ICTAD Fire Regulations

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Institute for

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T.raining and Development

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'FIRE

REGULATIONS

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ICTAD

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INSTITUTE FOR CONSTRUC'nON

TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT (ICTAD)

ICTAD PUBLICATION NO: ICTAD/DEV/14

FIRE REGULATIONS

,

2ndEdition (Revised) - December 2006

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Published by

Institute for Construction Training and Development (ICTAD)

,Savsiripaya'

123, Wijerama Mawatha

Colombo 07.

1stEdition 1997

2nd Edition (Revised) December 2006

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Copyright Reserved

No part of this publication shall be

reproduced or transmitted in any

form or by any means without

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FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION

The necessity for a Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in buildings had been a long felt need for our country. ICTAD realize this fact and had been working on the preparation of a such code for quite some time.

Now it has become a reality due to the tremendous effort made by the committee appointed for the formulation of fire regulations for Sri Lanka. Hence I would like to thank all the members of the

committee Mr. N D Dickson, Mr. S W Molligoda, Mr. K A H Ranaweera, Mr. K M I de Silva,

Mr. K D M Udugama, Mr. Somapala de Silva.Dr. Milroy Perera, Mr.E I Munasinghe, Mr. Mervyn Gunasekera, Mr. W V K M Abeysekera and Wg. Cdr. C A 0 Dirck:ze.

Ibelieve that this document will be a useful guide for Engineers, Designers, Architects and others to provide their clients with the required level of fire protection for life and property. Finally, I would like to thank Wg. Cdr. C A 0 Dirck:ze, Technical Editor of this document and Mr. G Gaffoor,

Mr. L P C Liyanarachchy, Former Director (Development) and the Development Division Staff for

their contributions to make this event asuccess.

PROF. D S WlJEYESEKERA

CHAIRMAN ICTAD

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FOREWORD TO THE REVISED EDITION

The first edition of the Fire Regulations was prepared by the following Committee and published in

1997. l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Mr. N D Dickson Mr. S W Molligoda Mr. KA H Ranaweera Mr. K MIde Silva Mr. KD MUdugama Mr. Somapala de Silva Dr. Milroy Perera Mr. E I Munasinghe Mr. Mervyn Gunasekera Mr. W V K M Abeysekera Wg. Cdr. C A0 Dirckze .,

Director (Planning) IUDA

Managing Partner I Molligoda Associates Addl. Director I My, LGH&C

Chief Fire Officer I CMC Deputy CFO/CMC

Chief Planning Officer /CMC

Partner /Mis Selvaratnam & Perera "

Adviser / ICTAD

Deputy Director IICTAD Deputy Director I ICTAD

Fire Engineering Consultant

After using this document for several yeats, a necessity of a revision was felt by ICTAD hence a sub committee was formulated and the committee consisted of the following;

01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. Mr. J Kannangara Mr. P Mervyn Gunasekera Wg. Cdr. C A0Dirckze

Archt. BET Fernando

Mr. Russel De Zilva Ms. S D H de Silva Mr. R Gurusinghe Archt, R Nadesapillai Mr. Dayaratne Perera Mr. K P W Rajasiri Mr. C Arnarakoon

Fire Chief / Fire Service Dept

MDILAN Management Development Service

Fire Engineering Consultant

Deputy Director (Enforcement) / UDA

Executive SecretarylIESL

Director (Works) / Ministry of Housing and Construction

Electrical Consultant /Dept.of Buildings

Secretary! SLIA ',f.' "'

Planning Officer/ CMC Director DevelopmentflCTAD

Deputy Director (TD)/ICT AD

The resource person Wg. Cdr. C A 0 Dirckze revised this edition under the guidance of the sub

committee to suit the current development in the construction industry.

I wish to acknowledge with grateful thanks the services of Wg. Cdr. C A 0 Dirckze and all the

members of the steering committee and the sub committee. Meanwhile my special thanks are also

due to Mr. J Kannangara, Mr. J K Lankatilake, Mr. K P W Rajasiri, Mrs. Vajira Ranasinghe and

Mr. C.Amarakoon who contributed in numerous ways in the publication of this document. I also

appreciate the assistance rendered by Mrs. W L Lalitha Ranjani for the secretarial work.

Ihope that this publication will be a useful guide for Engineers, Designers, Architects, Consultants,

Property Developers and others to provide their clients with the required level of fire protection for

life and property.

Vidyajyoth! Prof. Lakshman Alwis Chairman

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Chapter 1 • Definitions ...

_._-Fire Doors, Fire Windows and Fire Shutters Fire Resistance Rating Flat Flat Roof Floor Floor Area Footing Footway Foundation Garage Godown Ground Storey -Habitable Room Hardwood Timber .Headroom

- means respectively, doors, windows and shutters constructed in conformity with the relevant provisions of Chapter 3 of this Code;

- means the minimum period of time during which an element of a structure may be

expected to function satisfactorily while subject to the standard firetest provided for in Chapter 3 of this Code;

- means a separate dwelling used or constructed or adapted to be used wholly or

principally for human habitation for a single family, where the kitchen, lavatory,

bathroom Of water-closet are contained within the separate dwelling and that

dwelling is contained in a building comprising two or more such dwellings joined vertically;

means a roof having no inclination or having an inclination of not more than seven and a half degrees with the horizontal;

includes any horizontal platform forming the surface of a storey and any joist board, timber, stone concrete, steel or other substance connected with or forming part of such platform;

- means the horizontal area of a floor of a building measured from the exterior faces of exterior walls or in the case of a common wall separating two buildings from the centre line of such common wall and shall include all roof projections and balconies exceeding 1m in width and all areas having a roof and capable of being enclosed; - means the construction by which the weight of a building is transferred to the

foundation or pile of the building;

includes a footway or verandah way at the side of any street;

- means the part of the construction immediately below the footings of a building, which is in direct contact with and through which the weight of the building is transmitted to the ground;

- means a building or part thereof, used for housing or parking of motor vehicles; - means a building or part thereof designed, adapted or used for the storage but not

for the sale of goods in connection with the carrying on of any trade or business; means the storey of a building to which there is an entrance from the natural ground on or above the level of the same at the front of the building or as may be decided by the authority depending on the circumstances;

- means any room not less than 8 m2 in area but does not include any bathroom,

water-closet, open verandah, terrace or garage;

- conventionally the timber of broad leaved trees belonging to the botanical group Angiosperms. Varieties are as given in the leT AD specifications for Building Works -Volume 1;

- means the clear vertical distance between landings, floors and ceilings etc.; where

people are expected to move; -,

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FireRegllJg~;i:;.:(\f Chi.ipt~:T '~.-~:~:~~;Hnitions -.---.'<"-."'~''''''''''~'''~~<'.'--"'_''''.""""-,.-- --~..-- "._'_''-,,,~,..-..,~.-..--- ~---~-~ --.---.-.-,--.--- "'''...,.. - "•..

.<-~--Height Highly Flammable Liquid High-rise Building Hospital Hotel House Complex Lintel Low-rise Building Maintained Mechanical Ventilation Medium-rise Building Mesh Mezzanine Natural . Ventilation" In relation

to-(a) A room means the vertical distance measured between the finished floor level

and the underside of the ceiling;

(b) Any storey means the vertical distance measured between the upper surface of

the floor immediately above it;

(c) A wall means the vertical distance measured from the base of the wall to its

highest part or, in the case of a gable to half the height of the gable;

(d) A building, means the vertical distance measured from the corresponding

location toits highest floor level;

- means liquid petroleum, kerosene and any oil, liquid, spirit or similar liquid

which will flash or emit an inflammable vapour at or below a temperature of

65° C, Abel Close Test;

- means any building with more than ten floors including the ground floor, or whose

height at any part of it above the ground level exceeds 30 rn, excluding a lift or

motor-room not exceeding 56 m2• in extent or a staircase room not exceeding a

height of 3 mand not exceeding 25 m2. in extent or a water tank not exceeding a

height of 1.5 rn;

means a building or thereof designed, adapted or used for the care or treatment

of the sick, infirm, aged, convalescent or pregnant;

- means a building speciaUy designed and constructed or substantially adapted to be

used to accommodate. persons for the purpose of gain or profit, with or without

arrangements for communal feeding;

means a group of dwelling units on a site which is permanently in "common

enjoyment" and may include a block of flats. "industrial building" includes

factories, workshops and warehouses;

- means a beam supporting walling over an opening or recess;

- means any building that does not exceed 18m inheight;

means maintained in an efficient state, in proper working order and in good repair;

means the process of supplying or removing air to or from a building or part

thereof by mechanical means or devices;

means any building that exceeds

J

8 illin height but does not exceed 30 m in

height;

in relation to the measurement of materials, means the mesh of a sieve complying

with BS for Test Sieves numbered 410;

- means any subsidiary storey interposed between two main storeys of a building;

- means the supply of outside air to a building or removal of inside air from a

building by means of windows and other openings due to wind outside and

convection effects arising from temperature or vapour pressure differences

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Fire Regulations Chapter 1 - Definitions Non-Combustible Material Office Partition party Structure Person with Disability Pitched Roof Place of Public Resort .Pre-stressed Concrete Professional Engineer Public Building Reinforced Concrete Relevant Qualified Person

- means any material which neither bums nor gives off an inflammable vapour in

sufficient quantity to ignite when subjected to the test for combustibility prescribed in BS 476 Part 4 1970;

- means a building or part thereof used for office purposes or for the purposes of administration, clerical work, book keeping, accounting, drawing, editorial work or banking;

- means a temporary or easily removable vertical structure made of panel work,

covered with metal, wood or plastic sheets or other similar material used for the sub-division of spaces within a building;

- means any partition wall or floor required to have a fire resistance rating and used for the purpose of separating storeys or rooms in separate occupancies to resist the spread of fire in accordance with Chapter 3 of this Publication;

means any person who, as a result of any deficiency in his physical or mental capabilities, whether congenital or not, is unable by himself to ensure for himself, wholly or partly, the necessities of life;

- means a roof having an inclination of more than seven and one-half degrees with the horizontal;

- means a building or a defined or enclosed place used or constructed or adapted to be used either ordinarily or occasionally as a church, chapel, mosque, temple or other place where public worship is or religious ceremonies are performed, not being merely a dwelling-house so used, or as a cinema, theatre, public hall, public

concert room, public ballroom, public lecture room, or public exhibition room, club, association, restaurant, hotel, coffee house, eating house or milk bar, or as a public place of assembly for persons admitted thereto by ticket or otherwise or used or constructed or adapted to be used either ordinarily or occasionally for any other public purpose;

- means concrete in which pre-determined stresses are induced to counteract the stresses due to dead and superimposed loading for the purpose of eliminating or decreasing the tensile stresses due to bending and shear;

- means the person who carries out the relevant engineering design of any

construction recognised by an acceptable professional institution;

includes any building or part thereof used or constructed or adapted to be used for the purpose of public worship, instruction, recreation, meeting, shopping centre, medical institution or a nursing home or govemment'private office;

- shall have the same meaning as in BS 8110;

- means any person who has obtained his professional qualification in the specified field as listed below as recognised by the relevant professional institute.

(a) Chartered or Registered Architect (b) Town Planner

(c) A Professional Engineer! Chartered Engineer in the discipline that IS

appropriate fortheworks of which aplanissubmitted under the Law

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(d) Licensed Surveyor & Leveller

(e) Valuer

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Fire Regulations Repair Garage Residential Building Restaurant School Service Road Shop or Shopping Centre Chapter 1 .. Definitions

- means any premises or part thereof where repairing, painting or washing of motor vehicles, automobile body and fender work or any process connected therewith is , carried on;

- means a building or part thereof designed; adapted or used for human habitation

such as adetached, semi-detached or terrace house oraresidential flat and includes any out-building and other covered structure which are intended for the enjoyment of the occupiers of the building or partthereof or are otherwise appurtenant to a residential building as such;

- means abuilding or part.thereof to which the public has access

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used for the carrying onofany business where the primary purpose is the sale off'6od stuffs for consumption in the building or part thereof;

- means a portion of a building enclosed by walls or partitions;

- means a building or part thereof designed, adapted or used for the dissemination of knowledge;

- means asmall road parallel to a main road, which can be used to avoid obstruction to through traffic;

- means aterrace building the ground storey of which is designed, adapted or used for business purposes and of which the ground and other storey or storeys have a common entrance;

- means a' building or part thereof to which the public has access and used for the carrying on of atrade or business where the primary purpose is the sale of goods and includes a building used for the purposes of a hairdresser, ticket agency, pawn broker, dispensary or receiving office for goods to be washed, cleaned or repaired or any other similar trade or business;

Storey - means the space between the upper of every floor and surface of the

floor next above it,or if there is no such floor then the underside of the or collar beam of the roof or other covering orifthere is neither a tie nor a collar beam then the level of half the vertical height of the underside of the rafters or other support of the roof;

Superimposed - means all loading other than dead load; Load or

Superimposed Loading

. Terrace House - means aresidential building designed as dwelling unit

row or terrace of not less than three such residential buildings; Verandah

Way Walls

- means a covered footway at the side of a street;

(a) "Blind wall" means a solid wall constructed using trans lucent material having no openings;

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Fire Regulations Chapter 1 • Definitions

(b) "Boundary wall" means any wall, enclosure or screen built on or along a boundary line of a parcel of land for the purpose of separating such land from another adjoining parcel of land;

(c) "Cross wall" means an internal wall dividing aparty wall or an external wall into distinct lengths;

(d) "External wall" means an outer wall or vertical enclosure of a building not being a party wall even though itmay adjoin a wall of another building when such wall is constructed at the boundary it shall considered as a blind wall; (e) "Load bearing wall" means a wall which supports any load in addition to its

own weight;

(f) "Non-load bearing wall" means a wall which supports no load other than its own weight;

(g) "Panel wall" means. a non-load bearing wall in frame construction built between columns or piers and wholly supported at each storey;

(h) "Partition wall" means an internal wall used for the purpose of sub-dividing a

storey of a building into sections and which supports no load other than its

own weight; ..

(i) "Party walls" means a wall forming part of a building and used or constructed to be used along any part of its height or length for the separation of adjoining buildings, lands, or parts of the building that belong to different owners or are intended to be occupied by different persons;

(j) "Retaining wall" means a wall used to resist the lateral displacement of any material;

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Fire Regulations Chapter 'J. - Definitions

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Abbreviations and Symbols

The abbreviations and symbols listed in the following Table 1 are used in these

regulations.-Table 1

Abbreviation or Symbol Definition

BS British Standard °C CP dB Celsius Code. of Practice Decibel Degree o kg kN Kilogram Kilo Newton

w

Watt kW Kilowatt Metre m Square Metre Cubic Metre mm Millimetre

~----~----.----~---Square Millimetre ---j Minute mm min N Newton Reg. Regulation

r---~~-~---_+---.---~

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Fire Regulations

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Chapter I " Definitions Designation of

Purpose Groups

For the purpose of this Regulation wherever reference is made to

"PURPOSE GROUPS" every building or part of a building shall be regarded as falling within one of the groups set out in Table 2.

Table 2

Classification of Purpose GI'OUpS

--Title Group Purpose for which the Building or Compartment

is intended to be used

Residential" lea) Flat or maisonette

(dwellings) ₁

(b) Dwelling house containing a habitable storey with a floor more than

4.5 m above ground level

1 (c) Dwelling house not containing a habitable storey witha floor more

than 4.5 m above ground level.

Residential 2 (a) Hospital, nursing home, home for old people or children, school etc

(Institutional) used as living accommodation or for treatment or care of sick or

disabled, place of detention, where people sleep on the premises.

Residential 2 (b) " Hotel, boarding house, residential college, hall of residence, hostel,

(Other) and any other residential purpose not described above.

Office 3 Offices or premises used for administration, clerical work, handling

money, communications, recording or performance not open to the public.

--Shop & 4 Shops or premises used for retail trade, hire or repair

Commercial

Assembly and 5 Place of assembly, entertainment or recreation

Recreation

Industrial 6 Factories, other premises used for manufacturing

Storage and other 7 (a) Place for the storage of goods or materials other than 7(b) and

non residential any building not within groups I ~6

7 (b) Car parks for light vehicles

Notes

*

Includes offices etc not exceeding 50 m2 forming part of a dwelling.

**

Detached garage or carport not exceeding 40 m2 is included in group 1 (c).

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Determination of Exit Requirements

Illustration of Application of Travel Distances and Concept of Direct Distance

Means of Escape Requirements

(I) Exit Passage ways 26

(2) Internal Staircases 26 (3) External Staircases 27 (4) Scissor Stairs 27 (5) Hardwood Staircases 27 (6) Spiral Staircases 27 (7) Ramps 27 (8) Doors 28 Exit Lighting

Exit and Directional Signs

CHAPTER 2

MEANS OF ESCAPE CONTENTS Reg. 1 Reg. 2 General

Definitions and General Requirements

(a) Exit 13

(b) Occupant Load 13

(c) Travel Distance 13

(d) External Staircase 14

(e) Protected Staircase 14

(f) Exit Passageway 14

(g) Sprinkler System 14

(h) Corridor 14

(i) High Hazard Occupancy 15

(j) Area of Refuge 15

(k) Vertical Exit 15

(I) Direct Distance 15

(m) Two-way Escape 15

Table 3

Reg. 3

Occupant Loads

Determination of Exit Requirements

(1) Mixed Occupancy 17

(2) Multiple Occupancy or Use 17

(3) Non simultaneous Occupancy 17

(4) Capacity of Exits 17

(5) Minimum Widths 17

(6) Maximum Widths 17

(7) Measurement of Width 18

(8) Number of Exits from Rooms and Spaces 18

Number of Exists from Rooms and Spaces

(9) Number of Staircases or Exits per Storey 19

(10) Exit Reduction 19

(11) Location of Exits 19

(12) Smoke Free Approach Staircase 20

(13) Pressurized Systems for Stairways 21

(14) Exemption 22

(15) Exit Doors 22

(16) Smoke Control Systems 22

Table 4 _-Table 5 Diagrams Reg. 4 Reg~ 5 Reg. 6

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Page 13 13 16 17 18 24 25 26 29 29 11

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General Definitions and General Requirements CHAPTER 2 MEANS OF ESCAPE

Reg. 1 The provisions of this Chapter of this Regulation shall control the design, construction, protection, location, arrangement and maintenance of required exit facilities to provide' safe means of escape from all buildings hereafter erected, altered or changed in occupancy, except that exit requirements for

special uses and occupancies, as are provided in Chapter 5 of these

Regulations shall be additional to or take precedence over the provisions of this Chapter as the case may be.

Reg.2 For the purpose of these Regulations the following definitions and

associated requirement shall be applicable;

(a) "Exit" - means of egress from the interior of the building to an exterior space which is provided by the use of the following either, singly or in combination: exterior door openings, protected staircases, exit passageways or exterior stairs, but not including access stairs, aisles, corridor doors or corridors.

(b) The "occupant load" of a building or part thereof means the total number of persons that may occupy such building or part thereof at anyone time.

The "occupant load" shall be established

either-(i) By the actual number of occupants for whom each occupied

space of the building is designed as shown on the plans, or

(ii) By applying to the floor areas available for occupation the

appropriate areas per person as laid down in Table 3, whichever is the greater.

(c) "Travel distance" means the distance required to be traversed from the most remote point in any room or space to the centre of a door opening directly to a protected staircase, or an open exterior space, or an exit passageway, provided that in the case of a residential flat or apartment the travel distance should be measured from the door of the furthermost room, and in the case of a hotel bedroom or suite, the travel distance should be measured firstly from the most remote point in the room or suite to its exit door, and secondly from its exit door to the protected staircase, open exterior space or exit passageway.

The maximum travel distance for the respective type of occupancies shall be not greater than as laid down in Table 5 read in conjunction with the following»

0) In the case of a floor area designed with two-way escape

provisions, the maximum travel distance as given in Table 5 shall

be applicable to both escape routes measured from the most

remote equidistant point (in relation to the 2 exits) in the room or space to the relevant exits. (See Diagram I-A).

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(ii) In a large floor area subdivided into rooms, corridors and so forth, the travel distance requirements of the foregoing paragraphs of this Regulation shall be deemed to be satisfied if the "direct distance"

as defined in Regulation 2(l) does not exceed the applicable

maximum direct distance as specified in Table 5.

(iii) For the purpose of this Regulation, the most remote point from

which the travel distance is measured shall be taken as being

400 mm from the enclosure wall of the room or space.

(iv) The maximum direct distance in a dead end to either the nearest exit from the storey or-to a point from which escape is available in separate directions to alternative exits, should not exceed the permissible one way escape direct distance subject to the overall travel distance to the nearest exit from the storey not exceeding the two way escapepermissible travel distance.

(d)

(v) In the case of a hotel bedroom storey, the travel distance from the most remote point in a room or suit to its exit door shall not exceed 9 m and then from the furthermost of such room or suit exit door on the storey to a protected staircase or exterior open space, the travel distance shall not exceed that specified for hotels in Table 5. "External Staircase" Any staircase constructed of non~c~llibustible

materials open to the outdoor air that serves as a required exit. -, (e) "Protected Staircase" A staircase which has its walls, ceilings and

floors so constructed of non-combustible materials, having a fire

resistance for not less than the minimum period required by

Regulation 13 in Chapter 3 for elements of structure for the part of the building in which itis situated. The doors to such staircases shall have

a minimum 112 hour fire-resistance, shall be self-closing, and be

opening in the direction of escape. A protected staircase shall

discharge at ground level either directly or in close proximity to an exterior open space or to an exit passageway or to the ground storey, which is protected by a sprinkler system, having direct access to an exterior open space.

(f) "Exit passageway" means a horizontal. extension of a vertical exit viz protected staircase, or a passage leading from a yard or court to an open external space, complying with the requirements of Regulation 18 for protected shafts in respect of the fire resistance ratings of its enclosure walls, floors, ceilings and doors. In addition to the doors

connecting the exit passageway to a protected staircase or other

vertical exit or external open space, there shall be not more than 2 doors opening into an exit passageway and such doors shall be self-closing and complying in every respect with the relevant provisions of Regulation 19 except that in the case of an external exit passageway along the side of

a

storey of a building the limitation as to the number of doors shall not be applicable.

(g) "Sprinkler system" means an automatic sprinkler installation

conforming to the requirements of an accepted Code of Practice.

(27)

Fire Regulations

(i) "High hazard occupancy" means any occupancy in which the type of goods or materials stored or the nature of the trade or manufacture be such as to increase the fire probability and cause the rapid burning of it's contents or produce poisonous or noxious. fumes or explosions in the event of a fire or in any way accentuate the fire hazard.

(D "Area of refuge" in relation to the means of exit of a building means an area in adjoining building or an adjoining part of the same building

adequately fire separated from it by a construction having fire

resistance for a period of at least. 2 hours, to which egress. is made

through supplemental exits such as a balcony, a bridge, a tunnel,

staircase and so forth.

An area of refuge shall be adequate in size to hold the occupant load it receives from the floor area it serves in addition to its own occupant load on the basis of 0.3 m2 per person and shall be provided with at

least one protected staircase and exit facilities of adequate width discharging at ground level directly to an exterior open space.

Doors providing access to an area of refuge shall be kept unlocked at ail times when the floor area served by the area of refuge is occupied. Such doors shall be swinging and self-closing doors having a fire resistance rating of 1Y:z hours except that doors in fire divisions of 3 or 4 hours fire resistance rating shall have a fire resistance rating of 3 hours. They shall swing in the direction of exit travel.

(k) "Vertical exit" means a staircase or ramp serving as an exit from one or more storeys above or below ground level.

(l) "Direct distance" means the shortest distance from a point in the floor area, measured within the external enclosure walls of the floor area, to the relevant exits, ignoring internal walls, partitions and fittings other than the enclosure walls of protected staircases (See Diagrams I-B and I-C). Where the "direct distance" concept is adopted, the maximum permissible direct distance shall be taken as being 2/3 of the maximum permissible travel distance given in Table 5.

(rn) "Two-way escape" means a situation where there are 2 independent escape routes and the subtended angle between the 2 lines of travel from the relevant point in the floor area to the exits shall not be less than 45° (See Diagram I-D). If the subtended angle is less than 45° ,

then it should be considered as a one-way escape arrangement,

notwithstanding the fact there are 2 exits.

(28)

Fire Regulations

----_._---_---Table 3 Occupant Loads

Intended use or type of occupancy of the room or Areas of occupied floor

storey of the building space per person. ( m2)

Places of public resort not otherwise provided for in this table 1

--Dance halls (calculated on dancing area) 1

Restaurants (calculated on dining are~) 1.5

Public lounges and hotel lobbies (calculated on usable area) 2.5

~.s

and showrooms (calculated on usable area) 5

Offices, hotel service areas ~alculated on usable area) 10

Dormitories and self-contained single room flats (calculated on 3

living area)

Apartments and flats (calculated on living area) IS

....

-Schools 1.5

Warehouses, godowns, bulk storage, public garages and motor 28

showrooms

Factories 3

Hospitals' -,. -.- 7.5

(a) For any occupancy not specified in this Table the Urban Development Authority shall

determine the scale to be used.

(b) Where the provisions of this Table are inapplicable or where certain circumstances would

render their application unreasonable, the Urban Development Authority may,

notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, determine the basis on which exit

provisions shall be calculated. ,

(c) Hotel bedrooms to be taken as 4 persons per bedroom.

-(d) For a factory building, a deduction of 30% in the computed floor area may be allowed

(29)

Fire Regulations Determination Reg.3 of Requirements Mixed Reg.3 (1) Occupancy Multiple Reg.3 (2) Occupancy or Use Non- Reg.3 (3) simultaneous Occupancy Capacity of Reg.3 (4) Exits Minimum Widths Maximum Widths

The determination of exit requirements for a building shall be based upon the type of use or occupancy of the building, the occupant load, the floor area, the travel distance to an exit, and the capacity of the exists as

provided in Table 5 and herein. Every storey of a building shall be

provided with exit facilities for its occupant load. Vertical exits (staircase or ramps) provided from any storey above ground level may serve simultaneously all storeys above ground level and vertical exits provided from any storey below ground level may serve all storeys below ground level, subject to the provisions of Regulation 56which prohibits basement staircases being continuous with staircases serving upper storey.

Where different parts of a building or storey of a building are designed for different types of occupancies or used for different purposes at the same time, the exit requirements of the entire building or storey of the building shall be determined on the basis of that type of occupancy or usage having the strictest exit requirements, or the exit requirements for each building section shall be determined separately.

Where a building, or storey of a building or a part of a building, is used for multiple purposes involving different activities at different times, that purpose or usage involving the greatest number of occupants shall form the basis of determining the exit requirements.

The floor areas of toilets, locker rooms, meeting rooms, storage rooms, staff canteens and similar rooms and spaces that serve other rooms and spaces on the same storey but are not occupied at the same time as such

other rooms or spaces, may be omitted from the occupant load

calculations of that storey of the building on which they are located. In the case of factory and office buildings only, the floor area of a corridor may also be omitted from the occupant load calculations of that storey ofthe building on which the corridor is located.

The capacity of exits, staircases and other exit facilities shall be measured

in units of width of one half of a metre and the number of persons per unit of width shall be determined by the type of occupancy and type of exit as

listed inCol (iii) of Table 5.Fractions ofa unitofwidth less than 250 mm . shall not be credited. Where 250 nun or more are added to one or more

full units, half of a unit of width shall be credited. Exit staircases shall be of such width that in the event of anyone staircase not being available for exit purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest

occupancy load of anyone floor discharging into it calculated in

accordance with the stipulations in Table 5.

Reg.3 (5) Notwithstanding any of the above computations no exit or staircase shall be narrower than the minimum width requirements specified in Col. (iv) of Table 5.

Reg.3 (6) The maximum width of staircases shall not be more than four units of

width unless divided by handrails into sections of not less than two units of width or more than four units of width. For the purpose of determining the exit capacity of a staircase that is wider than 4 units of width and forms part of the required means of escape from any storey of the building, that part of its<width in excess of4 units of width shall not be taken into account.

(30)

Chapter 2 -M"'llllS of Escape

,---_._----"-"'-,--_.-Fire Regulatiolls

---Measurement of Width

Reg.3 (7) The width of a staircase shall be the clear width

between-(a) The finished surfaces of the walls, ifthe staircase is enclosed on both

sides by walls only; or

(b) The finished surface of the wall and the inner side of the balustrade

or handrail, if the staircase hasa wall on one side and a balustrade or

handrail on the other side; or

(c) The inner sides of the balustrade or handrails if the staircase has

balustrades' or handrails on both sides.

Number of Exits from Rooms and Spaces

Reg.J (8) There shall be at least two door openings remote from each other and

leading to exits, from every room or enclosed space in which the total

occupant load exceeds the maximum permissible occupancy load for one

door as listed in the following Table 4.

Table 4

Type of Occupancy Maximum Occupant Load with

one Door

High hazard 10

Godowns, storage buildings 50 ";.: .

.~.;

Shops, departmental stores and business premises 75

Factory buildings without high hazards 50

--Place ofpublic resort 75

Educational buildings 75

Hospitals 15

--::

(31)

Fire Regulations Number of Staircases or Exits per Storey Exit Reduction Location of Exits

________ .. Chapter 2 -~f;l!liSof Escape

(a) Application of Table 4 shall be subject to the travel distance being

in accordance with Regulation 2(c).

(b) Ina block of residential fiats, there shall be not less than two exit

doors from each flat, that shall have direct access to the staircase

or staircases that are required to be provided for such block of

flats under subsequent paragraph (9) of this Regulation except

that only one exit door may be provided when there is a smoke

dispersal condition within the flat to the satisfaction of the Urban

Development Authority and the travel distance from the

furthermost bedroom door to the exit door does not exceed 13 m.

When there is an alternative escape route from the furthermost

bedroom door to the single exit door, an extension of the

aforesaid travel distance up to 15m may be permitted.

(c) Every school classroom, other than the "educational buildings"

referred to in the above table, shall have atleast 2exits.

(d) In a block of maisonettes, there shall be at least one exit door

from each storey of each unit that shall have direct access to the

staircase or staircases that are required to be provided for such

block of maisonettes under subsequent paragraph (9) of this

Regulation provided that the upper storey of a may be exempted

form compliance with this requirement if the following conditions

are complied with:

(i) The aggregate floor area of the upper storey of the

maisonette should not exceed 60 m2;

(ii) The distance from the furthermost bedroom door to the main

entrance door should not exceed 13 m;

(iii) The escape route should not pass through or near an

unprotected opening of the kitchen; and

(iv) The maisonette should not comprise more than 2storeys .

. Reg.3 (9) There shall be at least two independent staircases or other exits from

every storey of a building, except that only one staircase may be

provided for storeys ina detached type of residential building.

Reg.S (10) When a floor area has access to areas of refuge conformingtothe

provisions of Regulation 2(j) the number of persons for whom vertical

exits are to be provided may be reduced to 50 percent of the occupant

load of the floor area when one area of refuge is provided and may be

reduced to 33 1/3 percent of the floor area when two areas of refuge are

provided.

Reg.J (11) All exits and access facilities shall located asfollows:

(a) They shall be clearly visibly, or their locations clearly indicated

and shall be kept readily accessible and unobstructed at all times.

(32)

Smoke Reg.3 (12) Free Approach Staircase External Approach Smoke free Lobby

(b) When more than one tenant occupies a building or floor area,

each tenant shall have direct access to .the required number of exits without passing through premises occupied by other tenants. (c) When more than one exit is required from a storey of a building or any room, each exit shall be placed as remote as possible from the other to the satisfaction of the Urban Development Authority. Door openings to scissor staircases shall be at least 5 m distant from each other.

The entry to a protected staircase of any building or part of a building of more than 18·m in height above ground level, other than a building of purpose Group 1, shall not be direct from any part of a storey of the building but only through either:

(a) An external exit passageway conforming to the requirements of Reg. 4 (I) or an external corridor or a balcony or landing open to a street, or to an open space not less that 10m2 in horizontal plane

area open vertically to the sky for its full height; such corridor, balcony or landing being enclosed on its open side by only a Im high parapet wall or balustrade and separated from the interior of the building by a imperforate wall having the requisite fire

resistance under Regulation 13 in which only a Class A door

conforming to the requirements of Regulation 19 (8) may be permitted, provided that in the case of an external corridor, ventilation openings of non-combustible construction located above a level of 1.2 m from the finished surface of the corridor floor and not less than 3 m from the protected staircase may also be permitted in the separation wall between the corridor and the interior of the building; or

(b) A smoke free lobby having a floor area of not less than 6 m2 if it

also serves as a fire fighting lobby required under Regulation 34 (2) that is separated from the adjoining areas of the building by an imperforate wall having a fire resistance of at least 1 hour in ·which only self-closing doors conforming to the requirements of

a Class A door as specified in Regulation 19 (8) shall be

provided; such lobby being ventilated by either:

(i) Permanent ventilation openings in an external wall to which the lobby abuts; such openings being not less than 15 percent of the area of the lobby and located not more than 9m from any part of the lobby;

(ii) Mechanical ventilation complying with the Urban

Development Authority requirements, or

(iii) Permanent ventilation openings of similar size as in Clause (bXi) of this Regulation, opening to an open air well having a superficial plan area of not less than 10m2 or 0.1 m2 for each

300 mm of height of the building whichever is the greater. The enclosure walls of such air well shall be of a similar standard of fire resistance as that required for the enclosures of the protected staircase and shall be imperforate except for the ventilation openings for the lobby, staircase and toilets; or

(33)

Cross Ventilated Corridor Pressurized Systems for Stairways

(c) A cross ventilated corridor having openings in at least two

external walls; such openings being not less than 50 percent of

the superficial area of the said walls and within 13 m of any part

of the corridor.

Reg.J (13) All fire escape stairways serving high-rise buildings shall be provided

with asystem of pressurization as follows:

(a) The minimum pressurization level of 50 Pa shall beachieved with

all doors closed and all pressure relief systems working.

(b) The force required to operate any door against the combined

resistance of the pressurization air and the automatic door closing

mechanism shall not exceed 110 Nat L'1edoor handle.

(c) When in operation the fan capacity shall be enough to maintain

minimum average egress velocity through doorways of 0.75 m/s

with any three single leaf entry doors (one on each of three levels)

and the largest exit door open, plus leakage allowance for allother

doors.

(d) The minimum fire resistance rating for the enclosure of the

pressurization plant shall be the same as that of the staircase served.

(e) The maximum air velocity inducts shall not exceed 20 mls.

(f) The number and distribution of injection points for the supplying

of the pressurization air to the exit staircase shall ensure an even

pressure profile. The multiple injection system with air supplies at

no greater than 12m apart tobe used.

(g) Emergency power supply shall be provided for all equipment

serving staircase pressurization.

(h) All wiring, cables, electrical equipment, starters, relays, etc.,

including building primary and secondary sources of supply shall

be suitable for continuous operation at 250 0 C ambient for one

hour.

(i) The pressurization system shall be automatically activated by the

building fire alarm system. In addition a remote manual start/stop

switch shall be made available for firemen at the fire command

centre. Visual indication of the operation status of· the

pressurization system shall beprovided.

U) Supply air for the pressurization system shall be drawn directly

from the external and its intake shall be not less than 5 m from any

exhaust discharge openings.

(k) When in "fire" mode no system connected therewith shall be

controlled or under the influence of any Building Management

System (BMS), nor shall failure or close do~ of such BMS

prevent its operation.

(34)

Exemption Reg.3 (14) Where a protected staircase of any building or part of a building of more than 18 m in height above ground level, other than a building of

Purpose Group 1, is either fully pressurized or adequately cross

ventilated through permanent openings, in accordance with the Urban

Development Authority regulations, it shall be exempted from

compliance with the requirements of Regulation 3(12) provided that: (a) It is not a fire fighting staircase adjacent to a fire lift as required

under Regulation 34 (2)

(b) The doors opening into such protected staircase conform to the requirements of a Class B door as specified in Regulation 19 (8) and

Exit Doors

(c) A suitable smoke exhaust system is provided to the adjoining floor

areas of the building tothe satisfaction of the Urban Development Authority, if required.

Reg.3 (15) Exit doors giving access to stairways shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or

landing. .

Smoke Control Reg.3 (16) A "smoke control system" which isa"mechanical ventilation'tsystem,

System shall be provided where required by the Authority having

Jurisdiction" and shall comply with the following stipulations:

(A) General Requirements

The "smoke control system" shall consist of the following:

(i) A "Smoke Purging System" which is independent of all other

systems serving other parts of the building, and which will

provide an extraction rate of not less than 8 air changes per hour.

(ii) "Automatic Activation" The smoke purging system shall be automatically activated by the building fire alarm system. (iii) "Manual Control" A remote control manual start/stop switch

shall be provided at the Fire Control Centre, or at the main Fire Control Panel. Visual verification of the operation status of the smoke control system shall be provided with the remote control facility.

(iv) "Supply Air" Supply air for the smoke control system shall be

drawn directly from the exterior, and the intakes shall be not less

than 5 m from any exhaust discharge openings. Outlets for the

supply air of the system shall be adequately distributed over total floor area. Where there is natural ventilation based upon openings of not less than 2 percent of the floor area of each

floor, such natural ventilation may be considered as a

satisfactory substitution for the required air supply requirement, of the smoke control system.

(v) "Discharge Outlets" The discharge outlets of the 'Smoke control system should be separated by not less than 5 m in any direction from all air inlets or building openings.

(35)

(B) Additiomd Requirement

(i] Basement Smoke Extraction Systems "Basement smoke

extraction systems where required by the "Authority having Jurisdiction shall be provided in addition to the stipulations of the "general requirements" above and shall comply with the following stipulations:

(a) "Smoke Purging Rate" for normal environments, and in fire conditions the air changing The smoke purging rate shall be not less than 6 air changes per hour rate shall be not less than 10 air changes per hour. The extract points shall be arranged so that 50 percent are at high level and 50 percent at low level.

(b) "Ducts" Where. ducts are used for the smoke extraction

system they shall comply with the requirements for

mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems in

buildings.

(c) "Melting Point" All components of the smoke extraction system must have a minimum melting point of 8000C.

(d) "Sprinkler System" An automatic sprinkler system must be installed, and the fire duct must be constructed to withstand the water impingement from the sprinklers.

(ii) Engineered Smoke Control System - Engineered Smoke

Control Systems where required by the Authority having

Jurisdiction shall be provided in addition to the stipulations of the "general requirements" above and shall comply with the following stipulations:

(a) "Activation" The engineered smoke ventilation system shall be activated by smoke detectors located in the "smoke control zone." The time taken for the engineered smoke

ventilation system within a smoke zone to be fully

operational shall not exceed 60 s from system activation. (b) "Shut Down of Air Conditioning Systems"Air conditioning

systems within the area served by the engineered smoke ventilation system shall be shut down automatically upon the activation of the smoke ventilation system.

(c) "Fire Dampers" Fire Dampers shall not be installed in the engineered smoke ventilation system.

(36)

Fire Regulations Chapter 2 .- M~oos of Escape ...

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(37)

24

DIAGRAM 1 - (A - D)

Travel Distance not toexceed permissible values in TabJe 5

Most remote point equidistant from both exists

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Subtended angle> 45°

This is a one way escape situation DIAGRAM 1 D (in reference to Reg. 2 (rn)

Illustrating concepts of one way & two way escapes)

(38)

Fire Regulations Means of Reg.4 Escape Requirements Exit RegA (1) Passageways Internal Staircases

Chapter :2 -["'!fans of Escape

Means of escape shall be provided for all buildings by one or more of the

facilities listed in the following paragraphs of this regulation. Access and

exit facilities not specifically covered in this regulation shall not be used to

satisfy the exit requirements of Regulation 3, without the approval of the

Urban Development Authority. The lifts, elevators and escalators shall not

be used to satisfy the exit requirements of Regulation 3.

Internal and external exit passageways that serve as means of escape or

required exits from any building other than detached, semi-detached and

terrace type ofdwelling houses shall have the requisite fire resistance under

Regulation

13.

The enclosure walls of exit passageways shall have no

openings other than fire doors conforming to the relevant provisions of

Regulation 19 provided that in a building having an external exit

passageway, the wall between the passageway and the rest of the floor

space may have ventilation openings fixed above a level of 1.8m from the

finished floor level of the passageway and not less than 3 m from a

protected staircase. The minimum width and capacity of Exit Passageways

shall beas listed in columns (iii)and (iv) of Table 5 and their clear heights

shall be not less than 2300 mm over 75 percent of their floor areas with no

point less than 2100 mrn in height. Changes in level requiring less than 2

risers shall be by a ramp complying with the provisions of Regulation 4 (7).

An external exit passageway shall be protected along its outer side by solid

balustrades of parapets ofnot less than 1 m in height.

All passages shall bekept readily accessible and unobstructed at all times.

Reg.4 (2) (a) Internal staircases serving as fire exits exceeding three storeys in height

shall satisfy requirements as for protected staircases given in

Regulation 2 (e).

(b) The minimum width and capacity of staircases shall be as listed in

Table 5 and such staircases shall comply with the

following-(i) Headroom: The clear headroom shall be as given in the

Planning and Building Regulations of the Urban Development

Authority.

(ii) Landings: Except for circular or geometric stairs, all staircases

shall beinstraight flights with landings provided at intervals of

not more than 16risers or less than 2risers and at every floor

level. The minimum width of a landing (measured

perpendicular to the direction of travel) and in length shall be

not less than the width of the staircase except that on a straight

run staircase the distance between risers of upper and lower

flights at intermediate landings need not bemore than 1 m.

(iii) Winders: Winders shall not be permitted inany building other

than residential buildings and in such cases there shall be not

morethan 1winder per90 0tum.

(iv) Risers and treads: In straight flights shall be as given in the

(39)

f Fire Regulations Handrails Balustrades etc. Lighting and Ventilation External Staircases Scissor Staircases Hardwood Staircases Spiral Staircases Ramps

Chapler 2 - Means of Escape

(c) Every staircase shall have walls, grilles, balustrades or handrails on both sides except that stairs that are 1250 mm or less in width may

have a balustrade or handrail on one side only. Where the width of the

stairs exceeds 4 units of width intermediate handrails shall be

provided in accordance with Regulation 3 (6). There shall be no

projection other than balustrades or handrails instaircases.

(d) AU' staircases shall be ...lighted and ventilated by openings in the external walls or mechanically ventilated in accordance with the

Authority.

RegA (3) External staircases may beused as exits in lieu of internal staircase provide they comply with all of the requirements of Regulation 4 (2) for internal

staircases, except enclosure, and also comply with the provisions of

Regulation 2(d).

Reg.4 (4) Where 2 separate internal staircases are contained within the same

enclosure (so called "scissor stairs") each stair shall be separated from the

other by non-combustible construction having fife resistance for a

minimum period equal to that required for the enclosure. Such scissor staircases shall coliform to all the provisions of Regulation 4(2) for internal

staircases. The location of their door openings shall comply with

Regulation 3 (11) (c).

Reg.4 (5) Hardwood staircases shall only be permitted as internal staircases in Group

1buildings.

Reg.4 (6) Spiral staircases may serve as required exits from mezzanine and balconies

on any storey having an occupant load not exceeding 25 persons, when

built externally as an un-closed staircase and also of non-combustible materials and having a tread length ofat lest 0.75 m. Such spiral staircases shall not be more than 10m high and shall not be used as an exit from a public area. Spiral staircases shall not be allowed as a fire exit for Purpose Group2(a).

Reg.4 (7) Internal and external ramps may be used as exits in lieu of internal and external staircases, and also as

a

"means of escape" for disabled persons, provided their exit capacities are as listed in Table 5 and except where

otherwise provided, they comply with the applicable requirements of Regulations 4 (2) and (3) and with the following:

(a) Maximum slope: The slope of such ramps shall not be steeper than 1

in 8 except fhat in factory buildings and godowns the slope shall not

exceed 1 in 12 and except as otherwise provided in any other

Regulations.

(b) Changes in direction: .Ramps shall be straight with changes in

direction being made at level platforms or landings, except that ramps having a slope not greater than1in12at any place, may be curved.

(c) Length: The sloping portion of ramps shall be at least 1mbutnot more

than 12.5 m longbetween platforms orlandings.

(40)

FireRegulati~ Chapter 2 -Means of Escap;

---(d) Platforms: Level platforms or landings at least as wide as the ramp shall be provided at the bottom, at intermediate levels where required . and at the top of all ramps. Level platform shall be provided at each door opening into or from a ramp having a minimum length in the direction of exit travel of 1 m.

Guards and handrails: Guards and railings of rampsshallcomply with Regulation 4(2) (d) except that only ramps having a slope steeper 1 in 10 need comply with the requirements of handrails and

handrails shall notbe required.

ramps shall be provided with non-slip surfaces.

Provided that ramps serving as means ofescape to onlyone basement

not be enclosure walls.

(8) "'''"",.,.-'..,n access to exits shall open inthe direction of

the following:

as

door thickness the door is open

more than 80 mm. open

1 m.

VIA,H''''J<. shall be 2000 mm.

have a door.

Door hardware: exit door which has to shut and

fastened whilst the building is occupied should be fitted with "panic bolts", appropriately shown "Push bar to in letters not less

100mm

An to rule be made for are

locked back in the fully open position time that the

building is occupied. All other exit with

closing devices other than rising butt and all exit doors shall

be hung on metal and not on any combustible

material. The bolt shall be not more than 1 m from the floor

(41)

Fire .Regulations

..

_---_.---_._---Exit Lighting

(e) Power operated doors: Power operated doors may be used as exit

or corridors provided they remain closed in case of power failure,

but shall be manually operable. No such door shall be credited as

required exit unless it swings in direction of travel,

(f) Revolving doors: Revolving doors shall not be used as required exits

or as access doors to exits.

(g) Sliding doors: Horizontal and vertical sliding or folding doors shall

not beused as required exits or as access doors to exits in places of

public resort, shopping centres and departmental stores, except only

in exceptional circumstances with the approval of the Urban

Development Authority. Horizontal sliding doors, in such buildings

where allowed, shall be clearly marked "slide toopen" on both sides

and shall be supplemented by hinged doors of the required exit

width immediately adjacent and such exit shall be clearly marked

accordingly. Sliding doors, providing exit to the outside at grade,

where allowed and not supplemented as above, shall bekept open

when such buildings are being occupied.

Reg.5 (I) Exit passageways, staircases and exits, and all escape routes of all

buildings, other than detached, semi-detached, or terrace type of dwelling

houses, shall be provided with artificial lighting facilities. The level of

illumination at alltimes shall not be less than 50 lux. Illumination shall be

so arranged that the failure of anyone light shall not leave any area in

darkness.

Reg.5 (2) Where a total of 4 lights or more is required, exit lighting shall be

connected to an emergency power source or a fail-safe system which shall

automatically function upon failure of the normal power supply and shall

maintain adequate illumination at least for 1 hour.

Reg.5 (3) A block of residential flats shall be exempted from the provisions of

paragraph (2)of this Regulation subject to:

(a) Its escape routes being uncomplicated; and

(b) AU exit passageways, staircases and exits being so arranged and

located against external walls having openings or glazed windows to

the satisfaction of the Urban Development Authority so as not to be

left in complete darkness in event of failure of the artificial lighting

facilities.

Reg.6 (1) In every building or part thereof, except buildings of Purpose Group 1and

2(b) as in Table 2, the locations of every exit door and exit facility on every

storey shall beclearly indicated by exit signs using internationally accepted

symbols.

Reg.6 (2) Such signs shall beso placed so as to be clearly visible at all times. In long

corridors, in open floor areas, and inall situations where the location of the

exits may not be readily visible, direction signs in internationally accepted

symbols shall be provided to serve as guides from all portions of the

corridors or floors to the exits.

Reg.6 (3) The exit and directional signs shall either be in green or red on a white

background or in white on a green or red background and the signs shall

be electrically illuminated at all material times.

(42)

(43)

General Reg. 7 Reg. 8

Reg. 9

CHAPTER 3

STRUCTURAL FIRE PRECAUTIONS

CONTENTS

Definitions

Designation of Purpose Groups

Rules for Measurement of

(a) Height ofaBuilding 36

(b) Area of a Storey of aBuilding or Compartment 37

(c) Cubical Extent of Building or Compartment 37

(d) Cases Where Excess Height above 4m may be Ignored 37

Provision of Compartment Walls and Compartment Floors

Reg. 10 (1) (2) (3) (4) Table 6 Table 7 Reg. 11 Reg. 12

Excess Floor Area and Cubical Extent

Building Authority may Consent to Greater Sizes 38

Excess Height 38

Other Cases Requiring Compartment Walls and Compartment Floors 38

Table of Size Limitations of Buildings and Compartments (Exception

Purpose Group 1)

Multi Storey Industrial and Storage Buildings - (Purpose Group 7)

Exemption from Reg. 10 (1)

Buildings of High Fire Risk

Fire Resistance of Elements of Structure Reg. 13 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Table 8

Minimum periods of Fire Resistance 41

(a) Exemption for Non-load Bearing External Walls 41

(b) Exemption for Single-Storey Building 41

Interpretation and Application of this Regulation 41

Fire Resistance for Element of Structure thatCarries another Elements 42

Fire Resistance for Compartment Wall of Flats 42

Minimum Period of Fire Resistance

Tests of Fire Resistance

Reg. 14(1) Reg. 14 (2) Table 9 External Walls Reg. 15(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Meaning of Fire Resistance Requirements and "Deemed to Satisfy" 44

Deemed to Satisfy Provisions 44

Table for the Regulation 14

Unprotected Areas in any Side of a Building 46

Requirements of External Walls 46

Cladding on External Walls 47

Reference to Roofs 47

Requirements when 2

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more Buildings are on Land in Common

Occupation 47 Page 35 35 36 36 37 37 39 39 40 40 41 43 44 45 46 31

ICTAD Fire Regulations

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'FIRE

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ICTAD

INSTITUTE FOR CONSTRUC'nON

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FIRE REGULATIONS

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