Bell: What is the connection between sleep & the mind? What would be lost & gained if the need for sleep were eliminated?

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In 1959 New York disc jockey Peter Tripp stayed In 1959 New York disc jockey Peter Tripp stayed awake for 200 hours while trying to raise money for awake for 200 hours while trying to raise money for

charity… After about 50 hours, he started having mild charity… After about 50 hours, he started having mild

hallucinations, seeing cobwebs in his shoes when hallucinations, seeing cobwebs in his shoes when

there were none there and thinking that specks of dirt there were none there and thinking that specks of dirt

were bugs; by 100 hours, he became delirious and were bugs; by 100 hours, he became delirious and

saw a doctor’s tweed suit as a triangle of furry worms; saw a doctor’s tweed suit as a triangle of furry worms;

at 120 he needed a stimulant to keep him awake. at 120 he needed a stimulant to keep him awake.

After 150 hours, he was disoriented, not knowing who After 150 hours, he was disoriented, not knowing who

or where he was, and he became paranoid– he or where he was, and he became paranoid– he

backed against a wall, letting no one pass behind him; backed against a wall, letting no one pass behind him;

by 200 hours, his hallucinations had taken a sinister by 200 hours, his hallucinations had taken a sinister turn, and he thought a doctor trying to examine him turn, and he thought a doctor trying to examine him

was an undertaker come to bury him. was an undertaker come to bury him.

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Bell:

What is the connection between sleep &

the mind? What would be lost & gained

if the need for sleep were eliminated?

Objective:

Describe the research related to sleep &

dreams

(3)

Sleep and Dreams

Unit 6: Personality and

Testing

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Sleep

How important is sleep?

– Sleep is vital to mental health_{Sleep is vital to mental health}

– If deprived of sleep for extended periods of _{If deprived of sleep for extended periods of} time, people will begin to suffer psychological time, people will begin to suffer psychological

symptoms (Peter Tripp gives examples of symptoms (Peter Tripp gives examples of some of the most extreme: DJ who stayed some of the most extreme: DJ who stayed

awake 200 hours for charity) awake 200 hours for charity)

Sleep is a state of altered consciousness

(a state of awareness) characterized by

certain patterns of brain activity and

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Sleep and Consciousness

Altered consciousness means that people can

have different levels of awareness

Consciousness can range from alertness to

nonalertness

Freud identified 3 levels of consciousness

– Conscious Level (Perceptions and Thoughts)_{Conscious Level (Perceptions and Thoughts)} – Preconscious Level (Memories and Stored _{Preconscious Level (Memories and Stored}

Knowledge) Knowledge)

– Unconscious Level (Selfish needs, fears, violent _{Unconscious Level (Selfish needs, fears, violent} motives, irrational wishes, unacceptable desires, motives, irrational wishes, unacceptable desires,

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Freud

– Conscious Level: You are aware of_{Conscious Level: You are aware of}

– Preconscious Level: Not aware of, but can be _{Preconscious Level: Not aware of, but can be} recalled w/ effort (used every day)

recalled w/ effort (used every day)

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Why do we sleep?

We are not for sure why people sleep but some

suggested reasons include…

1. Allows people to “recharge,” allowing your brain to 1. Allows people to “recharge,” allowing your brain to

recover from exhaustion and stress recover from exhaustion and stress

-Rebuilds your immune system, restore muscles, and -Rebuilds your immune system, restore muscles, and

repair cells repair cells

2. Clears out your mind of useless information 2. Clears out your mind of useless information

-May play a role in memory and learning (mental housekeeping)

-Variation of this theory states we sleep to dream

3. Type of primitive hibernation to conserve energy3. Type of primitive hibernation to conserve energy

4. Adaptive process to keep humans out of harm’s way a 4. Adaptive process to keep humans out of harm’s way a

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Stages of Sleep

As you fall asleep your body temperature decreases,

pulse drops, and your breathing becomes slow and

even

Eventually your eyes will close and your brain will emit

alpha waves, which are associated with the absence of

concentrated thought with relaxation

Your body may twitch, your eyes roll, and brief visual

images flash across your mind (even with your eyes

shut)

You are then entering Stage 1, the lightest level of

sleep

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Early Stages

Stage 1

– Your pulse slows a bit more, muscles relax, your _{Your pulse slows a bit more, muscles relax, your} breathing becomes uneven and brain waves

breathing becomes uneven and brain waves become irregular

become irregular

– If awakened during stage you would report that _{If awakened during stage you would report that} you were drifting.

you were drifting.

Stage 2:

– Your eyes will roll from side to side_{Your eyes will roll from side to side} – Minor noises will not wake you_{Minor noises will not wake you}

Stage 3 (about 30 minutes later)

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Later Stages

Stage IV:

– This stage is the deepest sleep _{This stage is the deepest sleep}

– If you are awakened by a loud noise or sudden _{If you are awakened by a loud noise or sudden}

movement, you may feel disoriented

– Talking in your sleep, sleepwalking and bedwetting _{Talking in your sleep, sleepwalking and bedwetting}

will occur in this stage and will leave no memory

will occur in this stage and will leave no memory – This deep sleep is important to physical and _{This deep sleep is important to physical and}

psychological well being

Most people spend 75% of their sleep in Stages

1-4 (Non-REM Sleep)

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REM

Once you have entered Stage 4, your

muscles will be most relaxed and your eyes

will begin to move rapidly. You have entered

your most active type of sleep

This Active Sleep is called REM Sleep

– Pulse rate and breathing become irregular _{Pulse rate and breathing become irregular}

– This is period of intensely emotional or physical _{This is period of intensely emotional or physical} demanding activity (face and fingers twitch, large demanding activity (face and fingers twitch, large

muscles will become paralyzed) muscles will become paralyzed)

– Your brain waves are similar to those of when you _{Your brain waves are similar to those of when you} are awake

are awake

– Almost all normal dreaming takes place during _{Almost all normal dreaming takes place during} REM sleep

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Stages of Sleep

REM sleep will last from 15 minutes early in the

night to 45 minutes late at night

You will go through the stages into REM sleep

and then reverse backwards

You go through the cycles about every 90 minutes

At no point is your brain totally inactive

REM sleep seems to serve the functions of

building efficient learning and memory processing

(newborns spend about ½ of sleep in REM rather

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In practice

In practice, EEGs, EOGs, and EMGs are recorded are recorded

simultaneously on continuously moving chart paper or

digitized by a computer and displayed in a

high-resolution monitor. This allows the relationships among

resolution monitor. This allows the relationships among

the three measurements to be seen immediately. The

patterns of activity in these three systems provide the

basis for classifying the different types of sleep.

Figure 2.

Figure 2. Placement of electrodes to determine EEG, Placement of electrodes to determine EEG, EOG, and EMG.

EOG, and EMG.

Studying these events has led to the identification of

two basic stages, or states, of sleep:

two basic stages, or states, of sleep: nnon–on–rrapid apid eeye ye

m

movement (ovement (NREMNREM) and ) and rrapid apid eeye ye mmovement (ovement (REMREM).).15, ,

(14)

Fact or Fiction?

Sleep is time for the body in general and the brain

specifically to shut down for rest.

Getting just one hour less sleep per night than needed

will not have any effect on daytime functioning.

The body adjusts quickly to different sleep schedules.

People need less sleep as they grow older.

– http://

www.abc.net.au/health/talkinghealth/factbuster/stories/2013/11/14/ 3890794.htm

– http://

www.sleepfoundation.org/alert/how-sleep-works/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need

(visual of)

A “good night’s sleep” can cure problems with

excessive daytime sleepiness.

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Dreams

Dreaming: the mental activity that takes place

during sleep

Everybody dreams, but most people are only

able to recall a few, if any, of their dreams

– In some cultures, dreams are highly valued and _{In some cultures, dreams are highly valued and} frequently discussed so people will begin to

frequently discussed so people will begin to remember them most mornings

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Dreams

Some sleep researchers will wake up participants at Some sleep researchers will wake up participants at

regular intervals during the night to ask them about regular intervals during the night to ask them about

their dreams their dreams

– The first few dreams are usually made up of left over _{The first few dreams are usually made up of left over} thoughts from the days activities

thoughts from the days activities

As the night continues on, dreams become longer As the night continues on, dreams become longer

and more vivid and dramatic especially those during and more vivid and dramatic especially those during

REM sleep REM sleep

– Because of the sleep cycle usually ends in REM sleep, _{Because of the sleep cycle usually ends in REM sleep,} the last dream is likely to be the longest and the one the last dream is likely to be the longest and the one most people remember when they wake up

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Dream Content Dream Content

When people are awakened while in REM sleep and When people are awakened while in REM sleep and

asked what they have been dreaming, the reports asked what they have been dreaming, the reports

are usually common are usually common

Often we incorporate our everyday activities in our Often we incorporate our everyday activities in our

dreams and they have common settings dreams and they have common settings

The dreams either involve strenuous activities or The dreams either involve strenuous activities or

passive events passive events

A large percentage of the emotions experienced in A large percentage of the emotions experienced in

dreams are negative or unpleasant – anger, dreams are negative or unpleasant – anger,

sadness, anxiety sadness, anxiety

Some dreams are negative enough to be considered Some dreams are negative enough to be considered

nightmares (unpleasant dreams) which are nightmares (unpleasant dreams) which are

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Dream Interpretation

Sigmund Freud believed that no matter how simple or

mundane, dreams may contain clues to thoughts the

dreamer is afraid to acknowledge in their waking hours

Dreams for Problem Solving: some theorists argue

that dreaming allows people a chance to review and

address some of the problems they faced during the

day

Dreams for Housekeeping: Francis Crick believed that

dreams are the brain’s way of removing certain

unneeded memories. The mental housekeeping may

be necessary because it isn’t useful to remember every

single detail of our lives

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What could it mean?

These dream topics These dream topics

Falling

---Teeth falling out

Teeth falling out

____________________

Where are my clothes?

MAY mean…

-inferior/ not measuring up/sense

of failure

______________________

-anxiety about appearance/

sense of powerlessness (“losing