29/09/09
HISTORICAL TRIPOS PART I:
PAPER 13
FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE
MIDDLE AGES 31BC - AD 900
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Professor P D A Garnsey and Professor Rosamond McKitterick
revised by Dr P A V Sarris and Dr E Screen
Faculty of History, University of Cambridge
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The course opens with the fall of the Roman Republic and the establishment of a new system of rule under the first emperor, Augustus. The nature of that rule - provincial government, the imperial cult, the presentation of imperial power - is central to any understanding of the first two centuries AD. Why were some emperors (Caligula, Nero, Commodus) viewed as "bad", while others (Augustus, Trajan, Marcus Aurelius) were praised for their virtues? The course also examines the economic and social history of the Empire, looking in particular at the absorption of Greek culture by the Roman elite, at slavery, and at early Christianity. It then moves on to consider the extent to which this 'old world' of the early Empire survived the upheavals of the so-called Third Century Crisis and the impact of the reforms of both Diocletian and the Christian emperor Constantine. The theme of change is central for a consideration of the rise of Christianity in the fourth and fifth centuries and for understanding the shift in government to a more highly centralised and ceremonial monarchy. This is an often unsettling journey through a late-Antique world of distant god-like emperors, wild ascetic holy men, great saints, excitable virgins, charismatic heretics, oppressive bureaucrats and violent barbarians. The last named are significant. In looking at the so-called "decline and fall" of the Roman Empire, it is important to ask why the empire "fell" in the West but survived largely intact in the East.
The middle part of the course concentrates on the period from the fifth to the eighth centuries. The fading away of the structures of the Roman state in the West in the fifth century led to the emergence of various 'barbarian' successor kingdoms, each influenced to a greater or lesser extent by Roman institutions, but also by the social traditions and martial culture of the 'barbarian' newcomers. The different kingdoms are examined, as too is the position of the popes in Rome. At the same time, consideration is given to the history of the surviving eastern Empire with its capital at Constantinople. Justinian's attempts to restore the fortunes of the empire through internal reform and wars of reconquest are studied, as too is the social and economic history of the Mediterranean world at this time, which witnessed the first great outbreak of bubonic plague. The difficulties faced by the emperors of Constantinople in the late sixth century, the impact of warfare first with Persia, and then with an expansionist Islamic foe, and the response of the eastern, or 'Byzantine', empire to this phenomenon in the form of 'iconoclasm' are addressed. Consideration is given to the emergence of a vibrant and distinctive Islamic culture in the lands conquered by the Arabs.
The latter part of the paper covers part of the period of Frankish and Carolingian dominance in western Europe in the eighth and ninth centuries, a time of remarkable political and cultural coherence, combined with crucial, very diverse and formative developments in every sphere of life. A principal focus is the expansion of Frankish rule eastwards and southwards into Germany, Italy and Spain, and the rise of the Carolingians under Pippin III, Charlemagne, Louis the Pious and Charles the Bald, an unbroken line of succession in the male line. Their interaction within the realms with the aristocracy, the church and the female members of their elite groups, as well as with external rivals and enemies such as the Vikings, the Slavs and Byzantium, is examined. Social adjustments, economic change and the establishment of a distinctive intellectual and cultural tradition in western Europe that drew strongly on the Roman past throughout the period from the fourth century onwards, are explored in relation to the wealth and variety of primary sources surviving from this period. Among the written sources - narrative, legislative, legal, epistolary and poetic - there is much now available in English translation. There are also many other categories of historical evidence exploited, such as archaeology, artefacts, architecture, art and coinage.
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CONTENTS
31 BC - c.AD 250
Augustus 4 The Emperor in the Roman World 4 Provincial Administration 4 The Imperial Cult 5 Roman religion and other religions 5 Frontiers of the Roman Empire 5 Gender and Sexuality 5 Slavery 6 The Economy 6 Literacy
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Historiography (espec.Tacitus) 7 Rome and the East
c.250 - c. 430
(for those beginning the paper in 31 BC)
General 8 From Principate to Dominate 8 Emperor, court and the imperial ideology 8 Late Roman administration 8 The Christianization of the Empire 9 Heresy and Schism 9 Monasticism 9 The Countryside 10
Late antiquity
(4th - 6th centuries - for those beginning the paper here)
Sources 11 Imperial Government 11 Christianity and Paganism 12 Provincial Economy and Society 13 Literary Culture 13 Visual Arts 14
The Early Medieval World c.450-900
General works 15 Sources 15 The Byzantine Empire (Sixth and Seventh
centuries) 18 The Byzantine Empire (Eighth and Ninth
centuries) 20 The World of Early Islam 21 Slavs and Central and Eastern Europe 22 Barbarian Settlement 24 Ostrogothic Italy 26 Visigoths 27 Muslim and Northern Spain in the Eighth,
Ninth and Tenth Centuries 29
Burgundians 30 Alemans 31
Vandals 32
The Early Medieval World contd
Lombards 33 Byzantine Italy and the Papacy to 751 34 Ostrogoths and Lombards 35 The Franks to 751 36 The Frankish Church 39 Saints 40 The Emergence of the Carolingians 41 Carolingian Italy 44 The Carolingian Empire 46 The Papacy and the Franks (c. 700-900) 47 The Carolingian Church 48 The Carolingian Empire - Ideal,
Ideology and Reality 49 The Frankish Aristocracy 51 The Treaty of Verdun and its
consequences 52 Vikings in Francia 54 Ninth Century Political Thought 56 Carolingian Inauguration Rituals
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Law 59
Charters and Legal Practice 60 Women 62 Economic and Social issues 64 Culture and Intellectual Developments 66 The Carolingian Renaissance 67 Einhard and Carolingian Historiography 69 Music 71 Latin Canon Law 500-900 72 Carolingian Thought 73 Grammar 75 Book Production and the development
of Script 76 Early Medieval Art 78
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A. THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 31 BC-AD 250
NOTE: For most of the following items, relevant recent treatments will be found in Cambridge Ancient History, vol.X, 2nd ed.(31BC-AD69) and vol. XI 2nd ed.
AUGUSTUS
P.A. Brunt & J.A. Moore, Res. Gestae Divi Augusti: The Achievements of the Divine Augustus corr.ed., 1970
---, 'The role of the Senate in the Augustan regime', Classical Q 34 (1984) 423-44. J. Elsner, 'Cult and Sculpture: Sacrifice in the Ara Pacis Augustae', J. of Roman Studies
81 (1991) 50-61
W. Eck The Age of Augustus (2003)
F. Millar, 'Triumvirate and Principate' J. of Roman Studies 63 (1973) 50-67 --- and E. Segal ed., Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects corr. ed., Oxford, 1990
A. Powell ed., Roman Poetry and Propaganda in the Age of Augustus Bristol Classical Press, 1992
K.A. Raaflaub and M. Toher ed., Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and his Principate 1990
D. Shotter, Augustus Caesar London, 1991 R. Syme, The Roman Revolution 1939 A. Wallace-Hadrill, Augustan Rome 1993
P. Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus trans. A. Shapiro, 1988 D. Favro The urban image of Augustan Rome Cambridge 1996
K. Galinsky Augustan culture: an interpretive introduction Princeton, 1996 Cambridge Ancient History 2nd ed. Vol X The Augustan Empire, 43 BC- AD 69
(ed. A.K. Bowman, E. Champlin, A. Lintott) 1996 ch. 2-3.
K. Galinsky ed., The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus, 2005
THE EMPEROR IN THE ROMAN WORLD
J. Elsner & J. Masters, Reflections of Nero: Culture, History and Representation London, 1994 P. Garnsey & R. Saller, The Early Principate: Augustus to Trajan Greece & Rome New
Surveys in the Classics 15, Oxford, 1982
---, The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture London, 1978 F. Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World: 31 B.C. - A.D. 337 2nd ed., London, 1992
with K. Hopkins, 'Rules of Evidence', J. of Roman Studies 68 (1978) 178-86 P. Veyne, Bread and Circuses: Historical Sociology and Political Pluralism trans.
B. Pierce, ed. O. Murray, Penguin Books, 1992
A. Wallace-Hadrill, Suetonius: The Scholar and his Caesars London, 1983 --- ed., Patronage in Ancient Society London, 1989
---, 'The Emperor and his Virtues', Historia 30 (1981) 298-319
PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION
D.Braund, ed., Administration of the Roman Empire (241 BC-AD 193).(1988)
P.A.Brunt, "Charges of Provincial Maladministration...", Historia 10 (1961), 189-227 (= Roman Imperial Themes (1990), ch.4)
G.P.Burton, "Proconsuls, Assizes and the Administration of Justice under the Empire", Jl.Rom.Stud. 65 (1975), 92-106
P.Garnsey and R.Saller, The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture (1989), Pt.1
P.Garnsey and C.R.Whittaker, ed., Imperialism in the Ancient World (1978), chs. by Garnsey ,"The North African Empire" and Nutton,"The Beneficial Ideology"
B.Levick, The Government of the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook. (1985) A.Lintott, Imperium Romanum: Politics and Administration (1993)
R.MacMullen, Enemies of the Roman Order:Treason, Unrest and Alienation in the Empire (1966 repr.1992)
F.Millar, 'The Emperor, the Senate and the Provinces", Jl.Rom.Stud. 56 (1966), 156-66 F.Millar, The Roman Empire and its Neighbours (2nd ed. 1981)
F.Millar, "Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Status", Jl.Rom.Stud. 73 (1983), 76-96
R.E.Sherk, The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian. Translated Docs. of Greece and Rome 6 (1988)
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J.R.Fears, Princeps a diis electus: The Divine Election of the Emperor as a Political Concept at Rome
(1977)
D.Fishwick, The Imperial Cult in the Latin West.. Etudes Préliminaires aux religions orientales...108, vols. I.1-2, II.1-2 (1987-92)
I. Gradel Emperor Worship and Roman Religion (2004)
K. Hopkins Conquerors and Slaves (1978) ch.5.
S.Price, "Between man and God: Sacrifice in the Roman imperial cult", Jl.Rom.Stud. 70(1980), 28-43 S.Price, Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor (1984)
S.Price, "From noble funerals to divine cult: the consecration of Roman emperors", in D.Cannadine and S.Price, edd., Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies (1987), at 56-105
R.R.R.Smith, "The Imperial reliefs from the Sebasteion at Aphrodisias", Jl.Rom.Stud. 77 (1987), 88- 138
ROMAN RELIGION AND OTHER RELIGIONS
T.Barnes, "Legislation against the Christians", Jl.RomSt.58 (1968), 32-50
M.Beard, J.North and S.Price, Religions of Rome (1998). 2 vols: history and sourcebook H.Chadwick, The Early Church (1973)
P.Garnsey, "Religious Toleration in classical antiquity", in W.J.Sheils, ed., Persecution and
Toleration: Studies in Church History, vol.21 (1984), 1-28
K. Hopkins A World Full of Gods (1999) Lane-Fox, R. Pagans and Christians (1986)
J.H.W.G.Liebeschuetz, Continuity and Change in Roman Religion (1979) R.MacMullen, Paganism in the Roman Empire (1981)
R.MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire, AD 100-400 (1984)
J.North, "Religion and Politics: from Republic to Principate", Jl.Rom.Stud.76 (1986), 251-8 J.B. Rives Religion in the Roman Empire (2007)
T.Rajak, Josephus: the historian and his society (1983) E.M.Smallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule (1976)
G.E.M. de Ste Croix, "Why were the early Christians persecuted?", in M.I.Finley, ed., Studies in
Ancient Society (1974),210-49,256-62
G.Vermes, Jesus the Jew (1973)
FRONTIERS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
P.A.Brunt, "Laus Imperii", in Garnsey and Whittaker, ed, Imperialism in the ancient world (1978), 159-92
B.Isaac, The Limits of Empire. The Roman Army in the East (1990. Rev.ed.1995) A.D.Lee, Information and Frontiers: Roman foreign relations in late antiquity (1993)
E.N.Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire (1976)(Reviewed by Mann, Jl Rom.St 69 (1979), 175-83
J.C.Mann, "The frontiers of the Principate", in Temporini, ed., Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römische
Welt, II.1 508-531
M.Todd, The Northern Barbarians 100 BC- AD300. Rev. ed. (1987)
C.R.Whittaker, Frontiers of the Roman Empire (1994) and Rome and Its Frontiers: The Dynamic of
Empire(2004)
W. Pohl, I. Wood and H. Reimitz (eds), The Transformation of Frontiers from late Antiquity to the
Carolingians (Leiden, 2001)
F. Curta (ed.), Borders, barriers and ethnogenesis: Frontiers in late Antiquity and the early middle
ages (Turnhout, 2006)
Whittaker’s work in particular, however, needs to be revised in the light of G. Greatrex ‘Roman Frontiers and Foreign Policy in the East’ in R. Alston and S. Lieu (ed.) Aspects of the Roman East: Papers in Honour
of Professor Fergus Millar published as Studia Antiqua Australiensia 3 (2007)
GENDER AND SEXUALITY
M.Beard, "The Sexual Status of Vestal Virgins", Jl.Rom.Stud. 70 (1980), 12-27 S. de Beauvoir, The Second Sex ( 1949; Penguin 1972)
P.Brown, The Body and Society (1988)
G.Clark, Women in the Late Roman World (1993)
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S.Dixon, The Roman Mother (1988)
C. Edwards The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (1993) R. FlemmingMedicine amd the Making of Roman Women (2000) M.Foucault, History of Sexuality, vols. I-III (Penguin)
J.Gardner, Women in Roman law and society (1986)
M.Lefkowitz and M.Fant, Women's Life in Greece and Rome (1982). Sourcebook. S.Pomeroy, Goddesses, whores, wives and slaves: women in classical antiquity (1975) A.Rousselle, Porneia: on desire and thebody in antiquity (1988)
J.W.Scott, "Gender: a useful category of historical analysis", Am.Hist.Rev. 95.5 ( Dec. 1986), 1053-76 M. B. Skinner Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture (2005)
SLAVERY
K.R.Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome (1994)
K.R.Bradley, Slaves and Masters in the Roman Empire (1984) M.I.Finley, Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology(1980)
L.Foxhall, "The dependent tenant", Jl.Rom.Stud. 80 (1990), 97-114 P.Garnsey, Cities, Peasants and Food (1998), chs.2 & 8
P.Garnsey, Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine (1996)
W.V.Harris, "Towards a study of the Roman slave trade ", in J.H.d'Arms and E.C.Kopff, edd., The Seaborne Commerce of Ancient Rome (1980), 117 ff. K.Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves (1978), ch.1
K.Hopkins, "Novel Evidence for Roman Slavery", Past and Present 138 (1993), 3-27 D.Rathbone, "The Slave mode of production in Italy", Jl.Rom.Stud.73 (1983), 160-8
W.Scheidel, "Quantifying the sources of slaves in the early Roman empire", JRS 87 (1997), 156-69 T.Wiedemann, Slavery. Greece and Rome New Surveys...19 (1987)
T.Wiedemann, Greek and Roman Slavery (1981). Sourcebook
Much of the above needs to be revised in the light of K. Harper ‘The Greek Census Inscriptions of Late Antiquity’, Journal of Roman Studies 98 (2008) pp. 83-119.
GLADIATORS
Roland Auguet Cruelty and Civilization – The Roman Games (paris, 1970, English translation 1994) Thomas Weidemann Emperors and Gladiators (1992)
THE ECONOMY
W. Scheidel, Ian Morris and Richard Saller (ed.) The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman
World (Cambridge, 2008) contains useful essays on many topics.
Ian Morris and J.G. Manning The Ancient Economy – Evidence and Models (Stanford, 2005) – important. R.P.Duncan-Jones, Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy (1990)
R.P.Duncan-Jones, Money and Government in the Roman Empire (1994) M.I.Finley, The Ancient Economy. 2nd ed. 1985
P.Garnsey, Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World: Responses to Risk and Crisis (1988)
P.Garnsey and R. Saller, The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture (1989),Part II P.Garnsey ( ed. W.Scheidel), Cities, Peasants and Food (1998)
K.Greene, The Archaeology of the Roman Economy (1986)
K.Hopkins, "Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire (200 BC-AD 400), Jl.Rom.Stud. 70 (1980), 101- 25.
Hopkins, "Introduction", in P.Garnsey, K.Hopkins and C.R.Whittaker, ed., Trade in the Ancient Economy (1983)
K.Hopkins, 'Models, ships and staples", in P.Garnsey and C.R.Whittaker, ed. Trade and Famine, 84-109 (1983)
K.Hopkins, "Rome, taxes, rents and trade", Kodai 6/7 (1995/96), 41-75
C.Howgego, "The supply and use of money in the Roman world", Jl. Rom.Stud.82 (1992) W. Jongman Economy and Society of Pompei (1988)
F.Meijer and O.van Nijf, Trade, Transport and Society in the Ancient World. A Sourcebook.(1992) C.R.Whittaker, " Trade and Aristocracy in the Roman Empire", Opus 4 (1985), 1-27
C.R.Whittaker, ed., Pastoral Economies in Classical Antiquity. (1988) J. Bananji Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity (Oxford, 2001)
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LITERACY
M.Beard, "Writing and Ritual: A Study in Diversity and Expansion in the Arval Acta", Pap.
Brit.Sch.Rome 53 (1985), 114-162
M.Beard et al. Literacy in the Roman World. Jl.Rom.Arch. Suppl.Ser.No.3 (1991) E.E.Best, "Literacy and Roman Voting", Historia 23 (1974), 428-38
A.D.Booth, "Elementary and secondary education in the Roman empire", Florilegium 1 (1979), 1-14 A.K.Bowman and G.D.Woolf, ed., Literacy and Power in the Ancient World (1994)
J.Goody and I.Watt, "The consequences of literacy", in J.Goody, ed., Literacy in Traditional Societies (1989)
W.V.Harris, Ancient Literacy (1989)
E. Meyer, Legitimacy and law in the Roman world: tabulae in Roman belief and practice (Cambridge, 2005)
HISTORIOGRAPHY, ESPEC.TACITUS
C.-J.Classen, "Tacitus - Historian between Republic and Principate", Mnemosyne 41 (1988), 93-116 F.R.D.Goodyear, Tacitus. Greece and Rome New Surveys in the Classics (1970)
J.Henderson, "Tacitus/the World in Pieces", Ramus 18 (1989), 69-210
E.Keitel, "Principate and Civil War in the Annals of Tacitus", Am.Jl.Phil. 105 (1984), 306-25
T.J.Luce, "Tacitus' Conception of Historical Change: the Problem of Discovering the Historian's Opinions", in I.S.Moxon, J.D.Smart and A.J.Woodman, ed., Past Perspectives: Studies in Greek and Roman Historical
Writing (1986), 143-57
R.Martin, Tacitus (1981) R.Mellor, Tacitus (1993)
P.Plass, Wit and the Writing of History: the Rhetoric of Historiography in Imperial Rome (1988) A.Wallace-Hadrill, Suetonius: The scholar and his Caesars (1983)
B.Williams, "Reading Tacitus' Tiberian annals", Ramus 18 (1989), 140-66
A.J.Woodman, Rhetoric in Classical Historiography: Four Studies (1988) and Tacitus Reviewed (1988) A.J. Woodman and C. Kraus Greece and Rome Surveys: Latin Historians (1988)
ROME AND THE EAST
Alcock, S. E. (ed.). The Early Roman Empire in the East (Oxford, 1997)
Ando, C. Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2000) Beard, M., North, J., Price, S. Religions of Rome (Cambridge, 1998)
Bowman, A.K. et al. Representations of Empire: Rome and the Mediterranean World (London, 2002) Butcher, K. Roman Syria and the Near East (London, 2003)
Eliav, Y. Z. ‘Jews and Judaism 70-429CE’, in A Companion to the Roman Empire. Ed. D. S. Potter (Oxford, 2006)
Garnsey, P.D.A & Whittaker, C.R. Imperialism in the Ancient World (Cambridge, 1978)
Goldhill, S. (ed.). Being Greek under Rome: The Second Sophistic, Cultural Conflict and the Development of the Roman Empire (Cambridge, 2001)
Gradel, I. Emperor Worship and Roman Religion (Oxford, 2002)
Harris, W. V. (ed.). The Spread of Christianity in the first four centuries: Essays in Interpretation
(Leiden, 2005)
Impact of Empire series: The Transformation of Economic Life under the Roman Empire (2002), The Representation and Perception of Roman Imperial Power (2003), Roman Rule and Civic Life (2004), The Impact of Imperial Rome on Religions, Ritual and Religious Life in the Roman Empire (2006)
Isaac, B. The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East. Revised Edn (Oxford 1993) Matten, S.P. Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate (Berkeley, 1999) Millar, F. The Roman Near East 39BC-AD337 (Cambridge, Mass., 1993)
Millar, F. Rome, the Greek World, and the East (Chapel Hill and London, 2002-06) Price, S. Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor (Cambridge, 1984) Price, S. Religions of the Ancient Greeks (Cambridge 1999)
Salomies, O. The Greek East in the Roman Context (Helsinki, 1999) Sartre, M. The Middle East under Rome (Cambridge, Mass., 2005)
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Sherk, R. K. Rome and the Greek East to the Death of Augustus (Cambridge, 1984) Sherk, R. K. The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian (Cambridge, 1988)
Sidebottom, H. Ancient Warfare: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2005)
Swain, S. Hellenism and Empire: Language, Classicism, and Power in the Greek World AD 50-250 (Oxford, 1996)
Swain, S., Edwards, M. (eds). Approaching Late Antiquity: The Transformation from Early to Late Empire (Oxford, 2004)
Whitmarsh, T. The Second Sophistic. Greece & Rome New Surveys in the Classics no. 35 (Oxford, 2005) Whittaker, C. R. Frontiers of the Roman Empire: A Social and Economic Study (Baltimore and London,
1994)
B THE LATE ROMAN EMPIRE c.250-430
GENERAL AND INTRODUCTORY
A.H.M.Jones, Later Roman Empire (1964) P.Brown, The Making of Late Antiquity (1978)
Averil Cameron, The Later Roman Empire, AD 284-430 (1993)
Averil Cameron, The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, AD 395-600 (1993)
Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron and Peter Garnsey (eds), The Cambridge Ancient History Volume XII
– The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337. Second edition (Cambridge, 2005)
Averil Cameron and Peter Garnsey (ed.), The Cambridge Ancient History Volume XIII - The Late
Empire, A.D. 337-425 (Cambridge, 1998)
Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins and Michael Whitby (ed.), The Cambridge Ancient History
Volume XIV - Late Antiquity: Empires and Successors, A.D. 425-600 (Cambridge, 2000)
G. Bowersock, P. Brown and O. Grabar, Late Antiquity - A guide to the post-classical world (Cambridge, Mass. 1999)
Cyril Mango (ed.), The Oxford History of Byzantium (Oxford 2002)
P. Garnsey and C. Humphress, The Evolution of the Late Antique World (Cambridge, 2001) P. Heather The Fall of Rome (2005)
S. Swain and M. Edwards (ed.) Approaching Late Antiquity: The Transformation from Early to Late Empire (Oxford, 2004)
B. Ward-Perkins The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization (2005)
FROM PRINCIPATE TO DOMINATE
G.Alföldy, "The Crisis of the third century as seen by contemporaries", Gk, Rom & Byz. Stud. 15 (1974), 89-112
R.MacMullen, Roman Government's Response to Crisis AD 235-337(1976) D.S.Potter, Prophecy and History in the Crisis of the Roman Empire, ch.1 (1990)
T.Lewit, Agricultural Production in the Roman Economy, Brit.Arch.Rep.,Intern. Ser. 568 (1991), 1-36 T.D.Barnes, The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine (1982)
T. D. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius (1981) R.MacMullen, Constantine (1969)
D.S. Potter The Roman Empire at Bay (2004)
J.L.Teall, "The Age of Constantine", Dumbarton Oaks Papers 21 (1967), 11ff. S.Williams, Diocletian and the Roman Recovery (1985)
R. Rees Diocletian and the Tetrarchy (Edinburgh, 2004)
N. Lenski (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine (2006)
EMPEROR, COURT AND IMPERIAL IDEOLOGY
G.Downey, "Themistius' First Oration", Gk, Rn. and Byz. Stud 1 (1958), 49-69
H.A.Drake, In Praise of Constantine: A Historical Study and New Translation of Eusebius' Triennial
Orations (1975)
S.Lieu, ed., The Emperor Julian, Panegyric and Polemic (1986), 14-35
S.G.MacCormack, "Latin Prose Panegyrics", in T.A.Dorey, ed., Empire and Aftermath: Silver Latin
II (1975), 143-205
C.E.V. Nixon and B.Saylor, In Praise of late Roman Emperors: the Panegyrici Latini: introd., transl.
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W.T.Avery, "The Adoratio purpurae", Mem.Amer.Acad.Rome 17 (1940), 66ff P.Brown, Power and Persuasion, ch.1 and 134-6, 154-8
S.G.MacCormack, Art and Ceremony in Late Antiquity (1981)
S.G.MacCormack, "Change and continuity in late antiquity: the ceremony of Adventus", Historia 21 (1972), 721-52
J.F.Matthews, The Roman Empire of Ammianus Marcellinus (1989), ch.11 A.D.Nock, "The emperor's divine comes" , Jl. Rom.Stud.37 (1947), 101-116
Ch. Rouché, "Acclamation in the Late Roman Empire", Jl.Rom.Stud 74 (1984), 181-99 R. Rees, Layers of Loyalty: Latin Panegyric AD 289-307 (Oxford, 2002)
C.Walden, "The Tetrarchic Image", Oxf.Jl.Arch.9 (1990), 221-36
LATE ROMAN ADMINISTRATION
Codex Theodosianus (Transl. C. Pharr), espec. chs. 6-8
Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, vols 1-2 (ed. Jones etc; Martindale)
C.Kelly, in CAH XIII
C. Kelly, Ruling the Later Roman Empire (2004)
W.Liebeschuetz, "Government and administration in the later Empire" in J.Wacher, ed., The Roman
World (1987)
R.MacMullen, Changes in the Roman Empire (1990) R.MacMullen, Corruption and Decline of Rome (1988)
J.F.Matthews, Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court (1975) J.F.Matthews, The Roman Empire of Ammianus Marcellinus, ch.12 F.S.Pedersen, Late Roman Public Professionalism (1976)
CHRISTIANIZATION OF THE EMPIRE
P.Athanassiadi, Julian: An Intellectual Biography (1992) G.Bowersock, Hellenism in late Antiquity (1990)
P.Brown, Power and Persuasion in late antiquity (1992), ch.4 P.Brown, in CAH XIII
A.Cameron, Christianity and the Rhetoric of Empire (1991)
H.Chadwick, "Conversion in Constantine the Great", in D.Baker, ed., Religious Motivation... (1978) P.Chuvin, A Chronicle of the Last Pagans ( 1990)
B.Croke and J.Harries, ed., Religious conflict in fourth century Rome (1982) (documents) G.Fowden, The Egyptian Hermes, esp. 126-134
R.MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire, AD 100-400 (1984) R.Markus, The End of Ancient Christianity (1990)
F.R.Trombley, "Paganism in the Greek World at the end of Antiquity: the Case of Rural Anatolia and Greece", Harv. Theol. Rev. 78 ( 1985), 327-52
F.R.Trombley, Hellenic Religion and Christianisation, c. 370-529 vol.1 (1993)
HERESY AND SCHISM
P.Brown, Religion and Society in the age of Augustine (1972) (Manichees,Pelagians, Donatists) H.Chadwick, Priscillian of Avila (1976)
E.A.Clarke,The Origenist Controversy: the cultural construction of an early Christian debate (1993)
W.Frend, The Donatist Church (1952)
J.N.D.Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines (1958)(for reference)
S.Lieu, Manichaeism in the Late Roman Empire and in Medieval China (2nd ed. 1991) J-L.Maier, le dossier de Donatisme (1989)
B.R.Rees, Pelagius: A Reluctant Heretic (1988)
R.van Dam, Leadership and Community in Late Antique Gaul (1985), 78-114 R.D.Williams, Arius, Heresy and Tradition (1987)
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MONASTICISM
Athanasius, Life of Antony (transl. in R.Gregg, Athanasius (1980)) E.A.Clark, The Life of Melania the Younger (1984)
E.Davies and W.H.Baynes, Three Byzantine Saints (1948) Palladius, The Lausiac History, ed. C.Butler
Theodoret, History of the Monks of Syria (transl.R.Price(1985)) B.Ward, Harlots of the Desert (1987)
P.Brown, "The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity", Jl.Rom.Stud.61 (1971), 80-101 (repr. in Society and the Holy in late antiquity (1982)
P.Brown, Body and Society in late antiquity (1988) P.Brown, The cult of the saints (1981)
P.Brown, Power and Persuasion (1992), ch.3
D. Caner, Wandering, Begging Monks: Spiritual Authority and the Promotion of Monasticism in Late
Antiquity (Berkeley, 2002)
D.J.Chitty, The Desert, a City (1966)
E.A.Clarke, Ascetic Piety and Women's Faith (1986)
M. Dunn, The Emergence of Monasticism: From the Desert Fathers to the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 2000)
G.Lawless, St. Augustine and the Monastic Rule (1987)
Ph.Rousseau, Pachomius:the making of a community in fourth century Egypt (1985) Ph.Rousseau, Basil of Caesarea (1994)
G.Fowden, "The Pagan Holy Man in late antique society", Jl. Hell. Stud. 102 (1982), 33-59 C. Rapp Holy Bishops in Late Antiquity (Berkeley, 2005)
THE COUNTRYSIDE
C.R.Whittaker and P.Garnsey, in CAH XIII(1998)
J. Banaji, Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity - Gold, Labour and Aristocractic Dominance (Oxford, 2001) (2nd edition 2007)
W. Bowden, L. Lavan abd C. Machado (ed) Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside (Leiden, 2004)
N. Christie (ed.) Landscapes in Transition (2005) P.Garnsey, in Cities, Peasants and Food, ch. 9 (1998)
M.I.Finley, Review of A.E.R.Boak, Manpower Shortage and the Decline of the Roman Empire
in the West (1955), Jl.Rom.Stud.48 (1958).
M.I.Finley, in Finley, ed. Studies in Roman Society (1974)
A.H.M.Jones, "The Roman colonate", in The Roman Economy (1974) M.I.Finley, Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology (1980), ch.4
T.Lewit, Agricultural Production in the Roman Economy, Brit.Arch.Rep. Intern.Ser.568 R.MacMullen, "Late Roman Slavery", in Changes in the Roman Empire, ch.23
D.Rathbone, Economic Rationalism and Rural Society in Third Century Egypt (1991) C.R.Whittaker, Land, City and Trade in the Roman Empire (1993), ch.3
N. Christie (ed.) Landscspes in Transition (2004)
W. Bowden, L. Lavan and C. Machado (ed.), Recent Reseaerch on the Late Antique Countryside (Leiden, 2004)
T. Lewit, “Vanishing Villas: What Happened to Elite Rural Habitations in the West in the 5th and 6th Centuries AD” Journal of Roman Archaeology 16 (2003)
P. Sarris, “The Origins of the Manorial Economy: New Insights from Late Antiquity” English Historical
Review CXIX 481 (2004)
P. Sarris Economy and Society in the Age of Justinian (2006)
C. Grey ‘Contextualising Colonatus: the Origo of the Late Roman Empire’, JRS 97 (2007) – needs to be read in the light of the criticisms contained in:
B. Sirks ‘The Colonate in Justinian’s Reign’, JRS 98 (2008)
M. Decker Tilling the Hateful Earth: Agriculture in the Late Antique East (Oxford, 2009) P. Sarris ‘Aristocrats, Peasants, and the State, 300-900’, Journal of Agrarian Change 9.1 (2009).
11
LATE ANTIQUITY - FOURTH TO SIXTH CENTURIES
Fourth to Sixth Centuries
Please note: many of these references are relevant for both the late Roman Empire c.250-c.450 and the early medieval period.
Sources (General)
M. Maas Readings in Late Antiquity – A Sourcebook (London, 2000) – an invaluable digest for late Roman and Byzantine studies.
Ammianus Marcellinus History tr. J.C. Rolfe (Cambridge Mass, 1935) – also available in Penguin Classics translated by Andrew Wallace-Hadrill
Aurelius Victor De Caesaribus tr. H.W. Bird (Liverpool, 1994) Eutropius Breviarium tr. H.W. Bird (Liverpool, 1993)
E.A. Thompson (ed.) and B. Flower (tr.) A Roman Reformer and Innovator (1952)
Secondary (General)
A.H.M. Jones The Later Roman Empire (3 Vols., Oxford, 1964) – a work of monumental scholarship
E. Stein Histoire du Bas Empire (2 Vols, Paris, 1949) – undoubtedly the best narrative guide to this period. Otherwise, there remains much of value in J.B. Bury History of the Later Roman Empire (2 Vols, Cambridge, 1926)
P.R.L. Brown The World of Late Antiquity (London, 1971) – a seductive read
Averil Cameron The Later Roman Empire (London, 1993) and The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity (London,1993)
Roger Collins Early Medieval Europe 300-1000 (London, 1991) – especially good for the early period
Much excellent material is to be found in Averil Cameron and Peter Garnsey (eds) The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. XIII – The Late Empire A.D. 337-425 (Cambridge 1998)
Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins and Michael Whitby (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume XIV Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425-600 (Cambridge, 2000) See also Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron and Peter Garnsey (eds), The Cambridge Ancient History
Volume XII – The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337. Second edition (Cambridge, 2005) G. W. Bowersock, P.R.L. Brown, and O Graber (eds.) Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Post-
Classical World (Princeton, 1999) is of uneven quality.
C. Mango (ed.), The Oxford History of Byzantium (Oxford, 2002) - see chapter one by P. Sarris. P. Garnsey and C. Humphress, The Evolution of the Late Antique World (Cambridge, 2001)
Imperial Government (sources)
C. Pharr (tr.) The Theodosian Code (New York,1952) – our major collection of evidence R.A.B. Mynors, C.E.V. Nixon, B.S. Rogers (tr) In Praise of Later Roman Emperors (London,
1994) – panegyrical compositions
C.E.V. Nixon (tr.) Pacatus, Panegyric to the Emperor Theodosius (Liverpool, 1987) S. Corcoran, The Empire of the Tetrarchs (Oxford, 1996)
N.E. Lenski, Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D. (Berkeley, 2002)
Secondary
In addition to works listed above, see:
M. Rostovtzeff Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire (2 Vols, 2nd edn revised by P.M. Fraser, Oxford 1957)
F. Millar The Emperor in the Roman World(London, 1977) and The Roman Empire and its Neighbours (London, 1971)
A.M. Honoré Law and the Crisis of Empire 379-455 A.D. (Oxford, 1998) – crucial insights into the Theodosian Code and its context
J.F. Matthews Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court (Oxford, 1976) and The Roman Empire of Ammianus Marcellinus (1989)
12
M. McCormick Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium and the Early Medieval West (Cambridge, 1986)
P.R.L. Brown Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity (Madison, 1992) and ‘The World of Late Antiquity Revisited Symbolae Osloenses 72 (1997) – a useful collection Alan Cameron Claudian (Oxford, 1970)
W.H.G. Liebeschutz Barbarians and Bishops: Army, Church and State in the Age of Arcadius and Chrysostom (Oxford, 1990)
J. Harris and I.N. Wood (eds.), The Theodosian Code (1993) C.R. Whittaker Frontiers of the Roman Empire (1994) C. Kelly, Ruling the Later Roman Empire (2004)
Christianity and Paganism (sources)
In addition to Ammianus (above), see:
Kirsopp Lake (tr.) Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History (Cambridge Mass, 1974) Averil Cameron (ed and tr.) Eusebius – The Life of Constantine (Oxford, 1999)
Both of the above can also be found translated by A.C. McGivert and E.C. Richardson in the Select Library of the post-Nicene Fathers, 2nd Series I – in which you will also find Constantine’s Oration to the Assembly of the Saints
J.L. Creed (ed and tr.) De Mortibus Persecutorum (Liverpool, 1984)
A.D. Lee, Pagans and Christians in Late Antiquity: A Sourcebook (London, 2000) S. Lieu and D. Montserrat From Constantine to Julian – Pagan and Byzantine Views
(London, 1996) and Constantine – History, Historiography and Legend (London, 1998) S. Lieu (tr.) The Emperor Julian , Panegyric and Polemic(Liverpool, 1984)
W.C. Wright (ed and tr.) The Works of the Emperor Julian (3 Vols. Loeb, 1913-23) R.T. Ridley (tr.) Zosimus, New History (1982)
R. S. Pine-Coffin (tr.) The Confessions of Saint Augustine (Penguin, 1961)
Augustine’s City of God – many translations available. The Loeb is best. In the same series, sample Augustine’s letters.
R. Defarri (tr.) Orosius, History Against the Pagans (Fathers of the Church Series 50, 1964) C. T. Hartanft (tr.) Socrates, Sozomen, Ecclesiastical Histories (Select Library of the post-
Nicene Fathers, 2nd series II)
G. Clark (tr.) Iamblichus, On the Pythagorian Life (Liverpool, 1989)
H. De Romestin (tr.) Saint Ambrose, Works and Select Letters (Select Library of the post- Nicene Fathers, 2nd Series, X)
J.W. and M.W. Duff Rutilius Namatianus, On His Return (Loeb, Minor Latin Poets, 1935) R. Davis (tr.) The Book of Pontiffs (Liverpool, 1989)
R.J. Deffari (ed.) ‘Life of St. Anthony by Athanasius’ in Early Christian Biographies (Fathers of the Church 15, 1952)
A.Veilleux (tr.) Pachomia Koinonia. The Lives, Rules and Other Writings of Saint Pachomius and His Disciples (3 Vols, Cistercian Studies 45-7, 1980-2 )
B. Ward (tr.) The Desert Christian : Sayings of the Desert Fathers (Cistercian Studies 34, 1980) E.C.S. Gibson (tr) The Works of Cassian (Select Library of the post-Nicene Fathers, 2nd series
XI, 1964). See in the same volume the works of Sulpicius Severus, translated by A.C. Roberts.
N. Tanner (tr.) The Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils (2 Vols, London, 1990)
R. Price and M. Gaddis The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon (3 vols, Liverpool, 2005) Fr. O’Sullivan Salvian, On the Governance of God (Fathers of the Church, 3)
Secondary:
H. Chadwick The Early Church (London, 1967) and Priscillian of Avila (1976)
P.R.L. Brown The Rise of Western Christendom (London, 1996; 2nd ed 2003), Augustine of Hippo (1967), Religion and Society in the Age of St. Augustine (1972), Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity (1982), The Making of Late Antiquity (1978), The Cult of the Saints 1981),
The Body and Society (1988). See section on Saints at start of bibliography. J.H.G.W. Liebeschutz Continuity and Change in Roman Religion (1979)
R. Lane-Fox Pagans and Christians (1986)
E. R. Dodds Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety (1965)
A. Momigliano (ed.) The Conflict Between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century (1959) P. Athanassiadi-Fowden and M. Frede (eds.) Pagan Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Oxford, 1999)
13
N.H. Baynes ‘Constantine the Great and the Christian Church’ Proceedings of the British Academy XV (1929)
A.H.M. Jones Constantine and the Conversion of Europe (1948) T. Barnes Constantine and Eusebius (1981)
R. Krautheimer Three Christian Capitals (1983) G. W. Bowersock Julian the Apostate (1978)
M.R. Barnes and D.H. Williams (eds.) Arianism after Arius (1993) N. McGlynn Ambrose of Milan (1994)
G. Fowden From Empire to Commonwealth – Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton, 1993)
B. Ward-Perkins From Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages: Urban and Public Buildings in Northern and Central Italy (Oxford, 1984)
J.N.D. Kelly The Oxford Dictionary of Popes (Oxford, 1986), Jerome (London, 1975) and Golden-Mouth – The Story of John Chrysostom (London, 1995)
D.J. Chitty The Desert a City (London, 1966) – the best introduction to monasticism. O Chadwick John Cassian (1968)
R.A. Markus The End of Ancient Christianity ( Cambridge, 1990) A. Stanliffe St. Martin and His Hagiographer (1983)
P. Rousseau Ascetics, Authority and the Church in the Age of Jerome and Cassian (1978)
M. Dunn The Emergence of Monasticism from the Desert Fathers to the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 2000)
N. Lenski (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine (Cambridge, 2006), Section II.
Provincial Economy and Society (sources)
In addition to the Theodosian Code, see:
H.G. Evelyn White (ed and tr.) Ausonius, Works (2 Vols., Loeb 1919). See the Eucharisticon of Paulinus of Pella at the end of the second volume.
W.B. Anderson (ed and tr.) Letters and Poems of Sidonius Apollinaris (2 Vols., Loeb, 1936-65) A.F. Norman Libanius, Selected Works (2 Vols, Loeb, 1969 and 1977)
Salvian On the Governance of God – see religion above.
Secondary:
S. Dill Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire (1896)
B.H. Warmington The North African Provinces from Diocletian to the Vandal Conquest (1954) J.H.G.W. Liebeschutz Antioch, City and Imperial Administration in the Later Roman Empire (1972) S. Mitchell Anatolia, Land, Men and Gods (2 Vols, Oxford, 1992-3)
R. Bagnall Egypt in Late Antiquity (Princeton, 1993) H. Sivan Ausonius of Bordeaux (1993)
J. Drinkwater and H. Elton (eds.) Fifth-Century Gaul – A Crisis of Identity? (1992) J. Harries Sidonius Apollinaris and the Fall of Rome (1994) – still not as good as C.E.
Stevens Sidonius Apollinaris (1933)
K. Greene The Archaeology of the Roman Economy (1986)
M. Bentley Companion to Historiography (London, 1997) – see the piece by J. Banaji on agrarian history.
J. Banaji, Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity - Gold, Labour and Aristocratic Dominance (Oxford, 2001)
P. Sarris Economy and Society in the Age of Justinian (Cambridge, 2006)
M. Decker Tilling the Hateful Earth: Agriculture in the Late Antique East (Oxford, 2009) C.Rapp and M.R. Salzman (ed.), Elites in Late Antiquity (Baltimore, 2000)
R. Mathisen and D. Sanzer (ed.), Society and Culture in Late Antique Gaul: Revisiting the Sources (Aldershot, 2001).
14
Literary Culture
H. Chadwick Early Christian Thought and the Classical Tradition (1966)
H.I. Marrou Saint Augustin et la Fin de la Culture Antique (Paris, 1949) – vital reading.
A. Kaster Guardians of Language. The Grammarian and Society in Late Antiquity (Berkeley, 1988) J.W. Binns (ed.) Latin Literature of the Fourth Century (1974)
C.Auerbach (tr. R. Manheim) Literary Language and its Public in Late Latin Antiquity and the Middle Ages (1965)
Visual Arts
R. Milburn Early Christian Art and Architecture (1988) R. Krautheimer Early Christian Art and Architecture (1965) A. Grabar The Beginnings of Christian Art (London, 1970) B. Kitzinger Byzantine Art in the Making (1971)
W. Doringo Late Roman Painting
K.M.D. Dunbabin The Mosaics of Roman North Africa (1978)
K. Weitzmann Illustration in Roll and Codex (1970) and Late Antique and Early Christian Book Illumination (1977)
C. Mango Byzantine Architecture (London, 1986)
J. Elsner Art and the Roman Viewer – The Transformation of Art from the Pagan World to Christianity (Cambridge, 1995)
15
The Early Medieval World c.450-c.900
A: General Secondary Works
For an excellent thematic over-view, see R. McKitterick (ed.), The Early Middle Ages, (Oxford, 2001) J. M. H. Smith, Europe After Rome. A New Cultural History 500-1000 (Oxford, 2005)
R. Collins, Early Medieval Europe 300-1000 (rev. ed. 1999): for a political over-view.
P. Fouracre (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume I: c. 500-c. 700 (Cambridge, 2005) R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume II: c. 700-c. 900 (Cambridge, 1995) M. Innes Introduction to Early Medieval Western Europe, 300-900 – The Sword, The Plough And the Book (2007)
B: Guides to Sources
R.C. van Caenegem, Guide to the Sources of Medieval History (Oxford 1978) L. Genicot ed., Typologie des Sources du Moyen Age Occidentale (Turnhout, 1972-)
In Reading Room in U.L., published in fascicles with separate authors, e.g. McCormick on Annals, Giles Constable on Letter Collections etc.
W. Wattenbach, W. Levison and H Lowe, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mitterlalter (Weimar, 1953)
P. Fouracre (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume I: c. 500-c. 700 (Cambridge, 2005) and R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II: c.700-c.900 (Cambridge, 1995)
contain comprehensive source and secondary bibliographies. For good discussion of the sources see also chapter 3 by Halsall in NCMH I and chapter 1 by McKitterick in NCMH II).
G Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State (Oxford, 1968), each chapter opens with a useful survey of the sources
L. Brubaker and J. Haldon, Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era (c.a. 680-850): The Sources (Aldershot, 2001)
E, Jeffreys and J. Haldon (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Byzantium (Oxford, 2008)
C: History of Scholarship
R. McKitterick, 'The study of Frankish history in France and Germany in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries', Francia 8 (1981) 556-72.
David Knowles, Great historical enterprises (London, 1962)
Donald R. Kelly, Foundations of Modern Historical Scholarship (New York and London, 1970) Francois Hotman, Francogallia (1573-86) ed. R. Giesey and trans. J. Salmon, (Cambridge, 1972) B. Warmington, ' Edward Gibbon' in J. Cannon ed. The Historian at Work (London, 1980) pp. 19-35 H. Loyn, 'Marc Bloch', in ibid., pp. 121-34
E. Fueter, Histoire de l'historiographie moderne (Paris, 1914) ('moderne' = Petrarch onwards!)
J. Cannon et al (eds.) Blackwells' dictionary of Historians (Oxford, 1988) is worth consulting. G Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State (Oxford, 1968), Introduction
M Bentley (ed.) Companion to Historiography (London, 1997) – see especially the paper by P Heather R Cormack and E Jeffreys Through the Looking Glass: Byzantium Through British Eyes (Aldershot, 2000) R McKitterick and R Quinault (eds), Edward Gibbon and Empire (Cambridge, 1996)
The thematic volumes in the Transformation of the Roman World series (14 vols, Leiden, 1997-) generally discuss the state of the subject in the introduction and conclusion to each volume.
D: Sources
archaeology
Edward James, The Franks (Oxford, Blackwell, 1988) see also his 'Cemeteries and the problem of Frankish settlement in Gaul' in Peter Sawyer ed., Names, Words and Graves: Early mediaeval settlement (Leeds, 1979); Merovingian cemetery studies' in P. Rahtz (ed.) Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries 1979, B.A.R. Brit. Series 82 (Oxford, 1980) 35-55; 'Archaeology and the Merovingian monastery' in H. Clarke and M. Brennan ed., Columbanus and Merovingian Monasticism, B.A.R., Int. Series 113 (Oxford, 1981), pp. 33-55; The origins of France: from Clovis to the Capetians 500-1000 (London, 1982). See also his references to other authors and excavation reports. Klaus Randsborg, The First Millennium A.D. in Europe and the Mediterranean. An Archaeological Essay (1991) available in paperback, Helena Hamerow, Review article: 'The archaeology of rural settlement in early medieval Europe' Early Medieval Europe 3 (1994) 167-79
16
manuscripts
R. McKitterick, 'The scriptoria of Merovingian Gaul: a survey of the evidence' in Clarke and Brennan, Columbanus and Merovingian Monasticism pp. 173-207.
See also:
R Bagnall Reading Papyri, Writing Ancient History (London, 1995)
E.A. Lowe, Codices Latini Antiquiores: A palaeographical guide to Latin manuscripts prior to the ninth century I-XI + Supplement (Oxford, 1935-1971)
R. McKitterick, 'Script and book production' in Carolingian Culture: emulation and innovation, ed. R. McKitterick (Cambridge, 1994)
---, Books, scribes and learning in the Frankish kingdoms, sixth to ninth centuries (Aldershot, 1994)
Bernhard Bischoff, Latin Palaeography (Cambridge, 1986)
G Cavallo, Greek Bookhands of the early Byzantine Period AD 300-800 (London, 1987)
architecture, sculpture, painting, ivory carving and metalwork
Jean Hubert, Jean Porcher and W. Volbach, Europe in the Dark Ages (London, 1969) and Carolingian Art (London, 1970)
M. Parisse et al., Le paysage monumentale de la France autour l'an mil (Paris, 1994) contains all extant early medieval buildings in France.
C Mango Art of the Byzantine Empire (Toronto, 1986) C Mango Byzantine Architecture (London, 1986)
L Nees (ed) Approaches to Early Medieval Art (Cambridge, Mass, 1998)
legal sources (laws, charters, wills etc.)
Full details will be provided with the relevant lectures on these, but in the meantime L. Boyle, 'Diplomatic' in James M. Powell, Mediaeval Studies. An Introduction 2nd edition (Syracuse, 1993) is a useful introduction (as are all the other essays in the book) and you can see facsimiles in A. Bruckner and R. Marichal ed., Chartae Latinae Antiquiores facsimile edition of the Latin charters prior to the ninth century I-XXIV (Olten Lausanne, 1954-) still in progress. See also
W. Goffart and D. Ganz on Merovingian charters in Speculum (1991) and R.McKitterick, The Carolingians and the written word (Cambridge, 1989) chs. 2 and 3
coins
On using the coin evidence, see P. Grierson, ‘Numismatics’, in J. M. Powell (ed.), Medieval Studies: An Introduction 2nd ed. (Syracuse, 1993)
M. Blackburn, chapters on ‘Money and Coinage’ in New Cambridge Medieval History I and II.
The best detailed guide is Philip Grierson and Mark Blackburn, Mediaeval European Coinage I The Early Middle Ages (5th - 10th centuries) (Cambridge, 1986)
P Grierson, Byzantine Coins (1982)
narrative sources
Apart from the general guides in section A, material on the primary narrative sources is usually devoted to the discussion of a single source or author. Some of the most useful are as follows (but other more detailed references concerning the narrative sources for each of the Germanic kingdoms will be provided in the relevant lectures):
A. Momigliano, 'Pagan and Christian historiography in the fourth century', in The conflict between paganism and Christianity in the fourth century ed. A. Momigliano (Oxford, 1963) pp. 79-99.
A. and A. Cameron, 'Christianity and tradition in the historiography of the late Empire', Classical Quarterly 14 (1964) 316-28.
Christopher Holdsworth and T.P. Wiseman eds., The inheritance of Historiography 350-900 (Exeter, 1986)
Averil Cameron, Procopius (London, 1985)
F.L. Ganshof, 'L'Historiographie dans la monarchie franque sous les Merovingiens', Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull'alto medioevo 17 (Spoleto, 1969) pp. 631-685 (in U.L. P532. c.32)
17
Walter Goffart, The Narrators of barbarian history. Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede and Paul the Deacon (Princeton, 1988)
Matthew Innes and Rosamond McKitterick, 'The writing of history', in Carolingian Culture: emulation and innovation ed. R. McKitterick (Cambridge, 1994)
A Scharer and G. Scheibelreiter (eds.), Historiographie im frühen Mittelalter (Vienna 1994) contains many essays in English.
Y Hen and M Innes (ed), The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2000) – see especially the piece by McKitterick
R McKitterick, History and Memory in the Carolingian World (Cambridge, 2004) R McKitterick, Perceptions of the past in the early middle ages (Notre Dame, 2006)
saints' lives
The most useful introductions are H. Delehaye, The Legends of the Saints (quite old, and translated from the French edition of 1955)
P. Fouracre and R. Gerberding, Later Merovingian France (Manchester, 1996): see the introduction for an excellent discussion of hagiography and the study of saints’ lives.
Ian Wood, 'The Vita Columbani and Merovingian hagiography', Peritia 1 (1982) 63-80 C.E. Stancliffe, Saint Martin and his Hagiographer (Oxford, 1983)
Peter Brown, The Cult of the Saint (London, 1981) Pierre Riché ed., Hagiographie (Paris, 1981)
P. Fouracre, 'Merovingian history and Merovingian hagiography', Past and Present (1990) Julia Smith, review article, Early Medieval Europe 1992
on narrative sources for the Germanic kingdoms (up to s.VIII) see separate list on Historiography J D Howard-Johnston and P A Hayward (ed.), The Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity and the
Middle Ages (Oxford, 1999) – much of interest is also to be found in the Fall fascicle of the Journal of Early Christian Studies, Volume 6, 1998
G Cavallo (ed), The Byzantines (London, 1997) – excellent article by C Mango on the Byzantine Saint. L L Coon, Sacred Fictions, Holy Women and Hagiography in Late Antiquity (Philadelphia, 1997) T Head (ed.), Medieval Hagiography. An Anthology (New York, 2000)
maps
T Cornell and J Matthews, Atlas of the Roman World (London, 1987)
M. Parisse and J. Leuridan, Atlas de la France de l'an Mil: état de nos connaissances (Paris 1994) C. Mohrmann and F. van der Meer, Atlas of the early Christian world (London, 1958)
J. Engle (ed.), Grosser Historischer Weltatlas. Zweiter Teil. Mittelalter. (Bayerischen Schulbuchverlag 1970)
The Times Atlas of European History (London, 1998 second edition)
N. Hooper and M. Bennett, The Cambridge Atlas of Medieval Warfare (Cambridge, 1995) C. McEvedy, The New Penguin Atlas of Medieval Europe (Harmonsworth, 1993)
J. Haywood, The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings (1995)
M. Grant, The Routledge Atlas of Classical Hisory from 1700 B.C. to A.D. 565 5th edition (London, 1994)
A. MacKay with D. Ditchburn, Atlas of Medieval Europe (1997) R. McKitterick (ed.), The Times Medieval World (2003)
18
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (Sixth and Seventh Centuries)
Sources
M. Maas, Readings in Late Antiquity – A Sourcebook (London, 2000)
H.B. Dewing (ed and tr.), Procopius, Wars, Secret History (Anecdota), Buildings (Loeb, Vols I-V 1914-28, VI 1933, VII 1940).
G. A. Williamson and Peter Sarris Procopius – The Secret History. Note Sarris’ introductory essay on Procopius’ works as a whole.
A.C. Bandy (ed and tr.), Ioannes Lydus on Powers or the Magistracies of the Roman State (Philadelphia, 1983)
E.Jeffreys, M. Jeffreys and R. Scott (eds.), The Chronicle of John Malalas (Melbourne, 1986) – see also E. Jeffreys, B. Croke and R Scott (eds.), Studies in John Malalas (Sydney, 1990)
B. Croke (tr.), The Chronicle of Marcellinus (Sydney, 1995)
W. Witakowski (tr.), Pseudo-Dionysius of Tel-Mahre – Part III (Liverpool, 1996) R. H. Charles (tr.), The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu (1916)
M. Whitby (tr.), The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius Scholasticus (2000)
Averil Cameron (ed and tr.), Corippus, In Laudem Iustini Augusti Minoris (London, 1976) P. Birks and G. McLeod (tr.), Justinian’s Institutes (London, 1987)
A. Watson (ed.), Justinian’s Digest (Philadelphia 1985) S. P. Scott, The Civil Code (Philadelphia, 1932)
M. and M. Whitby (tr.), Chronicon Paschale (Liverpool, 1989) and The History of Theophylact Simocatta (1986)
R.C. Blockley (tr.), History of Menander the Guardsman (Liverpool, 1985) J.D.C. Frendo (tr.), Agathias (1975)
G.T. Dennis (ed and tr.), The Strategicon of the Emperor Maurice (1984)
R.W. Thomson (tr.) and J.D. Howard-Johnston, The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos (2 Vols., Liverpool, 2000)
C.Mango and R. Scott (tr.), The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor (Oxford, 1997)
G. Greatrex and S. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars. A Narrative History - Part II A.D. 363-630 (London, 2002)
R.Price The Acts of the Council of Constantinople of 553 (Liverpool , 2009) P.N. Bell Three Political Voices From the Age of Justinian (Liverpool, 209)
Historiography
A. Cameron, Procopius and the Sixth Century (London 1985)
A. Kaldellis, Procopius of Caesarea: Tyranny, History, and Philiosophy at the End of Antiquity (Pennsylvania, 2004)
M. Maas, John Lydus and the Roman Past (London, 1992)
Michael Whitby, The Emperor Maurice and His Historian (Oxford, 1988). See also Whitby’s piece in Averil Cameron and L.I. Conrad (eds.), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East I , Problems in the Literary Source Material (Princeton, 1992)
J.M. Carrié and N. Duval (eds.), De Aedificiis: le texte de Procope et les réalités (Brepols, 2001) W. Treadgold The Early Byzantine Historians (Eastbourne, 2007)
Secondary
C. Mango (ed.), The Oxford History of Byzantium (Oxford, 2002) - see chapter one by P. Sarris. More detailed bibliography will be distributed by Dr Sarris in his lectures. But the following are fundamental:
Further to Stein, Jones and Brown (see Late Roman general works); C.Mango, Byzantium – The Empire of New Rome (London, 1983) Averil Cameron, The Mediterranean World (London, 1993) Alan Cameron, Circus Factions (Oxford, 1976)
Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward Perkins and Michael Whitby (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History Volume XIV - Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425-600 (Cambridge, 2000) G.Dagron, Empereur et Prêtre (Paris, 1996); translated as Emperor and Priest: The Imperial Office in
Byzantium (Cambridge, 2003)
F. Dvornik, Early Christian and Byzantine Political Philosophy (2 Vols, Washington D.C., 1996) M. Maas (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian (Cambridge, 2005)
19
J.A.S. Evans, The Age of Justinian – The Circumstances of Imperial Power (London, 1996) J.A.S. Evans, The Empress Theodora - Partner of Justinian (Uni. of Texas, 2002)
J. Moorhead, Justinian (London, 1994) – not terribly good A.M. Honoré, Tribonian (London, 1978)
Averil Cameron, ‘Images of Authority: Elites and Icons in Late Sixth-Century Byzantium’ in M. Mullett and R. Scott (ed.), Byzantium and the Classical Tradition (Birmingham, 1981)
G.Greatrex, Rome and Persia at War (Leeds, 1998) and ‘The Nika Riot: A Reappraisal’ Journal of Hellenic Studies CXVII (1997)
P. Allen, ‘The Justinianic Plague’ Byzantion 49 (1979)
P. Sarris, 'The Justinianic Plague: Origins and Effects', Continuity and Change 17.2 (2002) P. Sarris Economy and Society in the Age of Justinian (2006)
L.K. Little Plague and the End of Antiquity (2006)
DO NOT READ W. Rosen Justinian’s Flea (2006) – it isdreadful!
L. Conrad, ‘Epidemic Diseases in Central Syria in the Late 6th Century’ Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 18 (1994)
C.Foss, ‘The Persians in Asia Minor and the End of Antiquity’ English Historical Review XC (1975)
J.F. Haldon, Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture (Cambridge, 1990) and Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World 565-1204 (1999)
M. Hendy, Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy (Cambridge, 1985)
J.D. Howard-Johnston, ‘The Two Great Powers in Late Antiquity: A Comparison’ in Averil Cameron (ed.), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East III – States, Resources and Armies (Princeton, 1995), ‘Heraclius’ Persian Campaigns and the Revival of the East Roman Empire’ War and History 6.1 (1999) and ‘Thema’ in A. Moffat (ed.) Maistor: Classical, Byzantine and Renaissance Studies For Robert Browning (1984)
M. Kaplan, Les Hommes et La Terre (Paris, 1992)
M. Maas, ‘Roman History and Christian Ideology in Justinian’s Reform Legislation’ Dumbarton Oaks Papers (1986)
J.Meyendorff, ‘Justinian, the Empire and the Church’ Dumbarton Oaks Papers 22 (1968) B.Stolte, ‘Justinianus Bifrons’ in P. Magdalino (ed.) New Constantines (Aldershot, 1994) J.Teall, ‘The Barbarians in Justinian’s Armies’ Speculum XL (1965)
W. Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society (Stanford, 1997) M.Whittow, The Making of Orthodox Byzantium (London, 1996)
E. Yarsheter (ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran , III (2 Vols., Cambridge, 1983) R. Frye, The Heritage of Persia (London, 1962)
D.Obolensky, The Byzantine Commonwealth (1971) M. Boyce, The Zoroastrians (1979)
C. Hermann, The Iranian Revival (1977) J. Wieschoefer, Ancient Persia (1996)
E. Dabrowa (ed.), The Roman and Byzantine Army in the East (Proceedings of Colloquium at Krakow, 1992) (1994) – many excellent pieces on Byzantine/Persian warfare.
S. Ashbrook Harvey, Asceticism and Society in Crisis (1990)
D.Sinor (ed.), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (Cambridge, 1990) – see essay on Avars.
W. Kaegi, Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium (Cambridge, 2002) G. Regan, First Crusader: Byzantium's Holy Wars (London 2001)
20
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (Eighth and Ninth centuries)
Sources
C.Mango and R. Scott (tr.), The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor (Oxford, 1997) C.Mango (ed and tr.), Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople, Letters (Washington D.C.
1985) and Art of the Byzantine Empire (Toronto, 1986), which covers the iconoclast period. See also Mango’s The Homilies of Photius (Washington D.C., 1958)
M.P. Vinson (ed and tr.), The Correspondence of Leo, Metropolitan of Synada and Syncellus (Washington D.C., 1985)
R.H.J. Jenkins and L.G. Westerink (ed. and tr.), Nicholas I, Patriarch of Constantinople, Letters (Washington D.C., 1973)
M.B. Cunningam (tr.), The Life of Michael the Synkellos (1991)
Averil Cameron and Judith Herrin (eds and tr.), Constantinople in the Eighth Century: the Parastaseis Syntomoi Chronikai (Leiden, 1984)
D. Sahas, Icon and Logos – Sources in Eighth-Century Iconoclasm (Toronto, 1986)
L. Brubaker and J. Haldon, Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era (c.a. 680-850): The Sources (Aldershot, 2001)
A.M.Talbot (ed.), Byzantine Defenders of Images: Eight Saints' Lives in English Translation (Washington D.C., 1998).
Secondary
Further to Treadgold, Whittow, Obolensky, and Mango’s ‘New Rome’, see:
J. Shepard (ed.) The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire (Cambridge, 2008) – contains much useful material, especially Whittow on the economy and Aupezy on Iconoclasm
A.Bryer and J. Herrin (eds.), Iconoclasm (Birmingham, 1977)
C. Mango (ed.), The Oxford History of Byzantium (Oxford, 2002) - chapters by Treadgold and Karlin-Hayter.
M. Angold, Byzantium - The Bridge From Antiquity to the Middle Ages (London, 2001) - excellent on Iconoclasm and the Photian schism.
H. Chadwick, East and West – The History of A Schism in the Church (Oxford, 2003)
G. Dagron, Emperor and Priest: The Imperial Office in Byzantium (tr. J. Birrell) (Cambridge, 2003)
P.R.L. Brown, ‘A Dark Age Crisis. Aspects of the Iconoclastic Controversy ‘ in Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity (London, 1982)
W. Treadgold, The Byzantine Recovery 780-842 (Cambridge, 1988) S.Tougher, The Reign of Leo VI (1996)
G.Dagron, Empereur et Prêtre (Paris, 1996)
R. Morris, Monks and Laymen in Byzantium (1995) R. Cormack, Writing in Gold (1985)
P. Alexander, The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition (Berkeley, 1985) J.D. Howard-Johnston (ed.), Byzantium and the West (Amsterdam, 1988) J.Shepard and S. Franklin (eds.), Byzantine Diplomacy (Aldershot, 1992)
J.F. Haldon, Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World 565-1204 (1999) T.S. Brown, Gentlemen and Officers (Rome, 1984)
J.M. Hussey, The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire (1986) P. Magdalino (ed.), New Constantines (Aldershot, 1994)
C.Mango, Constantinople and Its Hinterland (Aldershot, 1995) C.Mango, Byzantine Architecture (London, 1986)
L. Brubacker (ed.), Byzantium in the Ninth Century – Dead or Alive? (Aldershot, 1998)
M. Mullett, ‘Writing in early medieval Byzantium’ in R. McKitterick (ed.) The Uses of Literacy in Early Medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1990)
P. Pattenden, ‘The Byzantine Early Warning System’ Byzantion 53 (1983)
Chapters by M. McCormick and J. Shepard in R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History II (Cambridge, 1995)
Robert Browning, ‘Literacy in the Byzantine World’ Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 4 (1978) P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London, 1982)
21
M. Angold (ed.), The Byzantine Aristocracy (Oxford, 1984), especially the piece by Patlagean M. Kaplan, Les Hommes et La Terre (Paris, 1992)
22
THE WORLD OF EARLY ISLAM
Sources
N.J. Dawood (tr.), The Koran (Penguin Classics, 1956)
A. Guillaume (tr.), Sirat-al-Nabi (Life of Mohammad) of Ibn Ishaq (1955)
P.K. Hitti and F.C. Murgotten (tr.), Al Baladhuri, Origins of the Islamic State (1916, 1924) E. Yarshata et al (tr.), The History of al-Tabari, an Annotated Translation (1987-)
E.A. Salem (tr.), Hilal al-Sabi, Rusum dar khilafa (1977) – court ceremonial
R.W. Thomson (tr.) and J.D. Howard-Johnston, The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos (2 vols, Liverpool, 2000)
A. Palmer, The Seventh Century in the West Syrian Chronicles (Liverpool, 1993) R. H. Charles (tr.), The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu (1916)
Historiography (of vital significance)
M. Cook, Muhammed (1983)
M. Cook and P. Crone, Hagarism: the making of the Islamic World (1977)
P. Crone, Slaves on Horeseback: the Evolution of the Islamic Polity (1980) and Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam (1987)
R.S. Humphreys, Islamic History: a Framework of Enquiry (1991)
Averil Cameron and L.I. Conrad (eds.), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East I, Problems in the Literary Source Material (Princeton, 1992) – a useful collection
A.A. Duri, The Rise of Historical Writing Among the Arabs (1983) R.G. Hoyland, Seeing Islam as Others Saw It (1997)
R.S. Humphreys, Islamic History – A Framework for Inquiry (1991) D. Robinson, Islamic Historiography (Cambridge, 2003)
F. Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins. The beginnings of Islamic historical writing (Princeton, 1998)
A. Noth, The Early Arabic Historical Tradition: A Source Critical Study (Princeton, 1994)
Secondary
C. Mango (ed.), The Oxford History of Byzantium (Oxford, 2002) - chapter by R. Hoyland. R. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs from the Bronze Age to the coming of Islam (London, 2001)
H. Kennedy The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates (1986; second ed. 2004) and The Early Abbasid Caliphate: a Political History (1981)
H. Kennedy, The Court of the Caliphs: The Rise and Fall of Islam’s Greatest Dynasty (2004) M. Rodinson (tr. A. Carter), Mohammad (1971)
G.R.D. King and A. Cameron (eds.), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East II Land Use and Settlement Patterns (1994)
F.M. Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests (1981) A.A. Dixon, The Ummayad Caliphate (1971) G.R. Hawting, The First Dynasty of Islam (1986) P. Crone and M. Hinds, God’s Caliph (1986) O. Grabar, The Formation of Islamic Art (1974) M. Sharon, Black Banners from the East (1983)
M.G. Morony, Iraq After the Muslim Conquests (1984)
E.L. Daniel, The Political and Social History of Khurasan under Abbasid Rule (1979)
H. Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs - Military and Society in the Early Islamic State (London, 2001)
C. Robinson, Empires and Elites after the Muslim Conquest - The Transformation of Northern Mesopotamia (Cambridge, 2000).
R. Hillenbrand, Islamic Art and Architecture (London, 1999) H. Kennedy The Great Arab Conquests (London, 2007)
R. Hoyland ‘New Documentary Texts and the Early Islamic State’ Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 2006 – very important .
