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JEWM

A study on management of municipal solid waste in

Delhi

Bhavik Gupta

1*

and Shakti Kumar Arora

2

1*Student of Masters in Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, PEC University of

Technology, Chandigarh, India. Email: bhavikguptaindya@gmail.com

2Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, India.

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is one of the most problematic and neglected aspect of Indian Cities. Improper management of municipal solid waste (MSW) causes hazards to inhabitants. Also, high population growth and industrialization put strain on the basic infrastructural and municipal services. Delhi being a commercial hub, provides employment opportunities, thus leading to accelerated pace of urbanization, which in turn results in a corresponding increase in MSW. In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive review of the characteristics, generation, collection and transportation, disposal and treatment technologies of MSW practiced in Delhi. The study pertaining to MSWM for Delhi has been carried out to evaluate the current status and identify the major problems. The study is concluded with a few fruitful suggestions, which may be beneficial to encourage the competent authorities/ researchers to work towards further improvement of the present system.

Keywords: Environmental conservation, municipal solid waste management, Delhi, India.

INTRODUCTION

India is the second fastest growing economy and the second most populated country in the world. The population of India is expected to increase from 1029 million to 1400 million during the period 2001–2026, an increase of 36% in 26 years, at the rate of 3.35% annually (Census of India, 2011). The level of urbanization of the country has increased from 17.35% to 31.2% in the last 60 years and is expected that as much as 50% of Indian population will live in cities in next 10 years (Khurshid and Sethuraman, 2011). Rapid industrialization and population explosion in India has led to the migration of people from villages to cities, which generate thousands of tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) daily (Gupta and Arora, 2016). The MSW amount is expected to increase significantly in the near future as the country strives to attain an industrialized nation status by the year 2020 (CPCB, 2004). An important feature of India’s urbanization is the phenomenal concentration of the population in Class I cities (metropolitan cities), urban agglomerations/cities having a population of more than 1 million, as depicted by the increase in the number of metropolitans from 35

to 46 in the last decade (Census of India, 2011). Among these metropolitans, Greater Mumbai is India’s largest city with a population of 18.4 million, followed by Delhi and Kolkata.

Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is the capital of India. It has a population of about 16.3 million, making it the second most populous city and second most populous urban agglomeration in India and 3rd largest urban area in the world (Census of India, 2011; UNSD, 2015). Such is the nature of urban expansion in Delhi that its growth has expanded beyond the NCT to incorporate towns in neighbouring states and at its largest extent can count a population of about 25 million residents as of 2014 (UNDESA, 2015). The NCT and its urban region have been given the special status of National Capital Region (NCR) under the Constitution of India's 69th Amendment Act of 1991. The NCR includes the neighbouring cities of Gurgaon, Noida, Greater Noida, Faridabad, Neharpar (Greater Faridabad), Ghaziabad, Bahadurgarh, Sonepat, Panipat, Karnal, Rohtak, Alwar,

Vol. 3(1), pp. 131-138, June, 2016. © www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: XXXX-XXXX

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Table 1. Civic bodies and their areas of work.

CIVIC BODY AREAS

North Delhi Municipal Corporation

City, Karol Bagh, Sadar Paharganj, Civil Lines, Narela and Rohini

South Delhi Municipal Corporation

Central Delhi, South Delhi, West Delhi and Najafgarh

East Delhi Municipal Corporation

Shahdara South and Shahdara North

New Delhi Municipal Council

Babar Road, Bengalimarket, Barakhamba Road, Connaught Place, Feroz Shah Road, Tilak Marg, Shershah Road, Kaka Nagar, Punchkuan Road, Minto Road, North Avenue, Talkatora Lane/Road, South Avenue, President Estate, Central Secretariat, Ashoka Road, Parliament Street, Janpath, Rafi Marg, Jantar Mantar Road, Pandara Road, Shahjahan Road, Rabinder Nagar, Golf Link, Sujan Singh Park, Bharti Nagar, Akbar Road, Aurangzeb Road, Tughlak Road, Man Singh Road, Maulana Azad Road, Teen Murti Marg, Lodhi Colony, Jor Bagh, Ali Ganj, Laxmibai Nagar, Kidwainagar, Sarojininagar, Naurojininagar, Safdarjung Enclave, Brig Hoshiyar Singh Road, Race Course Road, Willingdon Crescent, Kautilya Marg, Panchsheel Marg, Shantipath, Chanakya Puri, Netaji Nagar, Moti Bagh.

Delhi Cantonment Board

Delhi Cantt.

Table 2. Current sanitary landfill sites in Delhi

Name Area (Acres) Civic Body

Bhalswa 40 North Delhi Municipal Corporation

Narela-Bawana 60 North Delhi Municipal Corporation

Okhla 32 South Delhi Municipal Corporation

Gazipur 70 East Delhi Municipal Corporation

Bharatpur, Bhiwani, Rewari, Baghpat, Meerut, and other nearby towns. A union territory, the political administration of the NCT of Delhi today more closely resembles that of a state in India, with its own legislature, high court and an executive council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister. New Delhi is jointly administered by the federal government of India and the local government of Delhi, and is the capital of the NCT of Delhi.

The NCT of Delhi comprises of 11 districts, 27 tehsils, 59 census towns, 300 villages, and 3 statutory towns, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) – 1,397.3 sq.km., the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) – 42.7 sq.km. and the Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB) – 43 sq.km.

The civic bodies in Delhi have been making all the efforts to devise foolproof methods to organise the management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in an efficient manner. The whole area has been divided between five agencies, details of which have been provided in Table 1, and the supervisors have been

made the incharge of the areas for the purpose of sanitation and refuse removal services.

At present, there are four sanitary landfill sites in Delhi (Table 2). The Honourable High Court of Delhi in the matter of W.P.C No. 5236 of 2010 constituted a committee under the chairmanship of Secretary (UD) GNCTD comprising of a senior officer each from Delhi Development Authority (DDA), Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Land and Building Department (LBD), Ministry of Environment GNCTD of Delhi. (UNSD, 2015) The committee had recommended 31 sites for solid waste management facilities, out of which 18 sites fall in South DMC, 8 sites fall in North DMC and 5 sites fall in East DMC (In the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi, 2011).

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

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Table 3. Physical Components (as wt %) of MSW in Delhi. (IHPH, 1982; NEERI, 1995; TERI, 2002)

Parameters 2002 1995 1982

Biodegradables 38.6 38 57.7

Paper 5.6 5.6 5.9

Plastic 6 6 1.5

Metal 0.2 0.3 0.6

Glass and Crockery 1 1 0.3 Non-Biodegradable

(leather, rubber, bones and synthetic material)

13.9 14 5.1

Inert (stones, bricks, ashes, etc.)

34.7 34.7 28.9

and analyze the current status of municipal solid waste management in Delhi.

The current paper has the following objectives:

 To appraise the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the MSW of Delhi.

 To understand the spatial pattern of MSW management.

 To trace the problem related to MSW management in Delhi and give some suggestions for better waste management.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research objectives were met through the collection of secondary data through open-ended interviews and discussions with different stakeholders, which allowed the study to incorporate a variety of views on the waste problem. In addition, the review of published materials, reports, key informant interviews, applicable policies, laws (if any) pertaining to the research purpose was also undertaken, to further enhance the understanding and to verify the quality of information gathered. Current management practice was assessed in consultation with the local people, civic bodies, Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). By doing so, this study has been able to find out the nature and characteristics of the waste management system; along with other strengths/constraints of the current waste management system.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WASTE

Several studies have been conducted in Delhi by different organizations and institutions to determine the physical and chemical composition of MSW (IHPH, 1982; NEERI, 1995; TERI, 2002). Table 3 reflects that biodegradable waste is generated maximum in all the

three years (1982, 1995, and 2002) but in 1995 and 2002 the composition was almost unchanged. The inert matter is produced in huge quantity (i.e. 34.7 per cent in 2002 and 1995) which is because of high pace of construction and demolition activities in Delhi. The other major components of the MSW like paper, plastic metal, glass and crockery and non biodegradable waste (leather, rubber, bones and synthetic material) has increased. In Delhi, the recyclable material, like paper, plastic and metal, are available in high quantities, but it is not properly processed, because of lack of knowledge, man power, machinery and financial support from the Government.

Table 4 discusses the chemical composition of municipal solid waste in Delhi. It has been observed that the waste is characterized by high moisture content i.e. 43.8 per cent, which pave the way for the process of composting rather than incineration. If comparing the two studies which were conducted by TERI 2002 and NEERI 1995, it is worth noticing that the situation is almost unchanged.

With urbanization, the substantial increase in use of paper is quiet obvious. However, in Delhi, it has been observed that the rapid growth of rag pickers has given rise to change in composition of waste collected, as the percentage of paper in MSW has remained unchanged.

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Table 4. Chemical composition (as wt %) of MSW in Delhi. (IHPH, 1982; NEERI, 1995; TERI, 2002)

Parameters 2002 1995 1982

Moisture 43.8 43.7 15.4 Organic Carbon 20.5 20.5 22.8 Nitrogen as N 0.9 0.9 0.86 Phosphorus as P2O5 0.3 0.3 0.74 Potassium as K2O 0.7 0.7 0.52 C/N ratio 24.1 24 28 Calorific Value (Kcal/Kg) 713 712.5 661-1200

Table 5. Composition of waste reaching the landfill site. (MCD, 2004)

Parameters Average % Range

Biodegradables 73.7 20.9-94.6

Recyclables 9.2 2.8-16.3

Inerts 10.8 0.0-72.2

Others 6.3 0.3-61.9

Ash 15.3 3.4-61.9

Moisture 47 8-82

LCV (Kcal/Kg) 1777 191-4495

HHV (Kcal/Kg) 3927 2042-5315

WASTE HANDLING, COLLECTION AND STORAGE Waste collection and storage are interrelated functional elements of solid waste management system. Several types of waste receptacles are used in the area of Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) – (i) large masonry bins, locally called "Dhalao" (50 – 72 m3), used to serve about 10,000 – 15,000 residents with a capacity of 12 – 16 tonnes. (ii) Metal containers and dumper bins (1 m3 and 4 m3 respectively), are emptied by modern hydraulic refuse collection trucks (iii) 4 - wheeled plastic and FRP bins with large covers, which have been introduced in some areas recently and (iv) open unspecified space with no structure are also used for primary storage. Usually open dumpsites storage occurs in JJ clusters and other unorganised settlements, existing within the MCD periphery (Talyan, et al; 2008). The estimated number of dhalaos, metallic bins and open sites is about 3000 (Table 6).

The collected waste is stored in dhalaos (usually RCC structures) varying in size from 4.5 x 3 meters to 13.5 x 9 meters and can store 4 to 16 tonnes of garbage. The requirement of dhalaos and dustbins is basically dependent upon the solid waste generation per capita per day.

The existing dhalaos and dustbins are depots that act as transfer stations rather than serving the people directly due to their locations. Residents do not deposit

the waste directly into dhalaos, due to far distances. The placement of MSW receptacles does not follow any standards, as on an average about 2–3 collection points are placed per km2 whereas 16 collection points (Dhalaos, containers or open dumpsites) should be provided per 100,000 residents (TERI, 2002). In many areas of Delhi, the system of dhalaos as collection centres of garbage is not being fully accepted by the people.

Now, MCD plans to replace the old system of dhalaos by putting trolleys and smaller bins in the vicinity of people as there are a lot of complaints regarding animals seen roaming around the dhalaos, leading to in-aesthetical view and problems of odour.

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Table 6. Waste receptacles in Delhi. (North Delhi Municipal Corporation, 2015; South Delhi Municipal Corporation, 2015; East Delhi Municipal Corporation, 2015; New Delhi Municipal Council, 2015; Delhi Cantonment Board, 2015; Delhi Pollution Control Committee, 2015)

Name of Zone Dhalaos + Dustbins Open Sites

Zones under MCD

NDMC 691+10579+292

(dustbins/dhalaos+trolleys+containers(3-5 m3))

City 78 13

Sadar Paharganj 49 0

Karol Bagh 78 6

Civil Lines 148 21

Narela 41 62

Rohini 297 6

SDMC 899+4238 (dustbin/dhalaos+trolleys)

Central Delhi 244 75

South Delhi 374 72

West Delhi 213 14

Najafgarh 68 135

EDMC 300+1500 (dustbins/dhalaos+trolleys)

Shahdara South 180 18

Shahdara North 120 11

Delhi Cantonment Board 161 NA

New Delhi Municipal Council

116+1511+1275

(dustbins/dhalaos+iron trolleys+twin litter bins)

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area. These three zones have only 3.21% of the total geographical area under MCD and 17.93% population of the total population under MCD, and generate 47.98, 33.46 and 33.01 metric tonnes waste on a per lakh population basis. As we move from core area to outer area, the number of safai karamcharies serving per 10 sq. km. of area decreases.

Also, due to the significant increase in vehicular traffic on the main roads, commercial areas and other crowded areas, it has become impossible to carry out street sweeping manually during the morning hours. Therefore, the State Government of Delhi has adopted street sweeping at night in 30% of the municipal areas, and induction of around 30 mechanical sweepers in the city, which is a step in increasing the efficiency of the system and lowering of the cost per capita incurred.

TRANSPORTATION OF MSW

Transport of waste from collection centres to processing or final disposal site is very important step for solid waste management system and for this purpose, suitable vehicles and equipments is required. In eight zones, the secondary collection and transportation of MSW from the receptacles (dhalaos) is done through private concessionaires and in other

four zones, the same is done by the Corporation involving a large number of staff; mobile equipment and plant, whereas, the primary collection of the garbage is done by the residents themselves. A new initiative of the Corporation in two zones (Rohini and Civil Lines), from July 2009, takes care of the primary and secondary collection and transportation of waste to processing facility and sanitary landfill sites for processing i.e. door-to-door collection of garbage. MCD maintains a large fleet of vehicles for transportation and secondary collection of MSW from various waste receptacles to the disposal sites. In this process, MCD is using various types of vehicles i.e., mini-trucks and mechanical trucks of different makes (Tata Tipper trucks, Leyland and Shaktiman trucks) having 8.6m3 capacity and they transport the waste directly to the nearest disposal/landfill site. Front-End loaders are also used for loading the vehicles from the dhalaos/dustbins.

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Table 7. Vehicles for Solid Waste Management. (North Delhi Municipal Corporation, 2015; South Delhi Municipal Corporation, 2015; East Delhi Municipal Corporation, 2015; New Delhi Municipal Council, 2015; Delhi Cantonment Board, 2015; Delhi Pollution Control Committee, 2015)

Name of the Vehicle No. Of Vehicles

MCD DCB NDMC

NDMC SDMC EDMC

Truck - Tipper having capacity 8 m3

101 138 140 15 14

Tractor - Trailer Nil 40 Nil Nil Nil

Refuse collector/ compactor having capacity 14 m3

58 26 Nil 11 15

Dumper - placers/Bins having capacity 1100ltrs.

222 1151 Nil Nil Nil

Front end loaders 22 30 26 Nil Nil

Auto Tipper 398 256 302 Nil 26

PVC Bins having capacity 200ltrs.

Nil 800 Nil Nil Nil

Tricycle Nil Nil 1000 Nil 144

are also used for primary collection of waste from houses. Besides, MCD has privatised 8 zone namely South, Central, City, Sadar, Paharganj, Karol Bagh, West, Rohini and Civil Lines zones under the Public Private Partnership (PPP) scheme. There, 305 Big Hydraulic Vehicles, Short Range Tippers/Dumpers are used for transportation of waste. The NDMC and DCB operate 55 and 26 trucks, respectively.

There is unequal distribution of waste transportation in all the zones of MCD. Although the available transport volume is inadequate for the MCD areas, the vehicles operate in two shifts and usually make one trip per shift depending upon the distance of the disposal site. Under-utilization of the fleet of vehicles is a problem that results in delay in transporting the waste from the collection points to the disposal site. The major reasons for this include, improper maintenance, haphazard parking of vehicles, time lost waiting in the queue for fuelling and travelling from one workshop to another for refuelling. As a result, the vehicles are found to operate only few hours in a day. The situation is further worsened by poor maintenance, improper route planning and shortage of staff. The situation is better in NDMC where operational efficiency is 75 percent as compared to 60 percent in MCD (Talyan, et al; 2008).

TREATMENT OF MSW Composting

In Delhi, a huge amount of biodegradable waste is generated, and so there exists a good potential

available for composting. Therefore, Delhi Government had initiated various composting plants (Table 8). The first composting plant was set up at Okhla in 1980. It was semi–mechanized plant with a capacity of 150 tonnes per day for composting the waste. Later this plant was expanded increasing its capacity in 1985.

However, this plant was in-operational during 1991-1995 due to low quantity of waste material and higher operational cost. In May 2007 ILandFS Company signed a concession agreement with the MCD to rehabilitate the Okhla compost plant with carbon support. The project uses the technique of multi-treatment of municipal waste to avoid possible pollution. It involves mechanical sorting and composting of organic waste, recycling of materials like metals, plastics and paper and treating the residual organic waste using composting process. This plant converts approximately 73,000 tonnes of MSW into compost every year which is equivalent to 200 tonnes per day. Likewise, New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) had also set up a compost plant in Okhla. Then came two other compost plants in Bhalswa and Tikri Khurd. The plant in Bhalswa has been shut down by Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) since 28.03.2014, due to non compliance of rules.

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Table 8. Existing compost plants in Delhi. (North Delhi Municipal Corporation, 2015; South Delhi Municipal Corporation, 2015; East Delhi Municipal Corporation, 2015; New Delhi Municipal Council, 2015; Delhi Cantonment Board, 2015; Delhi Pollution Control Committee, 2015)

S. No.

Facility Capacity (TPD)

Area (Ha.) Year of Installation

Remarks

1 Okhla (MCD) 150 8 1981, 2007 -

2 Okhla (NDMC) 200 3.4 1985 -

3 Bhalswa (Private Sector)

500 12 1999 This plant has been

closed by DPCC since 28.03.2014

due to non compliance of rules. 4 Tikri Khurd

(APMC)

125 2.6 2001 -

5 Narela-Bawana

500 2.7 2012 -

Incineration (Waste to Energy)

Waste to energy facilities may generate steam, electricity, super-heated water or a combination of these. Incineration is a good alternative for waste processing, being used in India. The Government of Delhi also gave permission for 3 plants for conversion of solid waste into power:

Timarpur-Okhla Waste to Energy Plant: The Timarpur Refuse Incineration-cum-Power Generation station was commissioned by the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) in 1987 at a capital cost of Rs. 20 crores (US$ 4.4 million). Built by Volund Miljotecknik Ltd. of Denmark, the plant was designed to incinerate 300 tonnes of municipal solid waste per day to generate 3.75 MW of electricity. The plant ran for 21 days of trial operations, then was shut down due to the poor quality of incoming waste. In November 2007, the CDM Executive Board registered a project by the name Timarpur-Okhla Waste Management Company to build two facilities to handle 2050 tonnes per day of municipal waste.

Gazipur WTE Plant: The Gazipur project process 1,300 tonnes per day of municipal waste generated in the Trans-Yamuna area. The waste is collected to produce green electricity.

The Narela-Bawana waste to energy plant: 4000 TPD of municipal solid waste will be treated in two phases; Phase-I will process 1000 TPD of waste comprising of a Material Recovery Facility (MRF) to reclaim metals and recyclables, and sorting out organic and combustible material for composting and RDF facilities.

Phase-II comprising of a power plant based on Mass-burn technology, will process 3000 TPD of waste. These three wastes to energy plants have been established for the better management of municipal solid waste. These three plants incinerate some 8,000

tonnes of MSW generated by the city daily and produce about 62.2 MW of electricity, 1.3% of the city’s total consumption of 4800MW.

DISPOSAL OF MSW

Presently in Delhi, there are four active sanitary landfill sites (Bhalswa, Gazipur Okhla and Narela-Bawana) which cover more than 200 acres of land, in different zones of the city, in different directions. The Municipal Corporations of Delhi (NDMC, SDMC and EDMC) is responsible for the management of all four existing landfill sites. Other agencies like Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) and Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) etc. dispose off their waste on the MCD controlled landfill sites. The civic bodies in the city other than MCDs (New Delhi Municipal Council and Delhi Cantonment Board) have no provision for disposal of their own waste produced. Hence, MCD permits these agencies to use its dumping sites by charging them and the tipping fee/charges may vary from ₹ 205 (US $3) to ₹ 235 (US $4) per refuse collector truck (4 Metric Tonnes). The three active landfill sites namely Bhalswa, Gazipur and Okhla have exhausted but illegal waste dumping by all the civic bodies continues, which has lead to overflowing and poses negative impacts on human’s health and environment. Table 6 shows the status of the active landfill sites in Delhi.

DISCUSSION

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Table 9. Status of landfill sites in Delhi. (North Delhi Municipal Corporation, 2015; South Delhi Municipal Corporation, 2015; East Delhi Municipal Corporation, 2015; New Delhi Municipal Council, 2015; Delhi Cantonment Board, 2015; Delhi Pollution Control Committee, 2015)

management practices prevailing in the city at every level, i.e., collection, transportation, processing and disposal. Major weaknesses associated with MSWM system in Delhi are:

 Mixed Waste: Earlier in rural areas, kitchen waste was usually fed to the animals, but with urbanization and changing lifestyles, use of more plastic materials and packaging all waste are mixed now and put into one dustbin leading to no segregation of waste at source.

 Rapid increase in population and thus waste: Delhi is already feeling the burden of population and accordingly civic services and waste management is coming as a challenge in the area. Waste is increasing day by day with increase in population and per capita waste generation rate due to changing lifestyles and increasing income and there is acute need of a system of Integrated Solid Waste management (ISWM).

 Lack of planning: In the absence of law regarding waste disposal and treatment of residential areas/flats/apartments at the time of passing plan of these projects, private developers are taking advantage of this and no place in residential areas is left for waste disposal and treatment. As a result, their waste scatters at any vacant place or plots or alongside roads.

 Lack of resources: As civic bodies give very low priority to solid waste management, accordingly very low budget is allocated for it and also whatever funds are assigned, a major portion of them is used for waste collection and transportation, leaving very less for its processing. According to one estimate, 90% of total funds is assigned for collection and transportation and rest for treatment of waste.

 Old equipment and Technology: Equipment used for collection, transportation of waste is very old and incineration and dumping are the treatments given to the waste which create serious health and environmental hazards when all mix waste is burned / dumped.

 Societal Apathy: The social status assigned to SMW is very low and people think of it as a degraded task, thus they tend to throw their waste wherever they

find a vacant and lonely place, outside bins, or alongside roads. In turn, the work of the collection staff increases manifold and thus the cost.

Municipal Corporation of Delhi and the Government of Delhi have realized the seriousness of the situation and framed guidelines in the form of the Master Plan (2005– 2021) for disposal and treatment of MSW for the entire state of Delhi. MCD took a big step towards improving municipal solid waste management practices, by privatizing the collection, segregation, transportation and disposal of waste. Non-government organisations, with the assistance from resident welfare associations (RWAs), have played an important role in establishing an infrastructure for Door To Door Collection (DTDC) services and segregation of waste at the source in certain areas of Delhi; this kind of cooperation needs to be replicated at a larger scale. Public co-operation is essential for successful operation of an effective and well-founded system. The Bhagidari scheme initiated by the Government of Delhi has been instrumental in promoting civil partnership in local governance, in the field of MSWM. More such initiatives need to be taken towards educating people about correct practices of solid waste disposal. Initiatives taken by policy makers never yield results unless matched by proper implementation at every level. It is clear that any substantial change in the present scenario is not possible without a three-way partnership of the government, the private sector and the citizens. Government must promote composting, vermin-composting, incineration, refused derived fuel etc. processing and treatment methods for reducing the solid waste disposal problems because the processing of the waste is the only answer to the current scenario of municipal solid waste. Finally, there is also a need to develop a methodology of research for developing interactive techniques for system’s design and operational control.

Some suggestions that would be helpful in improving SWM system in Delhi are as follow:

Landfill Site Area D.O.C Zones Supplying Waste Fencing Manpower Equipments Available Gas Venting Leachate Collection System Bhalswa 40 Exhausted Civil Lines, Karol Bagh,

Rohini, Narela, Najafgarh and West

Partly 130 6+2+1 (Bulldozers+Hydraulic

Excavators+Backhoe Loader)

No No

Narela-Bawana 60

- Rohini, Civil Line and Najafgarh

Yes NA NA Yes Yes

Okhla 32 Exhausted Central, Najafgarh, South and DCB

Partly 80 2+2+1

(Bulldozers+Hydraulic Excavators+Backhoe

Loader)

No No

Ghazipur 70 Exhausted Shahdara (S), Shahdara (N), City, Sadar Paharganj, and NDMC

Partly 80 5+2+1

(Bulldozers+Hydraulic Excavators+Backhoe

Loader)

Yes(in a part of land around 10

acres)

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 The involvement of people and private sector through NGOs could improve the efficiency of MSWM. Public awareness programmes should be arranged by the government regularly. The informal policy of encouraging the public to separate MSW and market it directly to the informal network appears to be a better option.

 Segregation of household waste at the source would reduce the burden on solid waste management agencies significantly while at the same time, it will ensure that the poor farmers near Delhi will get the benefit of quality supply of compost.

 Door-to-door collection of MSW should be organized through methods like collection on regular pre-informed timing and scheduling.

 Open waste storage sites and other unhygienic street bins should not be allowed to create unsanitary conditions. The collection bins should be appropriately designed with features like metallic containers with lids, and to have a large enough capacity to accommodate at least 20% more than the expected waste generation in area, placement at appropriate locations, etc.

 Proper maintenance of MSW transportation vehicles and other equipments must be conducted and old vehicles must be replaced by new Dumper Placers in a phased manner.

 If source segregation is carried out effectively, it would lead to better options and opportunities for scientific disposal of waste. Recyclables could be straightway transported to recycling units which could help in formalizing the existing informal set up of recycling units. Organizing the informal sector and promoting micro-enterprises are an effective way of extending affordable services.

 Government should adopt 4R’s (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Resource Recovery) principle.  An open dump or an uncontrolled waste disposal area should be rehabilitated. It is advisable to move from open dumping to sanitary landfilling in a phased manner. Government should increase the number of composting and Waste-to-Energy plants.  Landfilling should be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert waste and other waste that are not suitable either for recycling or for biological processing.

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Accepted 15 May, 2016.

Citation: Gupta B, Arora SK (2016). A study on management of municipal solid waste in Delhi. Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 3(1): 130-138.

Figure

Table 1. Civic bodies and their areas of work.
Table 3. Physical Components (as wt %) of MSW in Delhi. (IHPH, 1982; NEERI, 1995; TERI, 2002)
Table 4. Chemical composition (as wt %) of MSW in Delhi. (IHPH, 1982; NEERI, 1995; TERI, 2002)
Table 6. Waste receptacles in Delhi. (North Delhi Municipal Corporation, 2015; South Delhi Municipal Corporation, 2015; East Delhi Municipal Corporation, 2015; New Delhi Municipal Council, 2015; Delhi Cantonment Board, 2015; Delhi Pollution Control Committee, 2015)
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References

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