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Index
abortion, 3, 5, 12–14, 18, 19, 21, 22–3, 25, 54, 119, 123 conscientious objection, 19–23 fetal infants, 55–8, 59–62, 64, 69 harm reduction, 34–6 medical, 25, 26, 27–30 internet, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31–2, 33–4, 35 self-administered, 26, 27–35 Uruguay model, 30–31, 32, 33, 34, 35 Women on Waves / Women on Web, 31–2,33–4, 35 access to care, 126–8, 131
advance directives, 95–6, 97, 100–101, 106–8, 122–3
lawful refusal to follow, 101–6 Alberta, 11
allocation of healthcare resources, 115–17, 126–8, 131
American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, 183–4
American Convention on Human Rights, 5 American Psychiatric Association, 234, 235 American Society for Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery,
190
artificial human reproduction, 37–8, 40–52, 219–25 see also artificial insemination, in vitro
fertilisation, medically-assisted reproduction artificial insemination, 14, 41–2, 44, 49, 50 assisted suicide, 18, 231, 232, 265–8 autonomy, 231, 232, 240, 241, 247–51, 252, 253, 255, 256–9, 262–4, 265, 266, 267, 268 vs humanity, 259–62 depression, 231–2, 247–53 excluding criterion, 232, 241–2 qualifying criterion, 232, 236–41 humanitarian justification, 259–68 Australia, 28–9, 96–108, 169
cosmetic surgery and minors, 190, 198–9 Family Court, 98
High Court, 96, 98
autonomy, 73–80, 92–3, 95–100, 104, 106–8, 133–5, 173–4, 190, 191, 194, 195–6 assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia, 231,
232, 240, 241, 247–51, 252, 253, 255, 256–68 capacity, 77–80, 82, 83, 88–91, 95, 104, 107, 194, 195, 241–2, 247–9, 260, 266–7 defensive, 80–81, 87 depression, 233, 240, 241, 247–51, 252, 253 feedback of research findings, 174–5, 182, 184,
187–8 permissive, 81 trust, 82, 92, 93
vulnerability, 82–7, 88–92, 231, 252, 253, 268 see also advance directives
Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), 176–7 BBC, 192–3 Belgium, 16, 266 beneficence, 125 doctor-patient relationship, 74, 75, 82, 85, 86, 87, 90, 93 end-of-life decision-making, 231, 240, 246, 247, 248, 249–51, 252, 253 biobanks, 80, 81 feedback responsibility, 174–9, 181–8 third parties, 185–6 bioethics, 3–4, 125, 135–6 Brazil, 8–9
British Columbia, Court of Appeal, 15 British Psychological Society, 235 Canada, 11, 13, 29 Supreme Court, 15 capacity, 77–80, 82, 83, 88–91, 95, 100, 101, 102–4, 107, 121–3, 194, 195, 260, 266–7 depression, 232, 241–2, 243–9, 252–3 care access to, 126–8 quality, 128–31, 139, 141 carers, 123
Catholic Church, see Roman Catholic Church CEDAW, see Committee on the Elimination of
Discrimination against Women, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Chile, 31
clinical negligence causation, 164–5
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Clinical Negligence and Other Risks Indemnity Scheme (CNORIS), 142
Colombia, Constitutional Court, 20
Committee for the Study of Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women’s Health, 3–4
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 8–9
compensation and redress, 139, 141–53, 157–9 see also no-fault compensation systems conscience, freedom and protection of, 18–23 consent / informed consent, 10, 11–12, 16, 17, 21,
41, 44, 73–81, 82, 87, 92–3, 96–100, 131, 133, 141, 173–4, 181–3, 185, 187, 188, 193, 194, 195–6
capacity, 77–80, 121–3, 194, 195, 232 contraception, 3, 5, 9–10, 11, 19
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 4, 8, 9, 10 Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities, 106
Convention on the Rights of the Child, 17 Cosmetic Physicians Society of Australasia, 192 cosmetic procedures, 189–90 minors, 190, 192, 193–200 normalisation of, 191–3, 199 regulation, 190, 191, 192, 193–200 Costa Rica, 5, 13 Council of Europe, 79, 204
cross-border medical services, 16–18 Czech Republic, 11
Denmark, 161, 169 depression, 232–6
assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia, 231–2, 247–53 excluding criterion, 232, 241–2 qualifying criterion, 232, 236–41 capacity, 232, 241–2, 243–9, 252–3 disability, 109, 223 allocation of resources, 115–17 capacity, 121–3 carers, 123 consent, 121–3 definitions, 109–12, 123 equality, 113–18 equity, 114–15, 116, 117 genetics, 119–21, 223
medical vs social models, 111–13, 123, 191 public attitudes, 118–19, 123 utility, 114, 116, 117 discrimination, 6–9, 19, 22, 38, 51–2, 110–11, 113–15, 117, 189, 192–3, 220 doctor-patient relationship, 73–6, 81, 92–3, 133, 168–9, 258–9 end-of-life decision-making, 95, 100–101, 106, 265–8 autonomy, 231, 232, 241, 247–51, 252, 253, 255, 256–9, 262–4, 265, 266, 267, 268 vs humanity, 259–62 depression, 231–2, 247–53 excluding criterion, 232, 241–2 qualifying criterion, 232, 236–41 humanitarian justification, 259–68 England, 27, 28, 42
National Health Service, 125–6, 133–4, 140, 141 access to care, 126–8, 131
compensation and redress, 141, 148–9, 152, 157, 168
Foundation Trusts, 128–30 institutional ethics, 130–31 private service providers, 131–3 quality of care, 128–31
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), 11, 22, 23, 84, 149, 165–6, 187, 238, 239 European Court of Human Rights, 5, 6, 11, 18, 23,
57, 187, 237, 239–40 European Court of Justice, 126
European Union, 126, 196, 204, 207, 212, 252 euthanasia, see assisted suicide
Evangelical Protestantism, 13 Falconer Commission, 232, 241–2 family planning, 6 feedback responsibility, 174–9, 181–8 third parties, 185–6 fertility control, 3, 5, 23 fertility promotion, 5, 23 fertility regulation, 9–14, 209, 212 fetal infants, 53, 54–6 aborting, 55–8, 59–62, 69 disability, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61–3 legal personality, 54–5, 59–62, 69 saving, 55–8, 59–67, 69 viability, 63–9 feticide, 56–8 Finland, 161, 169 Florida, 161, 169
France, Cour de Cassation, 12 General Medical Council, 74
ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com genetics, 119–21 Gewirth, Alan, 175, 179–81, 184, 185, 186, 188 HIV/AIDS, 34
human genome research, 215–19 reproductive liberty, 219–27 Imutran, 203, 208, 211
in vitro fertilisation (IVF), 5–6, 13, 14, 15, 201, 221, 222, 223, 224
informed consent, see consent
Iniciativas Sanitarias contra el Aborto Provocado en Condiciones de Riesgo, 30
Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 5–6, 8, 13 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
(ICCPR), 19, 20, 22
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 4
International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), 3–4
Ireland, Republic of, 18
Kennedy Advisory Group, 204–5, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210 Kenya, 31 McLean, Sheila, 37, 53–4, 69, 191, 192, 199 advance directives, 95 bioethics, 3–4, 125 capacity, 77, 260
compensation and redress, 139, 141, 151, 152–3, 155–6, 157–8, 159–61, 164, 165–6, 167, 170
consent and autonomy, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 82, 85–6, 92–3, 95, 134, 173–4, 182, 185, 187–8, 255, 256–9, 260, 261, 265, 267, 268 disability, 109, 110, 113, 191
end-of-life decision-making, 95, 232, 251, 255, 256–9, 260, 261, 265, 267, 268
human genome research, 215–27
reproductive health and abortion, 3–4, 11–12, 14, 16, 23, 25, 36, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 63–4, 67–8, 69
reproductive liberty, 216, 219–27 xenotechnologies, 202, 206–8, 210, 213 Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells Hospital, 129 maternal mortality and morbidity, 7–9, 13, 29, 30,
32, 36
medical injury, see clinical negligence
medically-assisted reproduction, 14–18, 37, 38, 41, 219–25
see also in vitro fertilisation
Mid Staffordshire Foundation Trust, 128–9, 130, 131, 139, 141, 150
Mill, John Stuart
harm principle, 221–5, 226, 227, 256
National Health Service (NHS), 125–6, 133–4, 139, 140–41, 184, 207
access to care, 126–8, 131
clinical negligence and medical injury, 139, 141–53, 157, 163, 165–6, 168
compensation and redress, 141–53, 155–6, 157, 163, 165–6, 168
equality and autonomy, 133–5 Foundation Trusts, 128–30 institutional ethics, 130–31 private service providers, 131–3 quality of care, 128–31, 139, 141 Netherlands, 236–7, 240, 241, 266
Supreme Court, 236–7 New Jersey, Supreme Court, 15 New South Wales, 96, 100–101
New Zealand, 21, 149, 152, 159–60, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 218, 225–6, 231
New Zealand Human Genome Project, 216, 225–6, 227
No Fault Compensation Review Group (NFCRG), 155, 157, 158, 159–61, 164, 165–6, 167, 170
no-fault compensation systems, 152–3, 158–70 New Zealand, 152, 159–60, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170 Scotland, 139, 152–3, 155–6, 157, 159–61 Sweden, 139, 152–3, 161, 162, 163, 165, 167, 169, 170 Northern Ireland, 28 Norway, 161, 169
Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 14, 59, 62, 203, 204, 205, 206, 209, 210
Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, 11 Oregon, 266
O’Reilly, Miriam, 192–3
Oviedo Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, 79 Pakistan, 31 Paraguay, 8 parentage/parenthood, 14, 15–17, 18, 37–52 paternalism, 97 abortion, 36 disability, 113
ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com doctor-patient relationship, 73, 74, 75, 78, 82, 85, 86, 90, 93 end-of-life decision-making, 250, 251, 253 research feedback, 174, 177, 182 perfectionism, 189–90 normalisation of, 191–3, 199 Philippines, 10
Poly Implant Prosthesis (PIP), 190, 191–2
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD), 119–21, 221, 222, 223, 226
Pre-Natal Screening Diagnosis (PND), 119 Principle of Generic Consistency (PGC), 179–81,
187
Quality Adjusted Life Year, 116 Queensland, 100–101, 198–9
refusal of treatment, 59, 61, 63, 76, 79, 81, 95, 96, 97–108, 122–3, 252
reproductive health, 3–4, 23
conscience, freedom and protection of, 18–23 cross-border services, 16–18
fertility regulation, 9–14, 209, 212 international law, 4–9
medically-assisted reproduction, 14–18, 219–25 see also abortion
reproductive liberty, 216, 219–27 research feedback, 174–9, 181–8
third parties, 185–6
restorative justice, 139, 156, 158, 159, 160–61 Roman Catholic Church, 3, 4–5, 13, 20, 21 Roslin Institute, 208
Royal College of Surgeons, 197, 198 same-sex couples, 43–52
saviour siblings, 121
Scotland, 3, 23, 27, 28, 43, 47, 50, 54, 81, 95, 122, 231, 242
Central Legal Office, 142 Court of Session, 21–3
National Health Service, 127, 128, 131, 132–3, 139
compensation and redress, 141, 142, 152–3, 160, 163
no-fault compensation scheme, 152–3, 155–6, 157, 159–61, 163, 165–6, 167, 170 Slovakia, 11
sterilisation, 3, 5, 10–11, 19 Stoke Mandeville Hospital, 129 surrogacy, 15–17, 41, 44–5, 51, 212 surrogate decision-makers, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102–5, 106, 107, 122–3 Sweden, 139, 152–3, 161, 162, 163, 165, 167, 169, 170 Switzerland, 237–40, 259 Federal Court, 238 Tennessee, Supreme Court, 6 transbiologies, 210–11, 213 UNESCO, 79
United Kingdom
abortion, 13, 18, 22, 26, 27–8, 33, 34, 35, 36, 55, 56, 57, 61–2
artificial human reproduction, 37, 40–52 capacity, 78, 88–91, 122
Care Quality Commission, 130, 197 consent and autonomy, 73–6, 78, 81, 82–7,
88–92, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100
cosmetic surgery and minors, 190, 191, 192, 193–4, 196–8, 199–200
Court of Appeal, 47, 61, 63, 75, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 97
Court of Protection, 82, 83, 84, 89 disability, 110–11, 113, 114, 120, 121
Gene Therapy Advisory Committee (GTAC), 207 Health Services Ombudsman, 129, 197
Healthcare Commission, 129, 130
High Court of Justice, 75, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 91
House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, 224
House of Lords, 9–10, 38, 48, 98, 194, 239, 250 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority
(HFEA), 197, 205, 206–7, 209, 211, 212, 213 Human Genetics Commission, 207
Human Tissue Authority (HTA), 197, 207, 211 Law Commission, 85, 86, 91, 92
medically-assisted reproduction, 14, 16 Medicines Healthcare Products Regulatory
Agency (MHRA), 207 Monitor, 130
National Health Service, 125–6, 133–4, 139, 140–41, 184, 207
access to care, 126–8, 131
compensation and redress, 141–53, 157, 163, 165–6, 168
Foundation Trusts, 128–30 institutional ethics, 130–31 private service providers, 131–3 quality of care, 128–31, 139, 141 Office for Disability Issues, 110 Supreme Court, 22, 23, 78 UKXIRA, 202, 205–8, 209, 212 xenotechnologies, 202, 203–8, 209–13
ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com United Nations, 4, 106
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 4, 8, 9, 10 High Commissioner for Human Rights, 7 Human Rights Council, 7
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 4
United States of America, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 74, 78, 79, 115, 120, 121, 169
Supreme Court, 11
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 19, 222 Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and
Human Rights, 79, 215 Uruguay, 30–31, 32, 33, 34, 35 Venezuela, 31
Victoria, 97, 99, 100–101, 102, 103, 105, 107 Law Reform Commission, 99, 105, 106, 108 Virginia, 161, 169 voluntary euthanasia, 231, 232, 265–8 autonomy, 231, 232, 240, 241, 247–51, 252, 253, 255, 256–9, 262–4, 265, 266, 267, 268 vs humanity, 259–62 depression, 231–2, 247–53 excluding criterion, 232, 241–2 qualifying criterion, 232, 236–41 humanitarian justification, 259–68 vulnerable patients, 82–92, 231, 252, 253, 268 Wales, 27, 28, 42, 140
Audit Office and Healthcare Inspectorate, 151 Care Quality Commission, 143
Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection, 143
Commission for Social Care Inspection, 143 Healthcare Commission, 143
National Health Service, 132, 139, 140–41 compensation and redress, 141–8, 149–52,
153, 157, 163
National Patient Safety Agency, 148 Public Services Ombudsman for Wales, 147,
151, 152
Welsh Risk Pool, 141, 152 Washington, 266
Women on Waves / Women on Web, 31–2, 33–4, 35 World Health Organization, 4, 6, 29, 112, 234
Constitution, 4 wrongful birth, 11, 12 wrongful conception, 11, 12 wrongful life, 11, 12 xenotechnologies, 202 regulation, 202, 203–8, 209–13 xenotransplantations, 202–13
