Spon’s
Mechanical and
Electrical Services
Price Book
2015
Spon’s
Mechanical and
Electrical Services
Price Book
Edited by
2015
Forty-sixth edition
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20140912
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-5520-1 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including pho-tocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permis-sion from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Preface vii
Special Acknowledgements ix
Acknowledgements xi
PART 1: ENGINEERING FEATURES
Building Information Modelling (BIM) 3
Building Management Systems (BMS) 7
Renewable Energy Options 11
Grey Water Recycling and Rainwater Harvesting 15
Ground Water Cooling 19
Fuel Cells 25
Biomass Energy 29
Capital Allowances 33
Enhanced Capital Allowances (ECAs), The Energy Technology List (ETL) and The Water Technology List (WTL) 39
LED Lighting 43
Getting the Connection 47
Feed-In Tariffs (FITs) 51
Carbon Trading 55
Renewable Obligation Certificates (ROCs) 59
RICS Ska Rating 63
The Aggregates Levy 67
Value Added Tax 73
Typical Engineering Details 81
PART 2: APPROXIMATE ESTIMATING
Directions 105
Cost Indices 106
RIBA Stage A Feasibility Costs 109
RIBA Stage C Elemental Rates 114
Approximate Estimating Rates– 5 Services 120
Building Models– Elemental Cost Summaries 138
PART 3: MATERIAL COSTS/MEASURED WORK PRICES Mechanical Installations
Directions 163
33 Drainage Above Ground 169
Rainwater Pipework/Gutters 169
Disposal Systems 188
38 Piped Supply Systems 211
Cold Water 211
Hot Water 269
Natural Gas 274
Fuel Oil Storage/Distribution 279
Fire Hose Reels 281
Dry Risers 282
Sprinklers 283
Fire Extinguishers and Hydrants 289
38 Mechanical/Cooling/Heating Systems 291
Gas/Oil Fired Boilers 291
Packaged Steam Generators 308
Low Temperature Hot Water Heating 309
Steam Heating 398
Local Heating Units 402
Central Refrigeration Plant 403
Chilled Water 411
38 Ventilation/Air Conditioning Systems 421
General Ventilation 421
Ductwork: Fire Rated 513
Low Velocity Air Conditioning 534
VAV Air Conditioning 537
Fan Coil Air Conditioning 538
Electrical Installations
Directions 543
Electrical Supply/Power/Lighting 547
Electrical Generation Plant 547
MV Supply 550
LV Distribution 555
General Lighting 628
General LV Power 637
Uninterruptible Power Supply 645
Emergency Lighting 647
Communications/Security/Control 652
Telecommunications 652
Radio and Television 654
Clocks 656
Data Transmission 657
Access Control Equipment 663
Security Detection and Alarm 664
Fire Detection and Alarm 666
Earthing and Bonding 669
Lightning Protection 670
Central Control/Building Management 674
PART 4: RATES OF WAGES
Mechanical Installations 679
Electrical Installations 687
PART 5: DAYWORK
Heating and Ventilating Industry 695
Electrical Industry 698
Building Industry Plant Hire Costs 701
PART 6: TABLES AND MEMORANDA 719
INDEX 813
Preface
The forty-sixth edition of SPON'S Mechanical and Electrical Services Price Book continues to cover the widest range and depth of engineering services, reflecting the many alternative systems and products that are commonly used in the industry as well as current industry trends.
Although the industry remains competitive, prices in 2Q 2014 continue to rise, albeit at a slower pace than 12 months ago. Overall tender prices are expected to rise between 4% and 5% during 2014.
Key influences
Growing indications of increased construction activity across the UK A stronger pound helping to reduce the cost of imports
Stable or falling commodity prices.
2014 wage increases with both Mechanical and Electrical trades have been agreed.
Before referring to prices or other information in the book, readers are advised to study the `Directions' which pre-cede each section of the Materials Costs/Measured Work Prices. As before, no allowance has been made in any of the sections for Value Added Tax.
The order of the book reflects the order of the estimating process, from broad outline costs through to detailed unit rate items.
The approximate estimating section has been revised to provide up to date key data in terms of square metre rates, all-in rates for key elements and selected specialist activities and elemental analyses on a comprehensive range of building types.
The prime purpose of the Materials Costs/Measured Work Prices part is to provide industry average prices for mechanical and electrical services, giving a reasonably accurate indication of their likely cost. Supplementary information is included which will enable readers to make adjustments to suit their own requirements. It cannot be emphasized too strongly that it is not intended that these prices are used in the preparation of an actual tender without adjustment for the circumstances of the particular project in terms of productivity, locality, project size and current market conditions. Adjustments should be made to standard rates for time, location, local conditions, site constraints and any other factor likely to affect the costs of a specific scheme. Readers are referred to the build up of the gang rates, where allowances are included for supervision, labour related insurances, and where the percentage allowances for overhead, profit and preliminaries are defined.
Readers are reminded of the service available on the Spon’s website detailing significant changes to the published information. www.pricebooks.co.uk/updates
As with previous editions the Editors invite the views of readers, critical or otherwise, which might usefully be considered when preparing future editions of this work.
Whilst every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information given in this publication, neither the Editors nor Publishers in any way accept liability for loss of any kind resulting from the use made by any person of such information.
In conclusion, the Editors record their appreciation of the indispensable assistance received from the many individuals and organizations in compiling this book.
AECOM Professional Services LLP MidCity Place 71 High Holborn London WC1V 6QS Telephone: 0207 061 7000 Facsimile: 0207 061 7061 PREFACE viii
Special Acknowledgements
The Editors wish to record their appreciation of the special assistance given by the following organizations in the compilation of this edition.
160 Centennial Business Park Centennial Avenue Elstree Hertfordshire WD6 3SH Tel: 0845 201 0000 Email: [email protected] www.redstone.com
Hampden Park Industrial Estate Eastbourne East Sussex BN22 9 AX Tel: 01323 501234 Fax: 01323 508752 Email: [email protected] www.Hotchkiss.co.uk
Abbey Thermal Insulation Ltd 23–24 Riverside House Lower Southend Road Wickford Essex SS11 8BB Tel: 01268 572116 Fax: 01268 572117 Email: [email protected] Michael J Lonsdale 22–24 Cowper Street London EC2 A 4 AP Tel: 0845 241 6622 Fax: 0845 241 633 Stanhope House 116–118 Walworth Road London SE17 1JY Tel: 020 7358 5000 Email: [email protected] www.tclarke.co.uk Gardner & Co Ltd 1–5 Bermondsey Street London SE1 2ER Tel: 020 7403 5894 Fax: 020 7378 0316 www.gardnerco.net Debbas
F 48 Business & Technology Centre (BTC) Bessemer Drive
Stevenage SG1 2DX
To order:
Tel: 01235 400524 Fax: 01235 400525
Post: Taylor & Francis Customer Services, Bookpoint Ltd, 200 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4SB, UK Email: [email protected]
A complete listing of all our books is on www.crcpress.com
Spon’s Architects’ and
Builders’ Price Book 2015
Editor:AECOM
The most detailed, professionally relevant source of UK construction price information currently available anywhere.
Now to NRM1 and NRM2.
Spon’s A&B Price Book continues to add more and more new items – now with cost models for Business Parks and Data Centres; an expanded range of Kingspan roof and wall claddings; ASSA ABBLOY sectional overhead doors, includ-ing rapid openinclud-ing and fabric; ASSA ABBLOY industrial dock levellers and shelters; an increased range of Altro safety ÀRRULQJDQGUHVLQÀRRULQJV\VWHPV DQG$OWUR:KLWHURFN hygiene doorsets.
Hbk & electronic package 824pp approx. 978-1-4822-5525-6 £155
ebook & electronic package 978-1-4822-6438-8 £155 (inc. sales tax where appropriate)
6SRQ¶V([WHUQDO:RUNVDQG
Landscape Price Book 2015
Editor:AECOM
Now to NRM1 and NRM2, and with a number of landscape
FRVWPRGHOVWKH(: /3ULFH%RRNKDVDVWURQJDS-proximate estimates section, with most measured works items being also presented as composite items. It provides more data on NRM format composites; suspended paving systems; precast walkways; new Marshalls paving ranges; and reconstituted stone bottle balustrades.
Hbk & electronic package 608pp approx. 978-1-4822-5522-5 £140
ebook & electronic package 978-1-4822-6443-2 £140 (inc. sales tax where appropriate)
Spon’s Civil Engineering and
+LJKZD\:RUNV3ULFH%RRN
2015
Editor:AECOM
Now to CESMM4 and MMHW :LWKRXWSXWLQFLYLOVVWDUW-ing to rise, and hopes for the launch of new road network VFKHPHVDERRNLQJUDLOVHFWRUDQGDVLJQL¿FDQWDPRXQW RIZDWHUZRUN:HRIIHUDGHWDLOHGXSGDWHRISULFHVDQGDQ expanded range of rail elements.
Hbk & electronic package 688pp approx. 978-1-4822-5528-7 £165
ebook & electronic package 978-1-4822-6440-1 £165 (inc. sales tax where appropriate)
Spon’s Mechanical and
Electrical Services Price Book
2015
Editor:AECOM
Now to NRM1 and NRM2. Our M&E price book continues to
be the most comprehensive and best annual services engi-neering price book currently available. This year we provide a new detailed engineering feature on RICS Ska ratings, and add cost sections for LED lighting, PV panels and tiles, and solar thermal equipment. The book also gives the usual market update of labour rates and daywork rates, material costs and prices for measured works, and all-in-rates and elemental rates in the Approximate Estimating section. Hbk & electronic package 896pp approx.
978-1-4822-5519-5 £155 ebook & electronic package 978-1-4822-6445-6 £155 (inc. sales tax where appropriate)
SPON’S PRICEBOOKS 2015
Receive our online data viewing package free when you order any hard copy or ebook Spon 2015 Price Book
Acknowledgements
The editors wish to record their appreciation of the assistance given by many individuals and organizations in the compilation of this edition.
Manufacturers, Distributors and Subcontractors who have contributed this year include:
A C Plastics Industries Ltd Armstrong Road Daneshill East Basingstoke RG24 8NU Tel: 01256 329334 Fax: 01256 817862 www.acplastiques.com GRP Water Storage Tanks Actionair
Joseph Wilson Ind. Estate South Street Whitstable Kent CT5 3DU Tel: 01227 276100 Fax: 01227 264262 Email: [email protected] www.actionair.co.uk Dampers
Alfa Laval Limited Unit 1, 6 Wellheads Road Farburn Industrial Estate Dyce Aberdeen AB21 7HG Tel: 01224 424300 Fax: 01224 725213 www.alfalaval.com Heat Exchangers Aquilar Limited Dial Post Court Horsham Road Rusper West Sussex RH12 4QX Tel: 08707 940310 Fax: 08707 940320 www.aquilar.co.uk Leak Detection Balmoral Tanks Balmoral Park Loirston
Aberdeen AB12 3GY Tel: 01224 859000 Fax: 01224 859123 www.balmoral-group.com GRP Water Storage Tanks Biddle Air Systems Ltd St. Mary's Road, Nuneaton Warwickshire CV11 5 AU Tel: 02476 384233 Fax: 02476 373621 Email: [email protected] Air Curtains Braithwaite Engineers Ltd Neptune Works Uskway Newport
South Wales NP9 2UY Tel: 01633 262141 Fax: 01633 250631 www.braithwaite.co.uk
Sectional Steel Water Storage Tanks Broadcrown Limited
Alliance Works Airfield Industrial Estate Hixon Staffs ST18 0PF Tel: 01889 272200 Fax: 01889 272220 www.broadcrown.co.uk Generators
Caradon Stelrad Ideal Boilers PO Box 103
National Avenue Kingston-upon-Hall North Humberside HU5 4JN Tel: 08708 400030 Fax: 08708 400059 www.rycroft.com
Boilers/Heating Products Carrier Air Conditioning United Technologies House Guildford Road Leatherhead Surrey KT22 9UT Tel: 0870 6001100 Fax: 01372 220221 www.carrier.uk.com Chilled Water Plant Chloride Power Protection Unit C, George Curl Way Southampton SO18 2RY Tel: 023 8061 0311 Fax: 023 8061 0852 www.chloridepower.com Static UPS Systems Cooper Lighting and Security London Project Office Suite 8, King Harold Court Sun Street
Waltham Abbey Essex EN9 1ER Tel: 01302 303303 Fax: 01392 367155 www.cooper-ls.com
Emergency Lighting and Luminaires Danfoss Flowmetering Ltd
Magflo House Ebley Road Stonehouse Glos GL10 2LU Tel: 01453 828891 Fax: 01453 853860 www.danfoss-randall.co.uk Energy Meters
Dewey Waters Limited Cox’s Green Wrington Bristol BS40 5QS Tel: 01934 862601 Fax: 01934 862604 www.deweywaters.co.uk Tanks Dunham-Bush Limited 8 Downley Road Havant Hampshire PO9 2JD Tel: 02392 477700 Fax: 02392 450396 www.dunham-bush.com Convectors and Heaters
EMS Radio Fire & Security Systems Limited Technology House Sea Street Herne Bay Kent CT6 8JZ Tel: 01227 369570 Fax: 01227 369679 www.emsgroup.co.uk Security Engineering Appliances Ltd Unit 11
Sunbury Cross Ind Est Brooklands Close Sunbury On Thames TW16 7DX Tel: 01932 788888 Fax: 01932 761263 Email: [email protected] www.engineeringappliances.com
Expansion Joints, Air and Dirt Separators FKI Hawker Siddeley
Falcon Works PO Box 7713 Meadow Lane Loughborough Leicestershire LE11 1ZF Tel: 01495 331024 Fax: 01495 331019 www.fkiswitchgear.com
MV Supply, Cables and MV Switchgear and Transformers
Flakt Woods Limited Axial Way Colchester CO4 5ZD Tel: 01206 222555 Fax: 01206 222777 Fans
Hall Fire Protection Limited 186 Moorside Road Swinton Manchester M27 9HA Tel: 0161 793 4822 Fax: 0161 794 4950 www.hallfire.co.uk
Fire Protection Equipment Halton
5 Waterside Business Park Witham Essex CM8 3YQ Tel: 01376 503040 Fax: 01376 503060 www.haltongroup.com Chilled Beams
Hattersley, Newman, Hender Ltd Burscough Road Ormskirk Lancashire L39 2XG Tel: 01695 577199 Fax: 01695 578775 Email: [email protected] www.hattersley.com Valves
Hitec Power Protection Limited Unit B21a
Holly Farm Business Park Honiley Kenilworth Warwickshire CV8 1NP Tel: 01926 484535 Fax: 01926 484336 www.hitecups.co.uk
Uninterruptible Power Supply (Rotary/Diesel)
Honeywell CS Limited Honeywell House Anchor Boulevard Crossways Business Park Dartford Kent DA2 6QH Tel: 01322 484800 Fax: 01322 484898 www.honeywell.com Control Components Hoval Limited Northgate Newark Notts NG24 1JN Tel: 01636 672711 Fax: 01636 673532 www.hoval.co.uk Boilers HRS Hevac Ltd 10–12 Caxton Way Watford Business Park Watford Herts WD18 8JY Tel: 01923 232335 Fax: 01923 230266 www.hrshevac.co.uk Heat Exchangers Hudevad Bridge House Bridge Street Walton on Thames Tel: 01932 247835 Fax: 01932 247694 www.hudevad.co.uk Radiators
Hydrotec (UK) Limited Hydrotec House 5 Mannor Courtyard Hughenden Avenue High Wycombe HP13 5RE Tel: 01494 796040 Fax: 01494 796049 www.hydrotec.com Chemical Treatment
IAC IEC House Moorside Road Winchester
Hampshire SO23 7US Tel: 01962 873000 Fax: 01962 873102 www.industrialacoustics.com Attenuators
IC Service & Maintenance Ltd Unit K3 Temple Court Knights Place Knight Road Strood Kent ME2 2LT Tel: 01634 290300 Fax: 01634 290700 www.icservice.biz Fire Detection & Alarm Ideal Boilers
PO Box 103 National Avenue Kingston Upon Hull East Yorkshire HU5 4JN Tel: 01482 492251 Fax: 01482 448858 www.idealboilers.com Boilers
Kampmann
Benson Environmental Limited 47 Central Avenue West Molesey Surrey KT8 2QZ Tel: 020 8783 0033 Fax: 020 8783 0140 www.diffusionenv.com Trench Heating
Kiddie Fire Protection Services Enterprise House Jasmine Grove London SE20 8JW Tel: 020 8659 7235 Fax: 020 8659 7237 www.kfp.co.uk
Fire Protection Equipment
Metcraft Ltd
Harwood Industrial Estate Littlehampton
West Sussex BN17 7BB Tel: 01903 714226 Fax: 01903 723206 www.metcraft.co.uk Oil Storage Tanks
Mitsubishi Electric Europe BV Unit 8, Electra Park
Bidder Street Canning Town London E16 4ES
Tel (switchboard): 020 7511 5664 www.mitsubishi-lifts.co.uk Lifts and Escalators Osma Underfloor Heating 18 Apple Lane
Sowton Trade City Exeter Devon EX2 5GL Tel: 01392 444122 Fax: 01392 444135 www.osmaufh.co.uk Underfloor Heating Pullen Pumps Limited 158 Beddington Lane Croydon CR9 4PT Tel: 020 8684 9521 Fax: 020 8689 8892 www.pullenpumps.co.uk Pumps, Booster Sets Reliance Hi-tech Boundary House Cricketfield Road Uxbridge
Middlesex UB8 1QG Tel: 01895 205000 Fax: 01895 205100 www.reliancesecurity.co.uk
Access Control and Security Detection and Alarm Rycroft Duncombe Road Bradford BD8 9TB Tel: 01274 490911 Fax: 01274 498580 www.rycroft.com Storage Cylinders xiv Acknowledgements
Saint-Gobain PAM UK Ltd Lows Lane
Stanton-By-Dale Ilkeston
Derbyshire DE7 4RU Tel: 0115930 5000 Fax: 0115932 9513 www.saint-gobain-pam.co.uk Cast Iron Pipework Senior Hargreaves Lord Street Bury Lancashire BL9 0RG Tel: 0161 764 5082 Fax: 0161 762 2333 Email: [email protected] Ductwork/Ventilation
Schneider Electric Limited 120 New Cavendish Street London W1 W 6XX Tel: 0870 608 8608 www.schneider-electric.com Energy Management SF Limited
Pottington Business Park Barnstaple Devon EX31 1LZ Tel: 01271 326633 Fax: 01271 334303 Flues Simmtronic Limited Waterside
Charlton Mead Lane Hoddesdon Hertfordshire EN11 0QR Tel: 01992 456869 Fax: 01992 445132 www.simmtronic.com Lighting Controls Socomec Limited Knowl Piece Wilbury Way Hitchin Hertfordshire SG4 0TY Tel: 01462 440033 Fax: 01462 431143 www.socomec.com
Automatic Transfer Switches Spirax-Sarco Ltd Charlton House Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL53 8ER Tel: 01242 521361 Fax: 01242 573342 www.spiraxsarco.com Traps and Valves Tyco Limited
Unit 6 West Point Enterprize Park Clarence Avenue Trafford Park Manchester M17 1QS Tel: 0161 875 0400 Fax: 0161 875 0491 www.tyco.com Fire Protection
Utile Engineering Company Ltd Irthlingborough Northants NN9 5UG Tel: 01933 650216 Fax: 01933 652738 www.utileengineering.com Gas Boosters Woods of Colchester Tufnell Way Colchester Essex CO4 5 AR Tel: 01206 544122 Fax: 01206 574434
Air Distribution, Fans, Anti-Vibration Mountings
UNDERSTANDING
Spon’s has been showing changes in
the construction sector since 1874.
And we’ve been involved from 1948.
We know that nothing stands still.
aecom.com
To order:
Tel: 01235 400524 Fax: 01235 400525
Post: Taylor & Francis Customer Services, Bookpoint Ltd, 200 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4SB, UK Email: [email protected]
A complete listing of all our books is on www.crcpress.com
Spon’s Architects’ and
Builders’ Price Book 2015
Editor:AECOM
The most detailed, professionally relevant source of UK construction price information currently available anywhere.
Now to NRM1 and NRM2.
Spon’s A&B Price Book continues to add more and more new items – now with cost models for Business Parks and Data Centres; an expanded range of Kingspan roof and wall claddings; ASSA ABBLOY sectional overhead doors, includ-ing rapid openinclud-ing and fabric; ASSA ABBLOY industrial dock levellers and shelters; an increased range of Altro safety ÀRRULQJDQGUHVLQÀRRULQJV\VWHPV DQG$OWUR:KLWHURFN hygiene doorsets.
Hbk & electronic package 824pp approx. 978-1-4822-5525-6 £155
ebook & electronic package 978-1-4822-6438-8 £155 (inc. sales tax where appropriate)
6SRQ¶V([WHUQDO:RUNVDQG
Landscape Price Book 2015
Editor:AECOM
Now to NRM1 and NRM2, and with a number of landscape
FRVWPRGHOVWKH(: /3ULFH%RRNKDVDVWURQJDS-proximate estimates section, with most measured works items being also presented as composite items. It provides more data on NRM format composites; suspended paving systems; precast walkways; new Marshalls paving ranges; and reconstituted stone bottle balustrades.
Hbk & electronic package 608pp approx. 978-1-4822-5522-5 £140
ebook & electronic package 978-1-4822-6443-2 £140 (inc. sales tax where appropriate)
Spon’s Civil Engineering and
+LJKZD\:RUNV3ULFH%RRN
2015
Editor:AECOM
Now to CESMM4 and MMHW :LWKRXWSXWLQFLYLOVVWDUW-ing to rise, and hopes for the launch of new road network VFKHPHVDERRNLQJUDLOVHFWRUDQGDVLJQL¿FDQWDPRXQW RIZDWHUZRUN:HRIIHUDGHWDLOHGXSGDWHRISULFHVDQGDQ expanded range of rail elements.
Hbk & electronic package 688pp approx. 978-1-4822-5528-7 £165
ebook & electronic package 978-1-4822-6440-1 £165 (inc. sales tax where appropriate)
Spon’s Mechanical and
Electrical Services Price Book
2015
Editor:AECOM
Now to NRM1 and NRM2. Our M&E price book continues to
be the most comprehensive and best annual services engi-neering price book currently available. This year we provide a new detailed engineering feature on RICS Ska ratings, and add cost sections for LED lighting, PV panels and tiles, and solar thermal equipment. The book also gives the usual market update of labour rates and daywork rates, material costs and prices for measured works, and all-in-rates and elemental rates in the Approximate Estimating section. Hbk & electronic package 896pp approx.
978-1-4822-5519-5 £155 ebook & electronic package 978-1-4822-6445-6 £155 (inc. sales tax where appropriate)
SPON’S PRICEBOOKS 2015
Receive our online data viewing package free when you order any hard copy or ebook Spon 2015 Price Book
PART 1
Engineering Features
This section on Engineering Features, deals with current issues and/or technical advancements within the industry. These shall be complimented by cost models and/or itemized prices for items that form part of such.
The intention is that the book shall develop to provide more than just a schedule of prices to assist the user in the preparation and evaluation of costs.
page Building Information Modelling (BIM) 3 Building Management Systems (BMS) 7 Renewable Energy Options 11 Grey Water Recycling and Rainwater Harvesting 15 Ground Water Cooling 19 Fuel Cells 25 Biomass Energy 29 Capital Allowances 33 Enhanced Capital Allowances (ECAs), The Energy Technology List (ETL) and The Water Technology List (WTL) 39 LED Lighting 43 Getting the Connection 47 Feed-In Tariffs (FITs) 51 Carbon Trading 55 Renewable Obligation Certificates (ROCs) 59 RICS Ska Rating 63 The Aggregates Levy 67 Value Added Tax 73 Typical Engineering Details 81
ESSENTIAL READING FROM TAYLOR AND FRANCIS
To Order: Tel: +44 (0) 1235 400524 Fax: +44 (0) 1235 400525
or Post: Taylor and Francis Customer Services,
Bookpoint Ltd, Unit T1, 200 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4TA UK
Email: [email protected]
For a complete listing of all our titles visit:
www.tandf.co.uk
Estimator’s Pocket Book
Duncan Cartlidge
The Estimator’s Pocket Book is a concise and practical reference covering the main pricing approaches, as well as useful information such as how to process sub-contractor quotations, tender settlement and adjudication. It is fully up-to-date with NRM2 throughout, features a look ahead to NRM3 and describes the implications of BIM for estimators.
It includes instructions on how to handle: t UIF/3.PSEFSPGDPTUFTUJNBUF t VOJUSBUFQSJDJOHGPSEJòFSFOUUSBEFT t QSPSBUBQSJDJOHBOEEBZXPSLT t CVJMEFSTRVBOUJUJFT
t BQQSPYJNBUFRVBOUJUJFT
Worked examples show how each of these techniques should be carried out in clear, easy-to-follow steps. This is the indispensible estimating reference for all quantity surveyors, cost managers, project managers and anybody else with estimating responsibilities. Particular attention is given to NRM2, but the overall focus is on the core estimating skills needed in practice.
May 2013 186x123: 310pp Pb: 978-0-415-52711-8: £19.99
Building Information Modelling (BIM)
With the UK Government mandating the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) on all its construction projects by 2016, BIM is currently the hot topic of the construction industry. Some say it will revolutionize building design and construction where many processes will become highly-integrated, efficient and effective. Others say they have‘seen it all before’ and argue that BIM is not much more than a new set of design tools that construction must adapt to and work with. However the majority agree that BIM is introducing new ways of working for design and construction teams bringing considerable benefits for all involved in construction – and most of all for clients. So what is BIM?
BIM exploits the potential in computer-based modelling technologies to provide a new way of designing buildings and managing design and construction processes. BIM goes well beyond the effective application of 3D CAD. It provides a major step-change in the ability of design and construction teams to structure and exchange information around shared, computer-based models of a building project. This of course can bring great benefits, including better design coordination, reductions in design costs and improved communications throughout the design and construction process. But the real benefits of BIM go further. By working together to develop sophisticated, infor-mation-rich and coordinated computer models, the different design and construction disciplines can‘prototype’ projects before they are built. Designs can be developed and tested‘virtually’ so that the performance and cost is optimized. They can be coordinated so that many potential problems are either designed-out or avoided altogether. Ultimately, the benefits not only lie in more efficient and effective design and construction processes, but better and more certain project outcomes– better buildings that are more fit-for-purpose and meet their brief requirements and design intent.
How does BIM work?
BIM is based on digital models of a building that store information about the project (relating to architecture, engi-neering, construction and so on) in a way that enables it to be shared across and between different design and construction disciplines. Not only that, 3D dynamic modelling software can be used to develop and manipulate these digital models to refine the design, and also to test and validate its potential performance across a range of criteria, including buildability, energy performance-in-use, whole life costing etc. The potential for all key project information to be stored and manipulated on a computer is what sets BIM apart from more conventional approa-ches, and BIM-based design solutions differ from their traditional counterparts in that they:
Are created and developed on digital databases which enable collaboration and effective data exchange between different disciplines;
Allow change to be managed through these databases, so that changes in one part of the database are reflected in (and coordinated through) changes in other parts; and
Capture and preserve information for reuse by all members of the design and construction team, including facilities management (FM), and user operation and management.
Conventionally, a good deal of design and construction work is document based. Information is communicated and stored via a variety of drawings and reports that, despite being stored and distributed in digital form, are essentially ‘unstructured’ and thus of limited use. Not only is this information unstructured, it is also held in a variety of forms and locations that are not formally coordinated (information on individual building components, for example, are contained on drawings, specifications, bills of quantity descriptions, etc.). Such an approach has considerable potential for data conflicts and redundancy as well as risks to data integrity and security. Conversely, by providing an intelligent, digital structure for project information– and ultimately a means by which the information can all be held centrally as a‘single’ model – BIM opens up a wide range of possibilities for improvement. These include better ways of generating, exchanging, storing and reusing project information that greatly improve communications between different design and construction disciplines through the life of the asset.
While the idea of a single, central project model is something of a‘holy grail’ for BIM, in practice digital information is held in a number of project models that are used for different purposes – architectural ‘rendering’, structural analysis, costing, and so on. But the key feature of BIM working is that these models are coordinated and work from shared databases. Thus BIM is as much a process of generating, sharing and managing project information throughout the lifecycle of the asset, as it is the digital model itself. That is why BIM is sometimes referred to as BIM (M)– Building Information Modelling and Management.
Of course, digitally structuring information can take many forms, from simple temporary models created for a spe-cific purpose (i.e. a room schedule with key room dimensions in spreadsheet form) through to shared 3D whole-building models containing architectural, structural, servicing and other data all in the same place (‘Full BIM’). And the greater the degree of information-sharing and collaboration in the development of the models, the more accurate and complete the models will be and the greater are the benefits of using BIM. As shared models are developed, problems– such as clashes between structure and services – tend to get ironed out, and designs become more consistent and coordinated. As all project information comes to be based on a single model, there is considerably less scope for misinterpretation and consequential change, disruption and re-work. And all of this helps greatly to improve the predictability and certainty of project outcomes.
BIM benefits
Generally, BIM is recognized as providing a wide range of valuable benefits including:
Design: improved coordination of design and deliverables between disciplines; improved project under-standing through visualization; improved design management and control, including change control; and improved understanding of design changes and implications through parametric modelling.
Compliance: ability to perform simulation and analysis for regulatory compliance; and ability to simulate and optimize energy and wider sustainability performance.
Costing/economics: ability to perform cost analysis as the design develops, and to check for adherence to budget/cost targets; ability to understand cost impacts of design changes; and improved accuracy of cost estimates.
Construction: reduction of construction risks through identification of constructability issues early in the design process; early detection and avoidance of clashes; ability to model impact of design changes on schedule and programme; and ability to integrate contractor/subcontractor design input directly to the model. Operation and management: creation of an FM database directly from the project (as built) model; ability to perform FM costing and procurement from the model; and ability to update the model with real-time information on actual performance through the life of the building.
Figure 1: Information sharing (BIM) Source: BuildingSMART
Ongoing BIM issues and risks
Primarily because BIM is a relatively new approach that has not yet achieved widespread adoption in the con-struction sector, there are a number of uncertainties and potential risks in its adoption, including:
Legal, contractual and insurance issues: Fundamentally, there is a lack of precedent to provide clear guidance on issues such as ownership of intellectual property rights (IPR) in project models and information. Standard forms of building contract– including design and consultant appointments – do not currently make specific provision for BIM. The implications for design liability and associated insurance arrangements of the greater integration of design, construction and operation information envisaged under BIM have not yet been fully worked through.
Current practice: Related to the issues of liability and insurance is the question of the standards of pro-fessional practice (and associated duties of care) that are expected across the sector. New modelling cap-abilities are blurring the boundaries between who does what in design and construction teams; ‘best practice’ in BIM is not yet clearly defined and different disciplines are developing their own methods and standards; and training requirements are not yet clear.
IT and software: While a critical requirement of BIM is interoperability of systems and data, not all software and associated IT platforms currently used for BIM deploy IFC-compliant information standards, for exam-ple, and manufacturers have not yet agreed on a single standard. The variety of systems in use can impose heavy training burdens onfirms who need to operate with some or all of them.
Awareness and expectations: Paradoxically, BIM suffers from relatively low levels of client and sector awareness combined with very high expectations typical of new information technology developments. Because the ultimate potential of BIM is so considerable there is a tendency for some proponents to believe that all the possible benefits are available today, and to over-promise on what can currently be achieved. A balanced view
The benefits outweigh the risks to a very significant degree and the sheer transformative affect of BIM should not be underestimated. More efficient and effective design processes; greatly improved information quality and co-ordination between design and construction; and better prototyping prior to construction are all made possible through BIM.
Potentially these bring enormous benefits, not only by improving the efficiency of design and construction, but by improving its effectiveness also, ultimately providing greater certainty of project outcomes and better buildings. More than that, the potential for project models to support the management of facilities in the post-construction phase is considerable and could lead to more effective operation of buildings through the whole life cycle. One of these benefits is to provide new learning about what really works in design and construction which can be fed back to inform and improve these processes.
Conversely, the downside risks, though real, are generally resolvable and do not create insurmountable barriers to BIM adoption. Indeed, as BIM use becomes more widespread, it may be expected that, amongst other things, issues associated with IPR, insurances and best practice will all become clearer and more easily managed through improved contracts and management arrangements.
In conclusion
The most important decision clients will face is the selection and appointment of the design and construction team. Finding the right team of people with a positive approach to using BIM, to sharing information and above all to learning from the experience is key. In this regard, clients should expect all their consultants, contractors and spe-cialists to be familiar with BIM and its requirements; to be positively engaged in its adoption; and to be actively developing ways in which processes can be made more value-adding and effective. Many projects have seen the adoption of BIM for clash detection and coordination purposes with a BIM consultant being appointed to manage the process. Greater understanding from the design teams and demand from Clients will see more traditionally based tasks being achieved through BIM in the subsequent years to come.
Building Management Systems (BMS)
A Building Management System (BMS) is a computer based control system installed in buildings that controls and monitors the building’s mechanical and electrical equipment in the most efficient way.
Benefits
• Switches plant on and off automatically according to time, time of day and environmental conditions (e.g. senses conditions and activates devices to correct settings)
• Optimizes plant operation and services
• Monitors plant status and environmental conditions and thus improves standards of operation and main-tenance
• Allows remote access, control and monitoring (e.g. using graphical information and alarms) Types of BMS points
• Is the physical connection of a BMS point to a controller or outstation I/O terminals? The points schedule is critical when designing the system
• Input– gathers data/monitor; Output – provide command/control
• Analogue points– has a variable value 0% to 100% (e.g. temperature sensor, modulating control valves) • Digital points– binary I/O (0 or 1) (e.g. on/off control, run/off/fault status)
• Network integration points (NI)– allows to communicate or integrate to stand alone controller such as chiller, meters, boilers, generators
BMS components – hardware and software/programming Hardware
• Primary network/BMS backbone
- Head end equipment (desktop computer, laptop, monitors, keyboard, dot matrix and colour printer, UPS supply, etc.)
- Ethernet Network Cabling (normally Cat 5e or Cat 6 cables) - Ethernet switch (located inside the control panels)
• Secondary network
- Control enclosure (CE) or Control panel (CP) or BMS outstation - Motor control centre (MCC)
- Unitary controller for FCU/VAV/Chilled beams
- Power cables and isolators (from MCC panel to mechanical equipments) - Control cables (from MCC/CE panel tofield devices)
- Field devices (control valves, meter, sensors, VSD/Inverter, DOL starter, star-delta starter, actuators) Software/programming
• BMS programme protocol – Refers to the communication of BMS from PC software to the different types of controller/sensors (e.g. Modbus, LonWorks, BACnet)
• Graphics – Provide true representation of the installed plant. Colour graphics shall incorporate automatic updating of real timefield data.
• Software System Integration (e.g. energy management system, chillers, boiler, CHP, generator, water treatment plant, closed control units, blind control, lighting control, security and access controls)
BMS Pricing – Quick Estimate for a typical medium size office building: Shell and Core:
1. Head end equipment (Workstation) Extra cost:
Additional remote workstation
£10,000– £15,000 £5,000– £10,000
2. Network connection (BMS backbone– Copper) £10,000– £20,000
3. Main plant – cost per BMS points Factors that affect the cost:
UPS and touch pad display for each control panel Panels enclosure – fire-rated or GRP enclosure
£500– £800 per pts
4. Control enclosure (CE) for future tenants. Additional I/O modules will be part offitting out cost
Factors that affect the cost:
UPS and touch pad display for each control panel Panels enclosure – fire-rated or GRP enclosure
£5,000– £10,000 per panel
5. Landlord FCUs– depending on points per/ FCU controller Factors that affect the cost:
Local controller for cellular office, meeting rooms, etc.
£400– £700 per unit
6. Software, graphics, commissioning, engineering Included in BMS pts rate
7. Trade contract preliminaries 20% to 25%
Category A, B or C Office Fit-out:
1. Tenant plants– cost per points utilizing existing MCC/CE panel but require additional I/O modules
£300– £500 per pts 2. Energy meters
a. LTHW/CHW meters
b. Electricity meters (meters by Electrical TC) Factors that affect the cost:
Size of heat meter or type of meter such as ultrasonic flow meter
£750– £1,500 £200– £300
3. Intelligent unitary controller (IUC)– depends on points per/ IUC controller and the air conditioning solution such as 4-pipe FCU, 2-pipe w/electric heating, VAV, chilled beams, chilled ceiling
Factors that affect the cost:
Local controller for cellular office/meeting room
For chilled beam and chilled ceiling, controls depends on the zoning Depend also on zone controls
£400– £700 per unit
4. Software, graphics, commissioning Extra over cost:
Integration to other standalone system (e.g. lighting control, AV, fire alarm, security, central battery)
Included in pts rate
5. Trade contract preliminaries 20% to 25%
ESSENTIAL READING FROM TAYLOR AND FRANCIS
To Order: Tel: +44 (0) 1235 400524 Fax: +44 (0) 1235 400525
or Post: Taylor and Francis Customer Services,
Bookpoint Ltd, Unit T1, 200 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4TA UK
Email: [email protected]
For a complete listing of all our titles visit:
www.tandf.co.uk
NRM1 Cost Management
Handbook
David P Benge
The definitive guide to measurement and estimating using NRM1, written by the author of NRM1 The ‘RICS New rules of measurement: Order of cost estimating and cost planning of capital building works’ (referred to as NRM1) is the cornerstone of good cost management of capital building works projects - enabling more effective and accurate cost advice to be given to clients and other project team members, while facilitating better cost control.
The NRM1 Cost Management Handbook is the essential guide to how to successfully interpret and apply these rules, including explanations of how to:
t RVBOUJGZCVJMEJOHXPSLTBOEQSFQBSFPSEFSPGDPTUFTUJNBUFTBOEDPTUQMBOT t VTFUIFSVMFTBTBUPPMLJUGPSSJTLNBOBHFNFOUBOEQSPDVSFNFOU t BOBMZTFBDUVBMDPTUTGPSUIFQVSQPTFPGDPMMFDUJOHCFODINBSLEBUBBOEQSFQBSJOH cost analyses t DBQUVSFIJTUPSJDBMDPTUEBUBGPSGVUVSFPSEFSPGDPTUFTUJNBUFTBOEFMFNFOUBMDPTUQMBOT t FNQMPZUIFSVMFTUPBJEDPNNVOJDBUJPO t NBOBHFUIFDPNQMFUFADPTUNBOBHFNFOUDZDMF t VTFUIFFMFNFOUBMCSFBLEPXOBOEDPTUTUSVDUVSFT UPHFUIFSXJUIUIFDPEJOHTZTUFN developed for NRM1, to effectively integrate cost management with Building Information Modelling (BIM).
March 2014: 276 x 174: 598 pp Pb: 978-0-415-72077-9: £39.99
Renewable Energy Options
This article focuses on building-integrated options rather than large-scale utility solutions such as wind farms, which are addressed separately, and provides an analysis of where they may be best installed.
The legislative background, imperatives and incentives
In recognition of the causes and effects of global climate change, the Kyoto protocol was signed by the UK and other nations in 1992, with a commitment to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases relative to 1990 as the base year.
Thefirst phase of European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) covered the power sector and high-energy users such as oil refineries, metal processing, mineral and paper pulp industries. From 1 January 2005, all such companies in the EU had to limit their CO2emissions to allocated levels in line with Kyoto. The EU ETS is now in
its third phase, running from 2013 to 2020 and covers the 27 EU Member States, as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Croatia. The main change from previous phases being that additional sectors and gases are now included. Key principles of the EU ETS are that participating organizations can:
Meet the targets by reducing their own emissions (e.g. by implementing energy efficiency measures, using renewable energy sources), or
Exceed the targets and sell or bank their excess emission allowances, or Fail to meet the targets and buy emission allowances from other participants
The EU ETS is designated as a‘cap and trade’ system, where participation is mandatory for the sectors covered and it accepts credits from emission-saving projects carried out under the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation instrument (JI).
In the UK, the Utilities Act (2000) requires power suppliers to provide some electricity from renewables, starting at 3% in 2003 and rising to 15% by 2015. In a similar way to the EU ETS, generating companies receive and can trade Renewables Obligation Certificates (ROCs) for the qualifying electricity they generate.
The focus is on Greenhouse Gases (GHG) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in particular as the main direct contributor to
the greenhouse effect. The goals set by the UK government are: 34% GHG emissions reduction by 2020 (below 1990 baseline) Around 30% of electricity from renewables by 2020
80% GHG emissions reduction by 2050 (below 1990 baseline)
Four years after the introduction of ROCs, it was estimated that less than 3% of UK electricity was being generated from renewable sources. A‘step change’ in policy was required, and the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM) published‘Planning Policy Statement 22 (PPS 22): Renewable Energy’ in order to promote renewable energy through the UK’s regional and local planning authorities. PPS 22 was replaced by the National Planning Policy Framework, published in March 2012 by the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG), which encourages the use of renewable resources.
Local planning & building regulations
More than 100 local authorities embraced PPS 22 by adopting pro-renewables planning policies typically requiring a percentage (e.g. 10%) of a development’s electricity or thermal energy needs to be derived from renewable sources. Government is developing further guidance to support local authorities addressing the sustainability of planned developments and to ensure a level playingfield across the country.
Government is also committed to successive improvements in national new-build standards through changes to the Building Regulations, Part L, Conservation of Fuel and Power. In October 2010, new regulations introduced a 25% improvement on 2006 standards. The next review, due in 2013, is expected to further strengthen standards, in line with developing zero carbon policies.
Energy performance certificates (EPCs)
A Recast of the 2002 EU Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD) was published in 2010. It requires that EPCs be produced for buildings constructed, sold, or rented out to new tenants. For buildings occu-pied by public authorities and frequently visited by the public, the EPC must be displayed in a prominent place clearly visible to the public. These provisions enable prospective buyers and tenants to be informed of a building’s energy performance, ensure the public sector leads by example, and raise public awareness. The Recast was transposed in the UK by national Governments, for example in England & Wales through the Energy Performance of Buildings (England & Wales) Regulations 2012 and other regulations. Other requirements of the Recast include: adopting a method to calculate the energy performance of buildings, setting minimum energy performance requirements and for new buildings to be Nearly Zero Energy Buildings by 2020.
Assessing the regulated carbon emissions associated with new buildings is now an important part of the design and building permitting process with the regulatory approach set out in Part L of the Building Regulations (Con-servation of Fuel & Power), the associated National Calculation Methodology (NCM) Modelling Guide and the Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP). On-site renewable energy sources are taken into account and there are limits on designflexibility to discourage inappropriate trade-offs such as buildings with poor insulation standards offset by renewable energy systems.
Technology options and applications
Wind generators – In a suitable location, wind energy can be an effective source of renewable power. Without grant, an installed cost range of £3000 to £5000 per kW of generator capacity may be achieved for small building-mounted turbines. A common arrangement was for a turbine with three blades on a horizontal axis, all mounted on a tower or, for small generators in inner city areas, on a building. Such arrangements typically compare poorly against other renewable options, as they are highly dependent on wind speed at the turbine, obstructions (e.g. nearby buildings and trees), turbulences, the elevation of the turbine above ground, and mitigating other impacts such as aesthetics consideration for planning permission, noise, and vibrations. With suitable conditions, average site wind speeds of 4 m/s can produce useful amounts of energy from a small generator up to about 3 kW, but larger generators require at least 7 m/s. A small increase in average site wind speed will typically result a large increase in output. There will be a need for inverters, synchronizing equipment, and metering for a grid connection.
Larger, stand-alone turbines typically compare more favourably than smaller building-mounted turbines. Third party provision through an Energy Service Company (ESCo) can be successful for larger (stand-alone) installations located within or close to the host building’s site, especially in industrial settings where there may be less aesthetic or noise issues than inner city locations. The ESCo provides funding, installs and operates the plant and the client signs up for the renewable electrical energy at an agreed price for a period of time.
Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) – Photovoltaic materials, commonly known as solar cells, gen-erate direct current electrical power when exposed to light. Solar cells are constructed from semiconducting materials that absorb solar radiation; electrons are displaced within the material, thus starting aflow of cur-rent through an external connected circuit. PVs are available in a number of forms including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous silicon (thinfilm) or hybrid panels that are mounted on or integrated into the roofs or facades of buildings. Conversion efficiency of solar energy to electrical power is improving with advances in technology and ranges from 10% to 20%. In practice, allowing for UK weather conditions, an installation of 7 m2of monocrystalline modules (south facing at 30° from horizontal) typically produces 1000 watts peak
(1 kWp), yielding about 800 kWh in a year. Installed costs range from £1200 to £2500/kWp.
Ground source heat pumps (heating & cooling) – At a particular depth (about 10 m in the UK), the ground temperature remains substantially constant throughout the year. Heat (and coolth) may be extracted through either an‘open’ system – discharging ground water to river or sewer after passing it through a heat exchanger, or a‘closed’ system – circulating a fluid (often water) through a heat exchanger and (typically) vertical pipes extending below the ground water table. An electrically driven heat pump is then used to raise thefluid temperature via the refrigeration cycle, and low temperature hot water is delivered to the building. Most inner city ground heating and cooling systems consist of a cluster of pipes inserted into vertical holes typically 50 to 100 metres deep depending on space and ground conditions. Horizontal systems can be used where site circumstances allow. Costs for the drilling operation vary according to location, site accessibility, and ground conditions. Geological investigations are recommended to confirm ground conditions, reduce risks, and improve design and cost certainty.
Such systems may achieve a Coefficient of Performance (COP = heat output/ electrical energy input) of between 3 and 4, achieving good savings of energy compared with conventional fossil fuels based systems. Installed costs are in the range £600 to £1700/kW depending on system type (vertical or horizontal), its size and complexity.
Note that there is some debate on the status of ground source heat pumps as a renewable source of energy as it requires an external source of power which may not be renewable, typically electricity from the grid. Solar water heating – The basic principle is to collect heat from the sun via a fluid which is circulated in a
roof solar panel or‘collector’. The heated fluid is then used to preheat hot water for space heating or domestic hot water, either in a separate tank or a twin coil hot water cylinder. Purpose-designed‘evacuated tube collectors’ were developed to increase performance against the typical ‘flat plate collectors’. A typical residential‘evacuated tube collectors’ system has a cost ranging from £700 to £1000/m2depending on pipe
runs and complexity. Such system may produce approximately 500 to 800 kWh/m2per year. Commercial
systems are larger and more complex, and may achieve similar performance, providing there is sufficient hot water demand. Low-density residential, retail and leisure developments with washrooms and showers may also be suitable applications providing adequate demand for hot water.
Biomass boilers – Wood chips or pellets derived from waste or farmed coppices or forests are available commercially and are considered carbon neutral, having absorbed carbon dioxide during growth. With a suitable fuel storage hopper and automatic screw drive and controls, biomass boilers can replace conven-tional boilers with little technical or aesthetic impact. However, they do depend on a viable source of fuel, and there are requirements for fuel deliveries access (in particular for inner city or remote locations), fuel storage, ash removal/disposal, as well as periodic de-coking. In individual dwellings, space may be a pro-blem because a biomass boiler does not integrate readily into a typical modern kitchen. However, communal systems (serving multiple dwellings/flats) may be a viable domestic application. Biomass boilers are avail-able in a wide range of domestic and commercial sizes. For a large installation, biomass boilers are more likely to form part of a modular system rather than to displace conventional boilers entirely. There is a cost premium for the biomass storage and feed system, and the cost of the fuel is currently comparable with other solid fuels. Installed costs of a biomass boiler range from £200 to £350/kW.
Biomass combined heat & power (CHP) – Conventional CHP installations consist of either an internal combustion engine or a gas turbine driving an alternator, with maximum recovery of heat, particularly from the exhaust system. For best efficiency, there needs to be a convenient and constant requirement for the heat energy output and the generated electricity should also be utilized locally, with any excess exported to the grid.
Considering the cost implications for biomass storage and handling as described for biomass boilers above, biomass CHP would only be viable in specific circumstances, with installed system costs in the order of £2500 to £3500/kW (electrical). Note that, at the time of writing, the authors are not aware of any small-scale biomass CHP system successfully operated in the UK over any significant period.
ESSENTIAL READING FROM TAYLOR AND FRANCIS
To Order: Tel: +44 (0) 1235 400524 Fax: +44 (0) 1235 400525
or Post: Taylor and Francis Customer Services,
Bookpoint Ltd, Unit T1, 200 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4TA UK
Email: [email protected]
For a complete listing of all our titles visit:
www.tandf.co.uk
Understanding JCT Standard
Building Contracts
Ninth Edition
David Chappell
This ninth edition of David Chappell’s bestselling guide has been revised to take into account changes made in 2011 to payment provisions, and elsewhere. This remains the most concise guide available to the most commonly used JCT building contracts: Standard Building Contract with quantities, 2011 (SBC11), Intermediate Building Contract 2011 (IC11), Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design 2011 (ICD11), Minor Works Building Contract 2011 (MW11), Minor Works Building Contract with contractor’s design 2011 (MWD11) and Design and Build Contract 2011 (DB11).
Chappell avoids legal jargon but writes with authority and precision. Architects, quantity surveyors, contractors and students of these professions will find this a practical and affordable reference tool arranged by topic.
April 2012: 234 x 156: 160 pp Pb: 978-0-415-50890-2: £25.99
Grey Water Recycling and
Rainwater Harvesting
The potential for grey water recycling and rainwater harvesting for both domestic residential and for var-ious types of commercial building, considering the circumstances in which the systems offer benefits, both as stand-alone installations and combined.
Water usage trends
Water usage in the UK has increased dramatically over last century or so and it is still accelerating. The current average per capita usage is estimated to be at least 150 litres per day, and the population is predicted to rise from 60 million now to 65 million by 2017 and to 75 million by 2031, with an attendant increase in loading on water supply and drainage infrastructures.
Even at the current levels of consumption, it is clear from recent experience that long, dry summers can expose the drier regions of the UK to water shortages and restrictions. The predicted effects of climate change include reduced summer rainfall, more extreme weather patterns, and an increase in the frequency of exceptionally warm dry summers. This is likely to result in a corresponding increase in demand to satisfy more irrigation of gardens, parks, additional usage of sports facilities and other open spaces, together with additional needs for agriculture. The net effect, therefore, at least in the drier regions of the UK, is for increased demand coincident with a reduction in water resource, thereby increasing the risk of shortages.
Water applications and reuse opportunities
Average domestic water utilization can be summarized as follows, as a percentage of total usage (Source: Three Valleys Water)
Wash hand basin 8% Toilet 35% Dishwasher 4% Washing machine 12% Shower 5% Kitchen sink 15% Bath 15% External use 6%
Water for drinking and cooking makes up less than 20% of the total, and more than a third of the total is used for toiletflushing. The demand for garden watering, although still relatively small, is increasing year by year and coin-cides with summer shortages, thereby exacerbating the problem.
In many types of building it is feasible to collect rainwater from the roof area and to store it, after suitablefiltration, in order to meet the demand for toiletflushing, cleaning, washing machines and outdoor use – thereby saving in many cases a third of the water demand. The other, often complementary recycling approach, is to collect and disinfect‘grey water’ – the waste water from baths, showers and washbasins. Hotels, leisure centres, care homes and apartment blocks generate large volumes of waste water and therefore present a greater opportunity for recycling. With intelligent design, even offices can make worthwhile water savings by recycling grey water, not necessarily toflush all of the toilets in the building but perhaps just those in one or two primary cores, with the grey water plant and distribution pipework dimensioned accordingly.
Intuitively, rainwater harvesting and grey water recycling seem like‘the right things to do’ and rainwater harvesting is already common practice in many counties in Northern continental Europe. In Germany, for example, some 60,000 to 80,000 systems are being installed every year– compared with perhaps 2,000 systems in the UK. Grey water recycling systems, which are less widespread than rainwater harvesting, have been developed over the last 20 years and the‘state of the art’ is to use biological and UV (ultra-violet) disinfection rather than chemicals, and to reduce the associated energy use through advanced technology membrane microfilters.
In assessing the environmental credentials of new developments, the sustainable benefits are recognized by the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) whereby additional points can be gained for efficient systems – those designed to achieve enough water savings to satisfy at least 50% of the rele-vant demand. Furthermore, rainwater harvesting systems from several manufacturers are included in the‘Energy Technology Product List’ and thereby qualify for Enhanced Capital Allowances (ECAs). Claims are allowed not only for the equipment, but also to directly associated project costs including:
Transportation– the cost of getting equipment to the site.
Installation– cranage (to lift heavy equipment into place), project management costs and labour, plus any necessary modifications to the site or existing equipment.
Professional Fees– if they are directly related to the acquisition and installation of the equipment. Rainwater harvesting
A typical domestic rainwater harvesting system can be installed at reasonable cost if properly designed and installed at the same time as building the house. The collection tank can either be buried or installed in a basement area. Rainwater enters the drainage system through sealed gullies and passes through a pre-filter to remove leaves and other debris before passing into the collection tank. A submersible pump, under the control of the monitoring and sensing panel, delivers recycled rainwater on demand. The non-potable distribution pipework to the washing machine, cleaner’s tap, outside tap and toilets etc. could be either a boosted system or configured for a header tank in the loft, with mains supply back-up, monitors and sensors located there instead of at the control panel.
Calculating the collection tank size brings into play the concept of system efficiency – relating the water volume saved to the annual demand. In favourable conditions– ample rainfall and large roof collection area – it would be possible in theory to achieve almost 100%. In practice, systems commonly achieve 50 to 70% efficiency, with enough storage to meet demand for typically one week, though this is subject to several variables. As well as reducing the demand for drinking quality mains supply water, rainwater harvesting tanks act as an effective storm water attenuator, thereby reducing the drainage burden and the risk of localflooding which is a benefit to the wider community. Many urban buildings are located where conditions are unfavourable for rainwater harvesting– low rainfall and small roof collection area. In these circumstances it may still be worth considering water savings through grey water recycling.
Grey water recycling
In a grey water recycling system, waste water from baths, showers and washbasins is collected by conventional fittings and pipework, to enter a pretreatment sedimentation tank which removes the larger dirt particles. This is followed by the aerobic treatment tank in which cleaning bacteria ensure that all biodegradable substances are broken down. The water then passes onto a third tank, where an ultra-filtration membrane removes all particles larger than 0.00005 mm, (this includes viruses and bacteria) effectively disinfecting the recycled grey water. The clean water is then stored in the fourth tank from where it is pumped on demand under the control of monitors and sensors in the control panel. Recycled grey water may then be used for toilet and urinalflushing, for laundry and general cleaning, and for outdoor use such as vehicle washing and garden irrigation– a substantial water saving for premises such as hotels. If the tank becomes depleted, the distribution is switched automatically to the mains water back-up supply. If there is insufficient plant room space, then the tanks may be buried but with adequate arrangements for maintenance access. Overflow soakaways are recommended where feasible but are not an inherent part of the rainwater harvesting and grey water recycling systems.
Combined rainwater/grey water systems
Rainwater can be integrated into a grey water scheme with very little added complication other than increased tank size. In situations where adequate rainwater can be readily collected and diverted to pretreatment, then heavy demands such as garden irrigation can be met more easily than with grey water alone. An additional benefit is that they reduce the risk offlooding by keeping collected storm water on site instead of passing it immediately into the drains.
Indicative system cost and payback considerations
Rainwater harvesting scenario: Office building in Leeds having a roof area of 2000 m² and accommodating 435 people over 3floors. Local annual rainfall is 875 mm and the application is for toilet and urinal flushing. An under-ground collection tank of 25,000 litres has been specified to give 4.5 storage days.
Rainwater harvesting cost breakdown Cost £
System tanks andfilters and controls 21,000
Mains water back-up and distribution pump arrangement 5,000
Non-potable distribution pipework 1,000
Connections to drainage 1,000
Civil works and tank installation (assumption normal ground conditions) 8,000
System installation & commissioning 2,000
TOTAL COST 38,000
Rainwater harvesting payback considerations
Annual water saving: 1100 m³ @ average cost £2.30/m³ = £2,530 Annual maintenance and system energy cost = £800
Indicative payback period = 38,000/1,730 = 22 years
Grey water recycling scenario: Urban leisure hotel building with 200 bedrooms offers little opportunity for rainwater harvesting but has a grey water demand of up to 12000 litres per day for toilet and urinalflushing, plus a laundry. The grey water recycling plant is located in a basement plant room.
Grey water recycling cost breakdown Cost £
System tanks and controls 37,000
Mains water back-up and distribution pump arrangement 4,000
Non-potable distribution pipework 4,000
Grey water waste collection pipework 5,000
Connections to drainage 1,000
System installation & commissioning 6,000
TOTAL COST 57,000
Grey water recycling payback considerations
Annual water saving: 4260 m³ @ average cost £2.30/m³ = £9,798 Annual maintenance and system energy cost = £2,200
Indicative payback period = 57,000/7,598 = 7.5 years
Exclusions
Site organization and management costs other than specialist contractor’s allowances Contingency/design reserve
Main contractor’s overhead and profit or management fee Professional fees
Tax allowances Value Added Tax Conclusions
There is a justified and growing interest in saving and recycling water by way of both grey water recycling and rainwater harvesting. Thefinancial incentive at today’s water cost is not great for small or inefficient systems but water costs are predicted to rise and demand to increase– not least as a result of population growth.
The payback periods for the above scenarios are not intended to compare to potential payback periods of rainwater harvesting against grey water recycling but rather to illustrate the importance of choosing‘horses for courses’. The office building with its relatively small roof area and limited demand for toilet flushing results in a fairly inefficient system. Burying the collection tank also adds a cost so that payback exceeds 20 years. Payback periods of less than 10 years are feasible for buildings with large roofs and a large demand for toiletflushing or for other uses. Therefore sports stadia, exhibition halls, supermarkets, schools and similar structures are likely to be suitable. The hotel scenario is good application for grey water recycling. Many hotels and residential developments will generate more than enough grey water to meet the demand for toiletflushing etc. and in these circumstances large quantities of water can be saved and recycled with attractive payback periods.
