamiji may visit our class

Swamiji may visit our class Sir may give us a chance for GD Sir may give us a chance for GD It may rain

It may rain

2. To give and

2. To give and take Permission in formal Situationtake Permission in formal Situation

E.g.:

E.g.: May I come in?May I come in? Yes, You may come Yes, You may come

Sir, May I know the Pronunciation of this word Please Sir, May I know the Pronunciation of this word Please May I know, whether my sentence is correct

May I know, whether my sentence is correct

6. Might - Uses

1. Remote are very less Possibility of Something happening

E.g.:

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He might Go abroad He might Go abroad

They might allow me for fourth late coming They might allow me for fourth late coming

2. Polite English (might + like)

E.g.:

E.g.: Sir might like to give us chance for individual PresentationSir might like to give us chance for individual Presentation Swamiji might like to advice us on meditation

Swamiji might like to advice us on meditation

Our Chief guest might like to have some refreshment Our Chief guest might like to have some refreshment

3. We hold someone respon

3. We hold someone responsible if some big mistake happenssible if some big mistake happens

E.g.:

E.g.: The doctors might have saved the PatientThe doctors might have saved the Patient You might have avoided using cell Phone You might have avoided using cell Phone He might have reduced the speed of the vehicle He might have reduced the speed of the vehicle

You might have stopped the children from entering water You might have stopped the children from entering water

7. Shall - Uses

1. Future Action (I, we)

E.g.:

E.g.: I shall come tomorrowI shall come tomorrow We Shall talk to sir after the class We Shall talk to sir after the class

2. Voluntary Help (I, we)

E.g.:

E.g.: Shall I help youShall I help you Shall we assist them Shall we assist them

Shall we arrange the chairs Properly Shall we arrange the chairs Properly

3. Promise (You, he, she, it,

3. Promise (You, he, she, it, they)they)

E.g.:

E.g.: You shall get consolation Prize for 100 percent attendanceYou shall get consolation Prize for 100 percent attendance She shall get Promotion this time

She shall get Promotion this time

4. Warning (You, he, she, it,

4. Warning (You, he, she, it, they)they)

E.g.:

E.g.: Those who take four leaves shall not be allowed attend he remaining classesThose who take four leaves shall not be allowed attend he remaining classes

Those who wear tea shirts with some writing on it shall not be allowed to attend the class Those who wear tea shirts with some writing on it shall not be allowed to attend the class

5. Threatening (scaring by criminals) (You, he,

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E.g.:

E.g.: The passengers shall be killed one by one, if our conditions are not fulfilled in 24The passengers shall be killed one by one, if our conditions are not fulfilled in 24 hours

hours (*Screem

(*Screem – – Shouting Loudly)Shouting Loudly)

8.

8. Should or “Ought to”

Should or “Ought to”

1. Duty

E.g.:

E.g.: The soldiers should Protect our countryThe soldiers should Protect our country

2. Obligation

E.g.:

E.g.: We should respect othersWe should respect others

We should maintain silence in the Prayer hall We should maintain silence in the Prayer hall

3. Reference or Recommendation

E.g.:

E.g.: You should advanced learners dictionary by oxfordYou should advanced learners dictionary by oxford She should see a dermatologist

She should see a dermatologist

4. Suggestion (Related to work)

E.g.:

E.g.: You should arrange the classYou should arrange the class

The builder should increase the size of the rooms The builder should increase the size of the rooms

5. Advice (related to a person or Person health

E.g.:

E.g.: You should take care of your healthYou should take care of your health He should mind his language

He should mind his language

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