Petro Eenrgy Kimia(petek-co.ir) Petro Eenrgy Kimia(petek-co.ir)
[email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
@petekco
@petekco
Static modeling
Static modeling
1
1
,
,
Well description,
Well description,
stratigraphic layering/
stratigraphic layering/
coordinates
coordinates
2.a
2.a
,
,
Geology:
Geology:
Sedimentology,Sequence stratigraphy,
Sedimentology,Sequence stratigraphy,
Fracturation
Fracturation
2.b
2.b
,
,
Facies
Facies
(seismic)
(seismic)
3
3
,
,
Geostatistical
Geostatistical
simulation of
simulation of
lithotypes
lithotypes
5
5
,
,
Petrophysical simulation
Petrophysical simulation
high resolution grid
high resolution grid
6
6
,
,
Petrophysical simulation
Petrophysical simulation
low resolution grid
low resolution grid
4
4
,
,
Well test
Well test
interpretation
interpretation
7
7
,
,
Model uses:
Model uses:
1-1-
Vo
Vo
lume
lume
tric/ Map
tric/ Map
ping
ping
2-Assecc Connectivity
Reservoir Modeling Process
Intro
Correlation
Modeling
Gridding
Zonation &
Layering
Modeling
Facies
Petrophysical
Modeling
Volumetric calculation
&
@petekcompany
Function
Bar
First
Petrel
Explorer
Window
Second
Petrel
Explorer
Window
Open and saving petrel project
Open second petrel project
Petrel explorer
◦
Input tab
◦
Model tab
◦
Result tab
The numerical results of volume calculation and simulations are store in this tab.
◦
Templates tab
Contain all predefined templates in petrel
Project setting and Unit
Visualization
◦
Windows
General import procedure:
1-Create a new folder
2-Rename folder
3-
Use the “import” option to import into the folder
Exercise: make a new folder & rename it and import some data
Wells and well tops procedure:
1- Create well and well tops folders
2-Rename folders if desired
3-Import well data (headers, deviation surveys, logs)
4-Import well tops
Imported data will often need some editing
to make them suitable for modeling
1-
line data imported without a “flag value” indicating line segments.
(polygon and stick)
2- Irregular 2D grid that needing smoothing, and 2D grids or
seismic interpretations containing spikes.
Double click on object and go to operation tab
Select split by
Make/Edit polygons
Create a new polygon orstart on an active polygon
Create new line within existing polygon
Create new polygon and deactivate the old
Make/Edit surface
This process is where you can grid data into surface. it is a way of preparing the
input data.
Several type of data can be used as input :point/line/surface in addition to
creating surfaces you can also smooth, blank and fill grid, interactively edit grids
and tie a grid to data
Make/Edit surface process
Enter the data to be gridded in main input Give a name to the output Define the geometry
Click on suggest setting from input /setting the
algorithm tab /the surface is stored in input tab after apply
QC the surface
By deleting the result surface all the parameter are reset.
Highlight a surfacein the input tab
Open the make/edit surface process and input the highlighted surface in the result tab
Geometry, algorithm and input tab are automatically filled in
Make/Edit surface -interactive smooth
Make sure the Make/Edit surface process
is active
Active the smooth area tool in function bar
Select the area of influence in number
of grid cell from the bottom toolbar
Make/Edit surface
–
peak remove
Make sure the Make/Edit surface process
is active
Active the peak remove tool in
function bar
Click directly on the base of peak
Surface calculator
(is the one of method for create calculated surface
–
another method use
the interpreted surface and isochore)
Right click on a surface
Type in a new output name.
use the calculator option to create
Press enter to execute Stored in history field
The new surface will be stored at the
Make isochore
Isochore
Isopach
Z top
–Z base
Z interpolated
–Z base
Vertical Well
–
Isochore point
Highlight one of the well tops and right
click on the other well top that will define
the isochore interval
Select convert to Isochore point
A new point set data is created in the I
input tab .
Right click on the thickness attribute
and select use a vertical position The point are now
shown as thickness point.
Vertical Well
–
Isochore surface
Drop isochore point in the main input
of make surface process
Select the thickness Attribute from the
Drop down menu For the attribute field
Set geometry
Visual the new isochore map in the 3D window
Intro
Correlation
Modeling
Gridding
Zonation &
Layering
Modeling
Facies
Petrophysical
Modeling
Volumetric calculation
&
Open well section and view data
Creating well section
Creating well section in 3D window
Curve filling
Make sure all other well section in the window tab are deactivated
Select the add well to well section icon from function bar
Click on the wells in the 3D window
a line appear connecting the wells
Setting up group panels
Right click on a well in well section
and select insert group panel
A folder called group is created. Drag and drop curves into group folder
In the well section window there are multiple logs
model Use in geo
WELL TOP
Md
.
Interactive facies interpretation
Paint discrete log class
Flood fill discrete log class Pick up discrete log class
Well seismic
Right click on the seismic cube and select create well seismic stored in global well log
Bitmap logs
Import bitmap
Fit between two curves- group panel
Insert group panel and select the logs
Select one of the log and double click on it until open setting,
go to curve filling
Select new from top to bottom under
select interval
Set fill parameter and select other
curve in fill edge and fill style
Curve filling- cut offs and property fill
Insert group panel and select the logs
Select one of the log and double click on it until open setting,
go to curve filling
Select new from top to bottom under
select interval
Set fill parameter and select curve level
in fill edge and fill style (cut off, automatic )
Ghost curve
For compare between two well logs
Select well & well log as require, click on the well header and drag it to another well
The ghost curve will now appear in window
well section
.
Intro
Correlation
Modeling
Gridding
Zonation &
Layering
Modeling
Facies
Petrophysical
Modeling
Volumetric calculation
&
Fault modeling is the process of generating a faulted grid and inserting the horizons,
zones and layers into it.
Top shape point
Mid shape point
Base shape point
Key pillar
Fault type definition
1.
Vertical fault
2.
Linear fault
3.
Listric fault
4.
Curved fault
Almost any type of fault can be modeled in PETREL:
Single, branching and crossing fault
Reverse and Normal fault
Truncated fault
Growth fault
Different input data
1- Fault stick
2- Fault polygon
3- Fault surface
4- 3D line
General workflow
1.
Define a fault model
2.
Model the initial set of fault (generate key pillars)
3.
Edit any problem areas
4.
Trim/Execute to the top and base of the model
5.
Connect fault (required for pillar gridding)
6.
Add more faults by repeating steps 2-5
7.
Do the final edits
Define model
Open define model in the process diagram
and rename it
The new model is stored in model tab
Active the fault modeling process
Fault modeling from fault polygons
+ Shift to select all polygon
Create fault from fault polygon
Edit key pillar vertically
Fault modeling from fault sticks
+ Shift to select all polygon
Create fault from fault stick Create fault from fault sticks, surface or interpretation
Notice that by choosing this method, a fault will be
generated that connect the sticks that you selected.
By clicking on the plane you can move the shape point in 3D.
By clicking on the cylinder you can move the shape point along the tangent of the cylinder
By clicking on the line between shape p oints, you will select all the shape points along the line .
Editing key pillar
Add new pillar to end
Add new pillar between
Free movement
Move in vertical
Move along line tangent only
Automated trimming of fault
Connection of faults
Connect two faults
Disconnect two faults
Select one pillar of each
fault to be connected Click connect two faults
A connected key pillar be gray color
Automatic Connection of faults
Remove distance: will remove pillars that are less than the given distance from the connection
Extend distance: will search for pillars within the given distance and connect them
Automatic generation of fault
Make sure fault modeling in process diagram
be active
Right click on the folder of fault sticks or polygon
and select convert to fault in fault model
Make folder in fault model and move all the
Intro
Correlation
Modeling
Gridding
Zonation &
Layering
Modeling
Facies
Petrophysical
Modeling
Volumetric calculation
&
Make a grid based on the define faults.
The pillars are inserted in between the faults, and there will be one pillar in every corner of each grid cell.
The increment of the grid in the I and j direction are set in the process.
The result of pillar gri dding is a “skeleton grid”, defined by all the faults and all the pillars.
The skeleton is a mesh grid consisting of a top, a mid and a base skeleton grid.
Create grid adjusted to the mid point of the key pillars.
Pillars
Pillars
+
Edges
Pillars
+
Edges
+
Base & Top
=
A 3D grid is a 2D grid mesh extended into the third dimension. A 2D grid mesh is defined by rows and columns oriented in the
Purpose:
Create the skeleton grid for the 3D model. Limit the model in the I and j
direction
Input:
Fault Model
Tasks:
1.
Build boundary
2.
Insert trends and directions
3.
Decide on the increment in I and j direction
4.
Plan the segments
Boundary:
Polygon, boundary segment or part of boundary. The faults themselves can be set as part of the boundary.
Trend:
Guidance for the grid cell shape and orientation. They can be Defined connecting one fault to another, along faults or in
between faults. Trend can not cross faults.
Directions:
Guidance for orientation of cells along faults.
Workflow
1.
Start pillar gridding process
2.
Select the faults
3.
Define the boundary
4.
Define grid name and increment
5.
Build mid skeleton grid (click apply)
6.
Tune mid skeleton grid
Defining a boundary
◦ Active the pillar gridding process ◦ Active the correct fault model
◦ Right click on the project boundary in the input tab ◦ Select convert to boundary on the active fault model
Set part of grid boundary
Create boundary segment
1- Create boundary (closed polygon)
2- Used in combination
A boundary must be define around the area of interest.
This is done by using a boundary polygon or by creating a more complex boundary
involving faults as part of the boundary together with
boundary segment
in pillar gridding when we define the trend, the trend I and j do cross
together.
To create the 3d grid we must to define two trend in each border and it is
better to define i , j in our boundary.
Directions and Trends
When the fault geometries are complex, you might need to help the gridding process by giving directions to fault and trends in the grids.
(Flow-Fracture-Fault Direction are define trend)
First select the I and J trends, then simply digitize the trend where you want to place it.
Automatic direction assignment
Arbitrary- Deselecting a fault direction
J-Direction
I-Direction
J-Trend
I-Trend
Number of cells
Highlighting a trend (endpoints will be become
Yellow)
Click on the set number of cells on
connection icon
Specify number of cells. Click apply to re-run
pillar gridding with the updated changes
Defining Segments
Set part of grid boundary
Set part of segment boundary
Set no boundary
Edit fault model in the pillar gridding process
Activate pillar gridding process and select
two neighboring pillars (yellow)
Click on the add pillar between icons
See the result in fault model in 3D window (add pillar between
QC
–
Intersection
Open 3D window and display one of the
skeletons in addition to an I and/or J intersection
Change the style settings for intersections double click intersections and to
Highlight one of the intersections and use the grid player to move in the I and j directions to look for
QC
–
Segments
Double click on the skeleton folder and toggle
show as segments
To check segments use the segment filter to toggle
on/off or make a visual display of segments as a legend by right clicking on the segment filter selecting
Intro
Correlation
Modeling
Gridding
Zonation &
Layering
Modeling
Facies
Petrophysical
Modeling
Volumetric calculation
&
Zonation & Layering
Make Horizon
Layering
Make Zone
Setting tab
A select an algorithm filling in gaps (towards fault/undefined
areas). Toggle Convergent gridder (better for
faulted horizons)
Collapse zones to zero thickness if less than a specified thickness.
Fault tab
Set distance to fault:
this option allows the user to specify a distance from the fault in the project unit. You have the option to set different distance on the front and backside of the fault.Displacement:
allows the user set the maximum and minimum displacement along the fault.Fault
Fault tab
Fault distance can be different in front or behind the fault (Yellow or Blue)
Fault tab
Adjust distance and displacement setting for individual faults:
1. Make sure that the Use default option is toggled off,
2. Expand the default for each fault folder in the make horizons work window and select the fault you want to adjust.
Fault- horizon intersection
Geometrical relationship between the fault and the horizon.
Can be used as input in the make horizon and scale up zone processes.
Creating from
:
1. By re-sampling from a previously defined 3D grid
2. By digitizing them directly on to fault key pillars in a 3D window 3. From input polygons
Fault- horizon intersection
Open the setting for the horizon to be edited and go to operations tab
Select resample from 3D grid to fault model and press resample.
Objects that can be depth
converted are:
1. Surface 2. Horizon interpretation 3. Faults 4. Points 5. Well logs 6. Well tops 7. Seismic data 8. 3D gridsDepth conversion of a 3D grid is a
2 steps process:
1. make a velocity model
2. Depth convert the grid using the velocity model.
The first step of depth conversion process is to create velocity model.
The second step is; where the initial time grid is chosen together with the velocity model and the
pillar re-creation setting.
Velocity model workflow
1.
Define zone
:insert surface/horizon or constant2.
Define correction
:insert well top3.
Define velocity equation
Define zone
Create new velocity model. (time (TWT) to depth (Z))
Choose a datum
Correction
Correction Option
Input well tops for corrections:
1.
Select none for seabed and
well tops for another horizon
2.
Get well tops from input tab,
Velocity equation
At each location the velocity is constant
(Z0=0) At each location the velocity is changes in the vertical direction by a factor of k. V0 the velocity at datum. Z the distance
of the point from datum. typical value for k between 0 and -0.2
For Z0 is not zero.
These should have an attribute representing average velocity between the point in the cube and the datum.
Include the property representing average velocity .such grids can be created by sampling data into the grid or using data analysis and petrophysical modeling to extrapolate from well data.
Velocity equation- Option for input of V0 and k
Constant A constant value
Surface
Defining value at each X-Y location. cover the whole area of the velocity zone
Well TDR (constant/surface)
The value will be estimated using the time-depth relationship (TDR) through the zone for each well
(constant average or interpolated respectively)
Correction (constant/surface)
Data in the correction column will be used to define the value. petrel will find the value at the location of each of th e correction points
such that the resultant conversion will match the correction point . (constant average or interpolated respectively)
Select the stratigraphic interval
Append the number of zones select isochore as input type
Parameter setting
Top horizon
isochors added from top of interval
Base horizon
Isochore added from base of interval
Both base and top horizon Only active if rest zone is defined
Vertical thickness (TVT)
Stratigraphic thickness (TST)
Along pillar
Use when pillars are close to vertical
Minimum cell thickness
No min.cell thickness
Min.cell thickness start from base
Min.cell thickness start from top Use min.cell thickness to collapse
all thin cells less than the given length (project unit)
Select the zone division (four different type)
Specify the number of layer and cell thickness
Optional input of a reference surface
Geometrical modeling:
Geometrical modeling:
The process where you can
The process where you can
use some pre-defined functions to gener
use some pre-defined functions to gener
ate properties.( e.g.
ate properties.( e.g.
bulk volume, depth, height above contact, and more).
bulk volume, depth, height above contact, and more).
Geometrical modeling can be done
Geometrical modeling can be done
when no input data is available values are ass
when no input data is available values are ass
igned
igned
based on grid geometry. Note that if logs
based on grid geometry. Note that if logs
are available, you can upscale the well
are available, you can upscale the well
logs and
logs and
do facies/ petrophysical modeling directly.
Property filter options
Property filter options
There are three type of property filters:
There are three type of property filters:
1
1)) TThhe e II--JJ--K fK fiilltteer r It is useful for QC It is useful for QC
2) The index filter 2) The index filter Skips a users defined amount Skips a users defined amount
of cells in all directions of cells in all directions
3) The value filter 3) The value filter Filters property values Filters property values If bulk volume has negative
If bulk volume has negative
value toggle on value
value toggle on value
filter and select Max=0
Creating simple facies:
Creating simple facies:
1-1-
in geometrical
in geometrical
modeling
modeling
select create
select create
new property
new property
2-2-
selec
selec
t assign facies betw
t assign facies betw
een surface as metho
een surface as metho
d
d
3-3-
for converted horizons to surface,
for converted horizons to surface,
double click on horizons
double click on horizons
go to operation and toggle
go to operation and toggle
fill in faulted
fill in faulted
areas and press make surface.
areas and press make surface.
4-4-
selec
selec
t fluvial facies as proper
t fluvial facies as proper
ty templa
ty templa
te
te
5-5-
Sele
Sele
ct which fa
ct which fa
cies co
cies co
de to use
de to use
@petekcompany
process
The up-scaling is the process where toassign values tothe cells inthe 3D gridthat is penetratedby the welllogs.
1) Create new property and select input from well logs
2) Select log from drop-down menu (capture from global well log folder)
Arithmetic mean -Typically used for properties such as porosity, saturation and net/gross because these are additive variables.
Harmonic mean -Gives the effective vertical permeability if the reservoir is layered with constant permeability in each layer. The harmonic mean works well with log nor mal distributions. Used for permeability because it is sensitive to lower values. The method is not defined for negative values.
Geometric mean -Normally a good estimate for permeability if it has no spatial cor relation and is log normally distributed. The geometric mean is sensitive to lower values, which will have a greater influence of results. The method is not defined for negative values.
RMS (Root Mean Squared) - Will provide a strong bias towards high values.
Most of -Will select the discrete value which is most r epresented in the log for each particular cell.
Mid Point Pick– Will pick the log value where the well is halfway through the cell. This is essentially a r andom choice and is therefore more likely to give a pr operty with the same distribution of values as the original well log data.
Method (Scale up well logs)
Simple
-
All cells the well trajectory goes through (touches).
Through cell
-
The well trajectory must go through two opposite cell walls
(top and base - opposite sidewalls) of a cell for the cell to be included.
Neighbor cell -
This option will average log values from all cells
immediately adjacent to the upscaled cell and belonging to the same layer as
the upscaled cell. Therefore if there are three adjacent cells along the well path
which belong to the same layer, the first will get an average value of the logs
from cells 1 and 2, the second from cells 1, 2 and 3 and the third from logs
within cells 2 and 3.
Setting- treat log
As point:
Only the points inside the cell will be used as point for the average value given to the cell.
As line:
Qc of upscaled logs
1- Press the show results in well section or set up the
well section display
2- toggle raw logs from global well logs and upscaled property from properties folder
1-Go to make log tab of setting for wells
2- select the property to make log from
Open the window menu bar and select new histogram window
Select perm log from global well logs
Show CDF curve icon
Click on the show viewport setting And change the data range.
Histogram, CDF (cumulative distribution function)
Histogram, Cdf and Crossplots
Open function window
Select phi on the X axis and perm on Y axis
Display the perm axis to logaritmic
Calculate the correlation coefficient between the two properties by clicking the make linear function
Identify any regional trends in data analysis before you begin the variogram analysis
Two aspects to a variogram:
1- how similar are two values right next to each other
Measure variability with distance Large distance=Large variability Calculated in 3 directions:
-Horizontal major -Horizontal minor -Vertical
Direction in variogram
The goal of horizontal variogram analysis is to:
◦ Determine if anisotropy is present
◦ Quantify the degree of anisotropy in term of major and minor variogram model ranges.
The vertical ranges in stratified geology are usually a fraction of those identified for the horizontal direction. This vertical vs. horizontal anisotropy is to be expected.
Vertical variogram
◦ Plenty of data
◦ Easily estimate
Horizontal variogram
◦ Usually very little data
◦ Usually implied from geology knowledge
Direction in variogram
Often well data is far too sparse to facilitate variogram modeling in the horizontal
direction. for example: what if you have a single exploration well. This situation support
only vertical variogram analysis, no pairs are available in the horizontal panel.
It is common to turn to a correlated secondary source of data. Given a reasonable
correlation, one can justify the horizontal analysis on the secondary data. this data is used
as a proxy or substitute for the purpose of interpreting the direction and major and minor
range values.
COMMENT
The vertical modeling should be done on raw log data and make sure the simbox is
turned off.for lateral modeling the upscaled logs should be used and the simbox should
then then be on.
Variogram map and sample variogram generation in Petrel
Variogram map:
Good for visualizing anisotropy and its direction
Sample variogram:
Good for finding major and minor range horizontally
Other variogram type for point data and surfaces:
-Classical variogram: used as default in petrel
-Pairwise relative: each pair is normalized by the square average -Logarithmic: logarithmic values used instead of original values.
Variogram map calculation of point data set
Open setting for the point dataGo to variogram tab and select variogram map and change the
setting under the XY range tab
Click the execute button to calculate variogram map
Open map window and display the variogram map. eventually push the view all in viewport icon
Sample variogram calculation and Define a variogram model
Sample variogram calculation and Define a variogram model
1.
1. Generate sample variogram on selected parameter and define the settings then press the executeGenerate sample variogram on selected parameter and define the settings then press the execute
2.
2. Display the sample variogram in a function window.Display the sample variogram in a function window.
3.
3. Click on the make variogram Click on the make variogram for sample variogram icon. define the model, for sample variogram icon. define the model, range and nugget for display samplerange and nugget for display sample
4.
Simple Kriging
Simple Kriging
Ordinary kriging
Ordinary kriging
Default kriging algorithm in petrel is simple kriging
Principle
Principle
Normal score
Normal score
Stationary( mean of the data does not change)
Stationary( mean of the data does not change)
No trend
No trend
Note:
Note:
The make/edit surface process automatically transforms input data to normal score. The simulation results are
The make/edit surface process automatically transforms input data to normal score. The simulation results are
back-transformed automatically
transformed automatically
In the property modeling a normal score transformation is used automatically as well, unless you see the
In the property modeling a normal score transformation is used automatically as well, unless you see the
transformations in the data analysis process.
The interaction between a CDF and a variogram
Before running a SGS, the variogram and distribution setting needs to be specified.
The variogram gives the range, Azimuth and etc.
A CDF will be set up from the normal scored data. However it is possible to change the CDF, by changing the output data range.
Influence of variogram model type
Exponential and spherical model give similar results.Proportion : vertical facies variation Probability: calibration with seismic attribute (AI). Relation between continuous and discrete logs
Incorporate the maximum amount of data
Well Data
Seismic Data
Production
Outcrop
Other Geological Studies
Integrated Study
Deterministic Information Statistical Information Conceptual Information•Structure (Horizon, Fault) •Stratigraphic Modeling •Facies Images •Histogram •Variogram •Correlation •Sedimentological Model •Facies Description Connectivity
The main division in the modeling algorithms available in Petrel is between deterministic algorithms and stochastic ones.
Deterministic algorithms will always give the same result with the same input data. Stochastic algorithms on the other hand use a random seed in addition to the input data, so whilst consecutive runs will give similar results with the same input data, the details of the result will be different. There are of course advantages to both of these methods. Deterministic algorithms will generally run much quicker and are very transparent – it is easy to see why a particular cell has been given a particular value. The disadvantage is that models with little input data will automatically be smooth even though evidence and experience may suggest that this is not likely. Getting a good idea of the uncertainty of a model away from the input data points is often difficult in such models.
Stochastic algorithms such as Sequential Gaussian Simulation are more complex and therefore take much longer to run, but they do honor more aspects of the input data, specifically the input data’s variability. This means that local highs and lows will appear in the result which are not steered by the input data and whose location is purely an artifact of the random seed used. The result will therefore have a distribution more typical of the real case although the specific variation are unlikely to match. This can be useful, particularly when taking the model further to
simulation as the variability of a property is likely to be just as important as it’s average value. The disadvantage is
that some important aspects of the model may be random and it is therefore important to perform a proper
these two properties, it is common practice to base permeability model directly upon the porosity model. There are a number of ways to do this which vary in complexity as well as in requirements in data and time. When evaluating which option to use, it is important to consider how much data is required to make the result meaningful and how much benefit the additional complexity will bring.
Simple linear relationship
The simplest method of generating a permeability model from a porosity model is to use a straightforward transformation
from a porosity / permeability cross plot. This can be useful if the relationship is relatively good and there is little input data or if a rapid result is required for early stage assessment. a random element can be added via a normal distribution to generate a simple cloud type transform, moving away from the unrealistic straight linear type relationship. Incorporating porosity values in the equation i.e. in the definition of the standard deviation, allow the user to create more complex transformations.
One major drawback of this method is that whilst a statistically reasonable fit may be achieved, the distribution does not
take spatial continuity into account. i.e. cells with very high values of permeability may be located next to cells with low values. This is unlikely to have an important effect in reservoirs with very good or very poor permeability distributions but
may have a marked effect in reservoirs with important spatial trends, particularly if the model is used for simulation purposes. The cross plot to the left shows the relationship between porosity and permeability in the upscaled cells and a best fit line through those, whilst that to the right shows the modeled porosity and permeability using the best fit
How to generate a Permeability model from a linear poro-perm
relationship
1. Upscale porosity logs and model the porosity model as normal. 2. Upscale permeability logs.
3. Open a function window and plot Porosity (X) against Permeability (Y), displaying upscaled cells only. 4. Use and to make the axes logarithmic if required.
5. Press Make Linear Function to generate a best fit function through the cross plot points. The function will appear in a function folder in the input tab. If one of the
6. Rename the function as PoroPerm.
7. Open the property calculator and type Permeability = PoroPerm (Porosity).
To generate a simple cloud type transform use the equation Permeability = PoroPerm (Porosity)*Normal(1,0.15) where 0.15 is the standard distribution to apply at each cell.
A teardrop shape with greater variation at higher porosity values can be added by making the standard deviation a function of the normalized porosity i.e. Permeability = PoroPerm(Poros ity)*Normal(1,0.15*(porosity/0.2)) where 0.2 is the average por osity.
Intro
Correlation
Modeling
Gridding
Zonation &
Layering
Modeling
Facies
Petrophysical
Modeling
Volumetric calculation
&
.
.
.
FACIES MODELING
Deterministic
Stochastic
Pixel base
Object base
Indicator simulationFacies with defined shapes, object, fluvial
Interactive drawing, seismic volume extraction, indicator kriging
Overview
If well logs are upscaled they can be used in deterministic and stochastic modeling. if no logs are available, only used unconditional stochastic method and interactive drawing
Two modeling setting buttons are available:
1. Common
Common setting for all zones are entered and the zone setting for specific zone
.
Common tab
1. Use filter
2. Ensure that all cells ge t value 3. Number of realization
Zone setting
◦ Define zone setting for all zone ◦ Leave the zone button off ◦ Press the leave zone
◦ Use one algorithm for all zones ◦ Define zone setting for each zone
◦ Press the zone button ◦ Select the interest zone
Sequential Indicator Simulation
Make sure to pick the upscaled property and select SIS method
Select the facies from the template
If do the data analysis click the data analysis icons,
When we select this option only use the property that was upscaled and be in the property folder.
When we do not select this option we will use all of the property in the template window
When we select the use existing Property we can define the facies Template and we do data analysis Just select this button.
When we did data analysis and variogram modeling we select these buttons and do not need do another data analysis
Object modeling
NOTE:
-The object modeling combine to another facies modeling at
the same zone in the background
-Ellipse is the part of body lithology. When we had part of
body we select the ellipse and rename it on modify name of
body
-Select the correct property - select object modeling method
- Select the fluvial channel icon to insert channel body
-Select facies property to mach channel - and levee
Layout
Specify channel direction, wavelength and amplitude
Channel
Specify channel width and thickness
Levee
Specify levee width and thickness. Levee smaller than channel
•
Object modeling- Ellipse setting
Geometry
-Select the body shapes from drop d awn menu - set the orientation, width and thickness
Rules
-Specify whether the facies will replace other facies or not.
Trend
Object modeling- background
When the back ground is the one lithology When we had another lithology in the
background and the channel is the one of the lithology
Interactive facies modeling
Interactive facies modeling
Brush type
Brush type
Facies type
Facies type
Radius
Radius
Profile
Profile
•
•
Facies transition simulation (Truncat
Facies transition simulation (Truncat
e Gaussian
e Gaussian
Simulation Algorithm)
Simulation Algorithm)
Facies transition simulation allows a stochastic distribution of the facies based on given transition
Facies transition simulation allows a stochastic distribution of the facies based on given transition
between facies
Intro
Intro
Correlation
Correlation
Modeling
Modeling
Gridding
Gridding
Zonation &
Zonation &
Layering
Layering
Modeling
Modeling
Facies
Facies
Petrophysical
Petrophysical
Modeling
Modeling
Volumetric calculation
Volumetric calculation
&
&
well Design
well Design
QC Result
QC result in histogram
-Go to setting and select histogram tab check that the histogram fallow the distribution 1- Raw Data
2- Up scaled cells 3- 3D grid
Filter
4- Use zone filter
5- Filter on other property value by pressing the filter button and go to property f ilter in setting for the properties folder
Property Calculator
Creating a new property model:
When we do not any template, generate one
Some of property we generate them on Geometrical Modeling This calculator can be used to create new
3D properties and do operations between properties
Right click on property folder in the 3D grid and select calculator
Change the property template to NET/GROSS and type into the while formula field: NG=0.8 Type in NetVol = Bulk_Volume*NG. select the
Intro
Correlation
Modeling
Gridding
Zonation &
Layering
Modeling
Facies
Petrophysical
Modeling
Volumetric calculation
&
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CMR
(
IADC WellSharp
No
Training Course
Training
Location
Duration
Min.
Batch
Size
Price per
head in
USD $
Case 1: IADC WellSharp
Certification
1
Introduction Course
Tehran
4 days
10
1,450
2
Driller Course
Tehran
5 days
10
1,800
3
Supervisor Course
Tehran
5 days
10
1,800
Case 2: In-house Certification
1
Introduction Course
Tehran
4 days
10
1,450
2
Driller Course
Tehran
5 days
10
1,600
3
Supervisor Course
Tehran
5 days
10
1,600
400000 4-46