Pelagia Research Library
European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2012, 2 (3):769-773
ISSN: 2248 –9215 CODEN (USA): EJEBAU
Relationship between identity styles with motivation factors and
success feeling among soccer players
1
Jafar Barghi Moghaddam,
2Mir Hamid Salehian,
1Rasul Hashem Kandi Asadi
and
1Neda Dorostkar Ruhani
1
Department of Physical Education, Tabriz branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate relationship between identity styles with motivation factors and success feeling among male soccer players.176 elite teenager male soccer players were selected randomly, participated in professional football championship. Identity styles were measured by ISI-6G test, motivation factors by SMS-6 questionnaire, and success feeling by Raudseep test. The result of research showed that the high mean scores were in identity styles, informative style; high mean scores in success feeling, idealist; and high mean scores in motivational factors in soccer interjected regulation were considered. There was significant relationship between identity styles with all of motivation factors and feeling of success; also there was significant relationship between informative identity style with all of motivation factors and success feeling and relationship between normative identity style with interjected regulation factor and success feeling was significant. In other hand, there was significant relationship between diffuse- avoidant identity style with a motivation factor.
Key words: Identity style, Motivation factors, Success feeling.
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INTRODUCTION
Motivation factors are undeniable necessities to succeed in a sport. These factors (motivation) improve internal delight to achieve the predetermined goal, directs behavior and force him to multiple his effort, therefore we can say that motivation factors lead the athletes internally to reach the goal (i.e. success in various fields). Guay et al. (2010) believes motivation factors are important for physical activity and in schools motivation is vital for durability and success of children. In fact, motivation depends on person's wishes or intends to satisfy his purposes. While feeling of success is referred to the feeling of satisfaction experienced when a person to meet his desires [6]. On the other hand, motivation is the leader of tensionand the sense of achievement, the result which is experienced. Therefore, sense of success and motivation are related vice versa. That is, sense of success needs hard try and for hard try, motivation factors are undeniable andon the other hand, sense of success is considered as a motivation factor. So, a person with high rate of success feeling may also feel little motivation to his field and vice versa, in fact, a protrusion or indifference develops in the individual. This is probably understandable that some people with high motivation and low success feeling or low motivation and high success feeling are seeking to change their exercise, sport teams or their field, even at the peak competence will reject their exercise. With regard to the logical relationship between successfeeling and motivation factors and finding some athletes rejectting their exercise even at the peak of success, a contradiction is emerging and indicating that some other factors will affect the issue. The third factor is due to individual differences in dealing with conflicts of identity in human beings are considered
identity styles in these categories. People dealing with issues of identity have three styles, informative, normative and diffuse- avoidant. Those with informative styles deal with identity issues proactively, normatives reactively and
diffuse- avoidant ones are lax [6]. But in which style, most people are exposed to withdraw or defect of a particular exercise or change their sport or vice versa, in which style of identity, it led individual to a great effort to achieve success. These are questions, required a careful scientific study and research.
In fact, the questions made the researcher do this research, are: 1. Which dominant style do the subjects have?
2. What are the motivation factors of subjects? 3. What amount do they feel success?
4. Which style of identity has associated with motivation factor and the rate of success feeling?
So, by answering these questions, one can be successful in coaching and management, and no success will happen accidently. In fact, necessity cognition of identity styles of teenager elite athletes, and attention to reasons of individual proactives as like as motivation factors (intrinsic or extrinsic) and also, understanding of the success by athlete himself can help a coach or a manager to organize sport teams and strategic planning and by recognizing elite teenager characteristics might help a lot to pay attention to these views in talented identity and understanding the relationship between these factors, might be effective in growth of athletes by creating the appropriate conditions. Some of the researches in this field have achieved remarkable results. Skoe and Marcia (1991), after investigating a number of differences between the identity of men, found it emerging from socialization in different ways [13]. Archer (1993) believes that the evolution of male identity occurs to avoid sovereignty and domination by others [1]. Frank and Shari (2002) concluded that there is a negative relationship between sport identity and defecting it and positive correlation between individual identity with defecting sport [4]. Groves et al. (2004) showed exercise can enhance an individual's identity, which identity style makes these differences [5]. Lonsdale et al. (2010) realized relationship between students motivation for engaging in physical activity is due to the internal consistency and control by the interjected control [7]. Guay et al. (2010) believe that students obtain different levels of intrinsic control and control of identified motivation factors [6]. Markland and Tobin (2010) considered power effective in development of interjectedcontrol [9]. Silva (2010) found that strength training is effective on internal motivation in life style and findings of Lonsdale et al. (2011) showed low self-reliance and lack of motivation puts the individual in an exhausted position [7]. Asghari et al. (2006) found that goal setting and motivation in individual athletes are much more than team athletes, on the contrary triumph of statism in team athletes is much more than in individual ones, but this difference is not statistically significant [2]. Tojjari (2005) demonstrated a significant relationship between intrinsic motivation and performance and also there is a sense of usefulness and intrinsic motivation. There is a significant difference between extrinsic motivation and amotivation. There is significant difference between amotivation and the rank of wrestlers [14].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The method of this research was descriptive- correlation and applied type. First research variables were recognized and then described without interfere or mental results. To achieve the main research variables and their subsets, the participants' answers were evaluated. To realize this purpose researcher described opinions of participants by the relevant questionnaire without judgments and evaluation in the form of research variables and gain the correlation of variables.
Participants
176 Soccer players were selected with Morgan table randomly among 320 elite teenager male Soccer players participated in Iran clubs professional football championship in 2008.
Measurement Tool
1 - To measure the identity styles, ISI-6G (Identity style inventory: A revision with 6-grade reading level) made by White and colleagues (1998) were used. The questionnaire included 30 items taken from the model and for informative, normative and diffuse- avoidantstyles. In contrast, each item is used the 5-choice Likert scales.
2 - To identify motivation factors standard questionnaire 3SMS-6 Mallet, Clifford and colleagues taxes 4 and colleagues with 24 items and six sub-groups, no motivation, control, external control, interjected control, the controlling master, controlling the identity of the intrinsic motivation that each subgroup used four items, and any items is used in the four-choice Likert scale [8].
Reliability of questionnaires recalculated by Alfa Chronbach, for identity style α =0.74, motivation factorα=0 .71
and for sense of success α=00..7722)). By Levin testing and Kolmogrov - Smyronof by Spss 17, homogeneity of .
variance and normal distribution of samples was confirmed in all three questionnaires.
Statistical methods
Data were analyzed with respect to descriptive and inferential statistics as follows:
According to Kolmogorov Smirnov test and the results of Levin and normal distribution of data, to determine the relationship between multiple variables with parametric Pearson correlation methods were used.
RESULTS
Table 1. Description of the styles of elite teenager male athletes, soccer players
Identity style variables Mean St. Dev.
Informative identity style 38.97 5.02
Normative identity style 33.11 5.10
d
diiffffuussee--aavvooiiddaannt style t 29.86 6.53
In describing the style, informational identity mean was more than other styles.
Table 2. Description of motivation factors of elite teenager male athletes, soccer players
St. Dev. Mean
Identity style variables
2.30 5.02 Amotivation 2.59 6.85 Extrinsic regulation 2.76 7.03 interjected regulation 2.33 6.87 Integrated regulation 2.82 6.36 Identity style regulation
2.95 6.46 Intrinsic motivation
In describing motivation factors, the highest mean belongs to interjected regulation.
Table 3. Description of sense of success in elite teenager male athletes, soccer players
St. Dev. Mean Sense of success 5.50 18.35 Ideal situation 4.12 -15.93 Feeling of success 0 0 Unsuccessful
In describing sense of success, the highest mean belongs to idealism
Table 4: Determining the relationship between identity styles and motivation factors in participants
Identity styles of motivation factors Informative Normative ddiiffffuussee--aavvooiiddaanntt
R Sig R Sig R Sig
Amotivation -0.05 0.14 0.006 0.45 0.13 0.01* External regulation 0.09 0.04* 0.07 0.07 -0.01 0.41 Interjected regulation 0.21 0.00* 0.16 0.00* -0.12 0.01* Integrated regulation 0.19 0.00* 0.22 0.00* -0.04 0.21 Identity style 0.09 0.04* 0.02 0.33 0.03 0.24 Intrinsic motivation 0.28 0.00* 0.15 0.00* -0.05 0.16 *- Significant
There is a positive correlation between informative identity style with extrinsic regulation, identity determine regulation, interjected regulation, integrated regulation, intrinsic regulation. There is a positive correlation between normative identity style with interjected regulation, integrated regulation and intrinsic motivation. There is a positive correlation between diffuse- avoidant withno motivation and negative correlation with interjected regulation among participants.
Table 5: Determination of correlation among identity styles with sense of success in participants
Identity styles of motivation factors Sense of success
Information Normative ddiiffffuussee--aavvooiiddaannt t
R Sig R Sig R Sig
Sense of success 0.29 0.00* 0.36 0.00* 0.24 0.00*
*Significant
There is a positive correlation information identity style and normative with sense of success and a negative between diffuse- avoidant with a sense of sense of success in participants.
Table 6: Determination of correlation between motivation factors with sense of success in participants
Sense of success Information
Identity styles
of motivation factors R Sig
Amotivation -0.21 0.01* External regulation 0.07 0.29 Interjected regulation 0.07 0.35 Integrated regulation 0.11 0.10 Identity style 0.11 0.11 Intrinsic motivation 0.16 0.00* *Significant
There is a negative correlation between no incentive with sense of success and a positive between intrinsic motivation with a sense of sense of success in participants
DISCUSSION
The purpose of this study was the investigation of relationship between identity styles with motivation factors among elite teenager male soccer players. The results demonstrated that the highest acquisition mean belongs to informative identity style and the lowest mean belongs to diffuse- avoidant style.Skoe and Marcia (1991) assumed differences in identities derived from different social identities. Difference in identities will certainly make difference in styles [13]. Elite athletes experience several methods of socialization based on the type and characteristics of their sports. Therefore, differences in identity styles are observed among the elite athletes. Although different identity styles are natural among athletes, mean distribution of these three styles differs among them. In this study we determined the most appropriate means to identify informative style. This issue is understandable that sport elites in this research had informative identity styles. In fact, parallel is observed between informative identity styles characteristics with the highest average identity of the dominant style in this study. Given informative identity styles characteristics we see that they act actively dealing with issues of identity, their efforts are goal setting and self-interest. In fact, people with this style deliberately and actively seek and evaluate informative and then use data according to their informative. Those using this style are preparedness to solve problems. Parallel is also identified in the lowest identity styles mean. Results showed that lowest mean belongs to diffuse- avoidant style. According to Berzonsky (2003), diffuse- avoidant individuals, are nonchalant and try to delay decision-making positions as possible and are inconsistent and controversial in decision making positions, and because of uncertainty of their cognitive abilities before decision making to have a sense of fear and anxiety. They commonly use unsuitable strategies such as avoiding, making the wrong decision, and excuse. It is expected the least individuals of our sample belong to this identity style, in this case success possibility reaches the least, but all of our subjects are successful ones and are excellent in their own sport field than others [3].
Descriptive findings of this study related to average motivation factors showed that the highest average of motivation factor was interjected. According to the findings of Mallett et al. (2007) interjected regulation makes a person feel refreshed and alert internly. This is done with respect to a feeling of inner satisfaction and happiness, vitality, feeling good about yourself and not sad and bad feeling. These findings were parallel to Lonsdal et al. (2010) believed students engaging in physical activity due to the internal consistency and regulation by interjected. Based on the results of Tojjari (2007), internal motivation rooted in a small set of psychological needs, such as efficacy, and curiosity that in the absence of external sources of motivation is responsible for starting, and re-addressing the behavior, and refers to engagement in activity for the pleasure and satisfaction derived from doing activity. Guay et al. (2010) believe that students are identified by different levels of internal and motivation regulation. In fact, interjected regulation is a more specific kind of internal motivation factor. This case is parallel to
and an internal motivation. How a person is informative identity dominant style, he will not be indifferent to motivation factors. Also, according to Berzonesky findings (1994) there is a correlation between the use of informative identity style with intrinsic regulation and high need for recognition of cognitive complexity and association between this style with extrinsic regulation is acceptable with Football characteristic a team sport done by spectators and media. Positive correlation was found between normative identity with interjected regulation factors, integrated regulation, and internal motivations based on findings of Berzonsky (2003), who knows motivation as an extrinsic regulation is inconsistent and is justified with kind of sport which Shajie et al. (2009), found a significant correlation between identity styles with the type of sport. Given this conflict, there is need for further studies. So, existence of negative correlation between diffuse- avoidant style and interjected style would be explained. Positive relationship was observed between identity style and diffuse- avoidant style and amotivation, and negative relationship between diffuse- avoidant style identity with interjected regulation in subjects. According to the findings of Berzonsky (2003), individuals with diffuse- avoidant style are lax and try to postpone their decision, and their behaviors pattern and condition are not specified, and amotivation characteristics is being indifferent and confusing in decision making, and interjected regulation characteristics feel vitality, happiness, good and cheery about themselves, so, it is suggested athletes with informative style motivated by interjected regulation like creation of happy environment and keep them lively, integrated regulation like creation of adaptation with beliefs principles, intrinsic motivators like creation of curiosity sense and situation for delightful activities and useful, external regulation like spectator attendance and parents encouragement and identity style like easy performance of difficult exercises and suitable performance of skills. According to the results, most of athletes were ranged of informative identity and encouraged by interjected regulation, so it is proposed to pay attention to psychological factors especially to identity styles in selecting and directing football athletes, and preferably those with informative identity style are selected and stimulated with interjected motivation regulation.
The findings showed a positive relationship between the normative identity style with extrinsic regulation, identified regulations, integrated regulation, and internal motivation among participants, so they are evoked create a sense of curiosity and to create opportunities for enjoyable and fruitful activity. The results showed a negative relationship between informative and normative identity style with diffuse- avoidant. Therefore, it is recommended to change athletes identity style from diffuse- avoidant to normative and then to informative.
This issue can be solved by encouraging individuals to strengthen their self-beliefs instead of imitating the reference groups.
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