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Constitutive Modeling of the Unloading Behavior of Paper Material Using the Asymtotic Fiber and Bond Model

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Figure

Figure 1.1 Configuration of a typical wood fiber (conifer tracheid) where ML =middle lamella, P = primary wall, and S1, S2, S3 = secondary walls (Niskanen,1998).
Figure 1.2 Load-elongation curves for black spruce fibers (45% yield kraft) forvarious fibril angles (Page and El-Hosseiny, 1983).
Figure 1.3 Fiber elastic modulus decreases as the mean fibril angle of  S2 layerincreases
Figure 1.4 Fiber-to-fiber bond. Although the bond could be formed between S1-S1layer, S1-S2 layer, and S2-S2 layer, it was assumed in this work that the bonds aremainly S1-S1 layer bonds (Ramasubramanian and Perkins, 1988).
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