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Sonographic tracking of trunk nerves: essential for ultrasound-guided pain management and research

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Academic year: 2020

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Figure

Figure 1 the short axis views of the brachial plexus just distal to the clavicle (A) and underneath the pectoralis minor muscle (B); the long axis views of the lateral and posterior cords (C) and the medial cord (D).Note: the red A indicates axillary artery.Abbreviations: BP, brachial plexus; Lc, lateral cord; Pc, posterior cord; Mc, medial cord; PMA, pectoralis major; PMN, pectoralis minor; sc, subclavius; seA, serratus anterior; v, axillary vein; cLA, clavicle.
Figure 2 the short axis view of the long thoracic nerve at the junction between pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles (muscle (Notes:thoracodorsal artery in (A) and overlying the serratus anterior B); the short axis (C) and long axis (D) views of
Figure 3 the short axis (A) and long axis (B) views of the lateral pectoral nerve; the short axis views (C) of the medial pectoral nerve at its origin near the medial cord and descending beneath the pectoralis minor muscle (D).Notes: Yellow arrows indicate the lateral pectoral nerve; yellow arrowheads indicate medial pectoral nerve; white arrow indicates medial cord; red A indicates pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial artery; red AA indicates axillary artery.Abbreviations: PMA, pectoralis major; PMN, pectoralis minor; icM, intercostal muscle.
Figure 5 the sagittal planes for the ribs (transverse processes (A), transverse processes (B), laminae (C), and spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae (D)
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